- Menene wannan eriya?
- Ban sani ba, duba.
- MENENE?!?!
Ta yaya za ku tantance irin eriya da kuke da ita a hannunku idan babu alama a kanta? Yadda za a gane wace eriya ce mafi kyau ko mafi muni? Wannan matsalar ta dade tana addabar ni.
Labarin ya bayyana a cikin harshe mai sauƙi dabara don auna halayen eriya da kuma hanyar tantance mitar eriya.
Ga gogaggun injiniyoyin rediyo, wannan bayanin na iya zama kamar maras muhimmanci, kuma dabarar ma'aunin ƙila ba ta yi daidai ba. An yi nufin labarin ne ga waɗanda ba su fahimci komai ba game da kayan lantarki na rediyo, kamar ni.
TL, DR Za mu auna SWR na eriya a mitoci daban-daban ta amfani da na'urar OSA 103 Mini da na'ura mai jagora, tana yin makircin dogaro da SWR akan mita.
Ka'idar
Lokacin da mai watsawa ya aika sigina zuwa eriya, wasu makamashin suna haskakawa cikin iska, wasu kuma suna nunawa kuma suna dawowa. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin haske da makamashi mai haske tana da alaƙa da ma'aunin igiyar igiyar ruwa (SWR ko SWR). Ƙarƙashin SWR, yawancin ƙarfin mai watsawa yana fitowa azaman igiyoyin rediyo. A SWR = 1 babu tunani (duk makamashi yana haskakawa). SWR na ainihin eriya koyaushe yana girma fiye da 1.
Idan ka aika sigina na mitoci daban-daban zuwa eriya kuma a lokaci guda auna SWR, za ka iya samun a wane mita ne tunanin zai zama kadan. Wannan zai zama kewayon aiki na eriya. Hakanan zaka iya kwatanta eriya daban-daban don ƙungiya ɗaya kuma gano wanda ya fi kyau.
Wani ɓangare na siginar watsawa yana nunawa daga eriya
Eriya da aka ƙera don takamaiman mitar, a ka'idar, yakamata ta sami mafi ƙarancin SWR a mitocin sa. Wannan yana nufin cewa ya isa ya haskaka cikin eriya a mitoci daban-daban kuma a nemo a wane mitar da abin yake tunani shine mafi ƙanƙanta, wato, matsakaicin adadin kuzarin da ke tserewa ta hanyar igiyoyin rediyo.
Ta hanyar samun damar samar da sigina a mitoci daban-daban da kuma auna tunani, za mu iya ƙirƙirar jadawali tare da mita akan axis X da kuma nuna alamar sigina akan axis Y. A sakamakon haka, inda akwai tsoma a cikin jadawali (wato, mafi ƙarancin siginar), za a sami kewayon aiki na eriya.
Hotunan hasashe na tunani da mita. A cikin duka kewayon, tunani shine 100%, ban da mitar aiki na eriya.
Na'urar Osa103 Mini
Don ma'auni za mu yi amfani da su . Wannan na'urar aunawa ce ta duniya wacce ta haɗu da oscilloscope, janareta na sigina, na'urar tantance bakan, mitar amsawa-yawan amsa/mitar amsa lokaci, mai nazarin eriyar vector, mitar LC, har ma da transceiver na SDR. Wurin aiki na OSA103 Mini yana iyakance ga 100 MHz, tsarin OSA-6G yana faɗaɗa kewayon mitar a yanayin IAFC zuwa 6 GHz. Shirin na asali tare da duk ayyuka yana da nauyin 3 MB, yana gudana akan Windows kuma ta hanyar giya akan Linux.
Osa103 Mini - na'urar aunawa ta duniya don masu son rediyo da injiniyoyi
Ma'aurata na hanya
Ma'auratan kwatance wata na'ura ce da ke karkatar da ƙaramin yanki na siginar RF da ke tafiya ta takamaiman hanya. A cikin yanayinmu, dole ne ya reshe wani ɓangare na siginar da aka nuna (tafi daga eriya ta koma janareta) don auna ta.
Bayanin gani na aikin mahaɗar kwatance:
Babban halayen mahaɗar jagora:
- Mitoci masu aiki - kewayon mitoci wanda manyan alamomin ba su wuce iyakokin al'ada ba. An ƙera ma'auratana don mitoci daga 1 zuwa 1000 MHz
- Reshe (Haɗin kai) - wane bangare na siginar (a cikin decibels) za a cire lokacin da aka karkatar da igiyar ruwa daga IN zuwa OUT.
- Jagoranci - nawa za a cire sigina lokacin da siginar ke motsawa a kishiyar shugabanci daga OUT zuwa IN
Da farko wannan yana kama da ruɗani. Don tsabta, bari mu yi tunanin ma'aurata a matsayin bututun ruwa, tare da ƙaramin famfo a ciki. Ana yin magudanar ruwa ta yadda idan ruwa ya motsa zuwa gaba (daga IN zuwa OUT), an cire wani muhimmin sashi na ruwan. Adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa a wannan hanya ana ƙayyade ta hanyar ma'aunin haɗin gwiwa a cikin takaddar bayanan ma'aurata.
Lokacin da ruwa ke motsawa ta wata hanya dabam, an cire ruwa kaɗan sosai. Ya kamata a dauki shi azaman sakamako na gefe. Adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa yayin wannan motsi ana ƙayyade shi ta hanyar ma'aunin Directivity a cikin takardar bayanan. Karamin wannan siga shine (mafi girman ƙimar dB), mafi kyawun aikinmu.
Tsarin tsari
Tunda muna son auna matakin siginar da aka nuna daga eriya, muna haɗa shi zuwa IN na ma'aurata, da janareta zuwa OUT. Don haka, ɓangaren siginar da ke nunawa daga eriya zai isa ga mai karɓa don aunawa.
Tsarin haɗi don famfo. Ana aika siginar da aka nuna zuwa mai karɓa
Saitin aunawa
Bari mu haɗa saitin don auna SWR daidai da zane-zane. A fitarwa na na'urar janareta, za mu kuma shigar da wani attenuator tare da attenuation na 15 dB. Wannan zai inganta daidaitaccen ma'auni tare da fitarwar janareta kuma ya ƙara daidaiton ma'auni. Ana iya ɗaukar mai ɗaukar hoto tare da raguwa na 5..15 dB. Za a yi la'akari da adadin attenuation ta atomatik yayin daidaitawa na gaba.
Attenuator yana rage siginar ta ƙayyadadden adadin decibels. Babban sifa na mai attenuator shi ne attenuation coefficient na siginar da kewayon aiki mita. A mitoci a wajen kewayon aiki, aikin attenuator na iya canzawa mara tabbas.
Wannan shine yadda shigarwa na ƙarshe yayi kama. Dole ne ku kuma tuna don samar da sigina na tsaka-tsaki (IF) daga tsarin OSA-6G zuwa babban allon na'urar. Don yin wannan, haɗa tashar tashar IF OUTPUT akan babban allo zuwa INPUT akan tsarin OSA-6G.
Don rage matakin tsangwama daga wutar lantarki ta kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, Ina aiwatar da duk ma'auni lokacin da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ke aiki da baturi.
Kayyadewa
Kafin fara ma'auni, kuna buƙatar tabbatar da cewa duk abubuwan da ke cikin na'urar suna cikin tsarin aiki mai kyau da ingancin igiyoyi, don yin wannan, muna haɗa janareta da mai karɓa kai tsaye tare da kebul, kunna janareta kuma auna mitar. amsa. Muna samun kusan jadawali a 0dB. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin duka kewayon mitar, duk hasken wutar lantarki na janareta ya isa mai karɓa.
Haɗa janareta kai tsaye zuwa mai karɓa
Bari mu ƙara attenuator zuwa da'ira. Kusan ko da siginar sigina na 15dB ana iya gani a ko'ina cikin kewayo.
Haɗa janareta ta hanyar attenuator 15dB zuwa mai karɓa
Bari mu haɗa janareta zuwa mai haɗin OUT na ma'amala, da mai karɓar zuwa mahaɗin CPL na ma'amala. Tun da babu wani kaya da aka haɗa da tashar tashar IN, duk siginar da aka samar dole ne a nuna shi kuma a raba sashinsa zuwa mai karɓa. Dangane da takaddar bayanan ma'auratan mu (), Ma'aunin Haɗawa shine ~ 15db, wanda ke nufin ya kamata mu ga layin kwance a matakin kusan -30 dB (haɗin haɗawa + attenuator attenuation). Amma tun da kewayon aiki na ma'aurata ya iyakance zuwa 1 GHz, duk ma'auni sama da wannan mitar ana iya la'akari da marasa ma'ana. Wannan a bayyane yake bayyane a cikin jadawali; bayan 1 GHz karatun ba su da rudani kuma marasa ma'ana. Sabili da haka, za mu aiwatar da duk ƙarin ma'auni a cikin kewayon aiki na ma'aurata.
Haɗa famfo ba tare da lodi ba. Ana iya ganin iyakar kewayon aiki na mahaɗan.
Tunda bayanan ma'auni sama da 1 GHz, a cikin yanayinmu, ba shi da ma'ana, za mu iyakance matsakaicin mitar janareta zuwa ƙimar aiki na ma'amala. Lokacin aunawa, muna samun madaidaiciyar layi.
Ƙayyadade kewayon janareta zuwa kewayon aiki na ma'aurata
Domin auna SWR na eriya a gani, muna buƙatar yin ƙima don ɗaukar sigogin da'irar na yanzu (100% tunani) azaman ma'anar tunani, wato, sifili dB. Don wannan dalili, shirin OSA103 Mini yana da ginanniyar aikin daidaitawa. Ana yin gyare-gyare ba tare da eriya da aka haɗa (load) ba, ana rubuta bayanan daidaitawa zuwa fayil kuma daga baya ana la'akari da su ta atomatik lokacin gina hotuna.
Ayyukan daidaita amsa mitoci a cikin OSA103 Mini shirin
Aiwatar da sakamakon daidaitawa da ma'aunin aiki ba tare da kaya ba, muna samun jadawali mai faɗi a 0dB.
Graph bayan calibration
Muna auna antennas
Yanzu zaku iya fara auna eriya. Godiya ga calibration, za mu gani da auna raguwa a cikin tunani bayan haɗa eriya.
Eriya daga Aliexpress a 433MHz
Eriya mai alamar 443MHz. Ana iya ganin eriya tana aiki sosai a cikin kewayon 446MHz, a wannan mitar SWR shine 1.16. A lokaci guda, a mitar da aka ayyana aikin yana da muni sosai, a 433MHz SWR shine 4,2.
Eriya da ba a sani ba 1
Eriya ba tare da alamomi ba. Yin la'akari da jadawali, an tsara shi don 800 MHz, mai yiwuwa don ƙungiyar GSM. Don yin gaskiya, wannan eriyar kuma tana aiki a 1800 MHz, amma saboda iyakancewar ma'aurata, ba zan iya yin ingantattun ma'auni ba a waɗannan mitoci.
Eriya da ba a sani ba 2
Wata eriya wacce ta dade tana kwance a cikin akwatunana. A bayyane, kuma don kewayon GSM, amma ya fi na baya. A mitar 764 MHz, SWR yana kusa da haɗin kai, a 900 MHz SWR shine 1.4.
Eriya da ba a sani ba 3
Yana kama da eriyar Wi-Fi, amma saboda wasu dalilai mai haɗin SMA-Namiji ne, ba RP-SMA ba, kamar duk eriyar Wi-Fi. Yin la'akari da ma'auni, a mitoci har zuwa 1 MHz wannan eriyar ba ta da amfani. Bugu da ƙari, saboda iyakokin ma'aurata, ba za mu san irin eriya ba.
Telescopic eriya
Bari mu yi ƙoƙari mu ƙididdige nisan da ake buƙatar ƙara eriyar telescopic don kewayon 433MHz. Tsarin ƙididdige tsawon zango shine: λ = C/f, inda C shine saurin haske, f shine mitar.
299.792.458 / 443.000.000 = 0.69719176279
Cikakken tsayin igiyar ruwa - 69,24 cm
Rabin zango - 34,62 cm
Tsawon zangon kwata - 17,31 cm
Eriya da aka lissafta ta wannan hanya ta zama mara amfani. A mitar 433MHz ƙimar SWR ita ce 11.
Ta hanyar ƙaddamar da eriya ta gwaji, na sami nasarar cimma mafi ƙarancin SWR na 2.8 tare da eriya tsawon kusan cm 50. Ya juya cewa kauri na sassan yana da mahimmanci. Wato, lokacin da aka ƙaddamar kawai sassan waje na bakin ciki, sakamakon ya kasance mafi kyau fiye da lokacin da aka ƙaddamar kawai sassan mai kauri zuwa tsayi iri ɗaya. Ban san nawa ya kamata ku dogara da waɗannan ƙididdiga tare da tsawon eriyar telescopic a nan gaba ba, saboda a aikace ba sa aiki. Wataƙila yana aiki daban tare da wasu eriya ko mitoci, ban sani ba.
Wutar waya a 433MHz
Sau da yawa a cikin na'urori daban-daban, kamar masu sauya rediyo, zaku iya ganin guntun waya madaidaiciya azaman eriya. Na yanke wata waya daidai da tsawon zangon kwata na 433 MHz (17,3 cm) kuma na yi tin ƙarshen ta yadda ya dace sosai a cikin haɗin SMA na mata.
Sakamakon ya kasance m: irin wannan waya yana aiki da kyau a 360 MHz amma ba shi da amfani a 433 MHz.
Na fara yanke waya ta ƙarshe da guntu na duba karatun. Dip a cikin jadawali ya fara motsawa a hankali zuwa dama, zuwa 433 MHz. A sakamakon haka, a kan tsawon waya na kusan 15,5 cm, na sami damar samun mafi ƙarancin ƙimar SWR na 1.8 a mitar 438 MHz. Ƙarin raguwa na kebul ya haifar da karuwa a cikin SWR.
ƙarshe
Saboda iyakancewar ma'aurata, ba zai yiwu a auna eriya a cikin makada sama da 1 GHz ba, kamar eriyar Wi-Fi. Ana iya yin wannan idan ina da ma'aunin bandwidth mafi girma.
Ma'aurata, igiyoyi masu haɗawa, na'ura, har ma da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka duk sassan tsarin eriya ne. Geometry su, matsayi a sararin samaniya da abubuwan da ke kewaye suna rinjayar sakamakon aunawa. Bayan shigar a gidan rediyo na ainihi ko modem, mitar na iya canzawa, saboda jikin gidan rediyo, modem, da kuma jikin ma'aikaci zai zama wani ɓangare na eriya.
OSA103 Mini na'urar aiki ce mai sanyi sosai. Ina nuna godiya ta ga mai haɓaka ta don tuntuɓar lokacin aunawa.
source: www.habr.com