Shin zamanin sabobin ARM yana zuwa?

SynQuacer E-Series motherboard don uwar garken 24-core ARM akan mai sarrafa ARM Cortex A53 tare da 32 GB na RAM, Disamba 2018

Shekaru da yawa, na'urori masu sarrafawa na ARM sun rage saitin umarni (RISC) sun mamaye kasuwar na'urar hannu. Amma ba su taɓa samun shiga cikin cibiyoyin bayanai ba, inda Intel da AMD har yanzu suna mulki tare da saitin koyarwar x86. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, daidaitattun hanyoyin magance su suna bayyana, kamar 24-core ARM uwar garken akan dandalin Banana Pi, amma babu wasu shawarwari masu mahimmanci tukuna. Fiye da gaske, sai a wannan makon.

AWS ta ƙaddamar da na'urori masu sarrafawa na 64-core ARM a cikin gajimare a wannan makon graviton 2 shi ne tsarin-kan-guntu tare da ARM Neoverse N1 core. Kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cewa Graviton2 ya fi sauri fiye da na'urorin sarrafa ARM na baya a cikin EC2 A1, kuma ga shi. gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu na farko.

Kasuwancin kayayyakin more rayuwa duka game da kwatanta lambobi ne. A gaskiya ma, abokan ciniki na cibiyar bayanai ko sabis na girgije ba su damu da abin da gine-ginen ke da shi ba. Suna kula da rabon farashi/aiki. Idan gudana akan ARM ya fi arha fiye da gudana akan x86, to za a zaɓi su.

Har zuwa kwanan nan, ba zai yiwu a faɗi babu shakka cewa yin lissafi akan ARM zai fi riba fiye da x86 ba. Misali, uwar garken 24-core ARM Cortex A53 abin ƙira ne SocioNext SC2A11 farashin kusan $ 1000, wanda zai iya gudanar da sabar yanar gizo akan Ubuntu, amma ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin aikin x86.

Koyaya, ingantaccen ƙarfin kuzari na masu sarrafa ARM yana sa mu sake kallon su akai-akai. Misali, SocioNext SC2A11 yana cinye 5 W kawai. Amma wutar lantarki tana kusan kashi 20% na farashin cibiyar bayanai. Idan waɗannan kwakwalwan kwamfuta suna nuna kyakkyawan aiki, to x86 ba zai sami dama ba.

Zuwan Farko na ARM: EC2 A1 Misalai

A ƙarshen 2018, AWS ya gabatar Saukewa: EC2A1 a kan namu masu sarrafa ARM. Tabbas wannan sigina ce ga masana'antu game da yuwuwar sauye-sauye a kasuwa, amma sakamakon maƙasudin ya kasance abin takaici.

Teburin da ke ƙasa ya nuna sakamakon gwajin damuwa EC2 A1 (ARM) da EC2 M5d.metal (x86). An yi amfani da kayan aiki don gwaji stress-ng:

stress-ng --metrics-brief --cache 16 --icache 16 --matrix 16 --cpu 16 --memcpy 16 --qsort 16 --dentry 16 --timer 16 -t 1m

Kamar yadda kake gani, A1 ya yi muni a duk gwaje-gwaje sai dai cache. A yawancin sauran alamomi, ARM ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan bambancin aikin ya fi girman 46% bambancin farashin tsakanin A1 da M5. A takaice dai, misalai akan na'urori masu sarrafawa na x86 har yanzu suna da mafi kyawun ƙimar farashi / aiki:

gwajin
Farashin EC2A1
EC2 M5d.metal
Difference

cache
1280
311
311,58%

cache
18209
34368
-47,02%

matrix
77932
252190
-69,10%

CPU
9336
24077
-61,22%

memcpy
21085
111877
-81,15%

qsort
522
728
-28,30%

hakori
1389634
2770985
-49.85%

lokaci lokaci
4970125
15367075
-67,66%

Tabbas, microbenchmarks ba koyaushe suna nuna ainihin hoto ba. Abin da ke da mahimmanci shine bambanci a ainihin aikin aikace-aikacen. Amma a nan hoton ya zama bai fi kyau ba. Abokan aiki daga Scylla sun kwatanta a1.metal da m5.4xlarge lokuta tare da adadin masu sarrafawa iri ɗaya. A cikin daidaitaccen gwajin karanta bayanan NoSQL a cikin tsari guda ɗaya, na farko ya nuna ayyukan karantawa 102 a sakan daya, na biyu kuma 000. A cikin lokuta biyu, ana amfani da duk na'urori masu sarrafawa a 610%. Wannan yayi daidai da kusan raguwar aikin ninki shida, wanda ƙananan farashi ba a biya shi ba.

Bugu da ƙari, al'amuran A1 kawai suna gudana akan EBS ba tare da tallafi ga na'urorin NVMe masu sauri kamar sauran al'amura ba.

Gabaɗaya, A1 mataki ne a cikin sabon alkibla, amma bai yi daidai da tsammanin ARM ba.

Zuwa na Biyu na ARM: EC2 M6 Misalai

Wannan duk ya canza a wannan makon lokacin da AWS ya gabatar da sabon aji na sabobin ARM, da kuma lokuta da yawa akan sabbin na'urori masu sarrafawa. graviton 2duk da M6g da M6gd.

Kwatanta waɗannan abubuwan yana nuna hoto daban. A wasu gwaje-gwaje, ARM yana yin mafi kyau, kuma wani lokacin mafi kyau, fiye da x86.

Anan ga sakamakon gudanar da umarnin gwajin damuwa iri ɗaya:

gwajin
Saukewa: EC2M6G
EC2 M5d.metal
Difference

cache
218
311
-29,90%

cache
45887
34368
33,52%

matrix
453982
252190
80,02%

CPU
14694
24077
-38,97%

memcpy
134711
111877
20,53%

qsort
943
728
29,53%

hakori
3088242
2770985
11,45%

lokaci lokaci
55515663
15367075
261,26%

Wannan lamari ne mabambanta: M6g yana da sauri sau biyar fiye da A1 yayin aiwatar da ayyukan karantawa daga bayanan Scylla NoSQL, kuma sabbin abubuwan M6gd suna tafiyar da tafiyar NVMe cikin sauri.

ARM na cin zarafi a kowane bangare

Mai sarrafa AWS Graviton2 misali ɗaya ne na ARM da ake amfani da shi a cibiyoyin bayanai. Amma siginonin suna fitowa daga wurare daban-daban. Misali, a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2019, farawar Nuvia ta Amurka ya jawo hankalin dala miliyan 53 a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci.

Manyan injiniyoyi uku ne suka kafa wannan kamfani wanda ke da hannu wajen samar da na’urori a Apple da Google. Sun yi alkawarin haɓaka na'urori masu sarrafa bayanai don cibiyoyin bayanai waɗanda za su yi gogayya da Intel da AMD.

By samuwa bayanaiNuvia ta ƙera core processor daga ƙasa zuwa sama wanda za'a iya ginawa a saman gine-ginen ARM, amma ba tare da samun lasisin ARM ba.

Duk wannan yana nuna cewa masu sarrafa ARM a shirye suke don cinye kasuwar uwar garke. Bayan haka, muna rayuwa ne a zamanin bayan PC. Kayayyakin x86 na shekara-shekara sun faɗi kusan kashi 10% tun lokacin da suke kan kololuwar 2011, yayin da guntuwar RISC ta haura zuwa biliyan 20. A yau, kashi 99% na na'urori masu sarrafa 32- da 64-bit na duniya sune RISC.

Wadanda suka ci kyautar Turing Award John Hennessy da David Patterson sun buga labarin a cikin Fabrairu 2019 "Sabon Zamanin Zinare don Gine-ginen Kwamfuta". Ga abin da suke rubutawa:

Kasuwar ta sasanta rikicin RISC-CISC. Ko da yake CISC ta ci nasara a matakai na baya na zamanin PC, amma RISC yana cin nasara a yanzu cewa zamanin bayan PC ya isa. Babu sabon ISAs da aka ƙirƙira shekaru da yawa. Abin mamaki shine, yarjejeniya akan mafi kyawun ka'idodin ISA don masu sarrafawa na gaba ɗaya a yau har yanzu suna dogara ga RISC, shekaru 35 bayan ƙirƙira ta ... . Babban manufar falsafar na'ura mai sarrafawa a cikin waɗannan kwakwalwan kwamfuta na iya zama RISC, wanda ya tsaya gwajin lokaci. Yi tsammanin sabbin sabbin abubuwa cikin sauri kamar lokacin zinare na ƙarshe, amma wannan lokacin dangane da farashi, kuzari da aminci, ba kawai aiki ba.

"Shekaru goma masu zuwa za su ga fashewar Cambrian na sababbin gine-ginen kwamfuta, yana nuna lokuta masu ban sha'awa ga masu gine-ginen kwamfuta a cikin masana'antu da masana'antu," sun kammala takarda.

source: www.habr.com