Kamar yadda ka sani, idan matsala za ta iya faruwa, tabbas zai faru. Wataƙila kowa ya sami lokuta lokacin da aka share wani muhimmin fayil na kwanan nan ba da gangan ba, ko kuma aka zaɓi rubutu da gangan kuma an lalata shi a cikin editan rubutu.
Idan kai mai masauki ne ko mai gidan yanar gizon, to tabbas kun ci karo da hacking na asusun mai amfani ko gidan yanar gizon ku. A irin waɗannan lokuta, yana da mahimmanci don dawo da tarihin tarihi, nemo hanyar shiga da raunin da maharin ke amfani da shi.
Tsarin fayil na NILFS2 cikakke ne don magance irin waɗannan matsalolin.
Ya kasance a cikin kernel na Linux tun daga sigar 2.6.30.
Mahimmancin wannan tsarin fayil shine cewa yayi kama da tsarin sarrafa sigar: koyaushe kuna iya jujjuya yanayin tsarin baya kuma duba yadda ya kasance a wani lokaci da suka gabata.
Don samar da wannan aikin, ba kwa buƙatar saita rubutun Cron, ɗaukar hoto, da sauransu. Tsarin fayil na NILFS2 yana yin wannan duka da kansa. Ba ya sake rubuta tsoffin bayanai kuma koyaushe yana rubutawa zuwa sabbin wuraren faifai idan akwai isasshen sarari diski kyauta. Cikakken daidai da ƙa'idar Kwafi-kan-Rubuta.
A zahiri, duk wani canji zuwa fayil yana ƙirƙirar sabon hoto ta atomatik na tsarin fayil, don haka zaku iya amfani da wannan FS azaman injin lokaci kuma ku dawo da yanayin fayiloli.
История
An haɓaka NILFS2 a cikin zurfin , a gaskiya ma, mallakin gwamnati (yana da hannun jari mai sarrafawa) da kuma babban kamfanin sadarwa a Japan. Musamman musamman, a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na CyberSpace a ƙarƙashin jagoranci .
Abin da ba a san ainihin abin da aka haɓaka shi ba, duk da haka, ana iya ɗauka cewa irin wannan FS, tare da aikin "na'urar lokaci", yana da kyau don adana bayanan da ma'aikatan leken asiri za su so su tono don sake kunna dukkan hoton. SMS, imel, da dai sauransu ....
NILFS2 kuma yana da yuwuwar kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don ayyukan tsaro na cikin gida, saboda yana ba ku damar dawo da duk wasiƙun da aka goge a cikin ma'ajin wasiku, wanda ke bayyana cunkoson ma'aikata waɗanda daga baya za su yi ƙoƙarin ɓoye su ta hanyar goge ko canza fayilolinsu.
Ta yaya za ku iya bin duk tarihin wasiƙunku?A kan sabar Linux (kuma wannan shine inda yakamata a shigar da NILFS2 don dalilai na tsaro na ciki), ana amfani da hanyar fayil na adana imel sau da yawa don adana saƙonnin imel. Tsarin da ake kira . Ya isa a saka da kuma saita ma'ajiyar wasiku a cikin Maildir. Wani tsari babban fayil ɗin rubutu ne wanda za'a iya rarraba shi cikin sauƙi cikin saƙo guda ɗaya.
Idan uwar garken mail ta yi amfani da bayanan bayanai, to NILFS2 zai ba da damar maido da ainihin lokacin canje-canjen bayanai da kuma ikon dawo da bayanan a kowane ɗayan waɗannan lokutan. Sannan kuna buƙatar amfani da kayan aikin adana bayanai don ganin abin da ke cikin sa a wancan lokacin a cikin lokaci ...
Duk da haka, wani abu ya faru. Ko dai gwamnatin Jafananci ta canza ra'ayinta game da sa ido kan kowa (a la the Yarovaya ka'idar), ko kuma aikin NILFS2 akan HDDs na gargajiya ya zama ƙasa da daidai, kuma NILFS2 an sake shi ƙarƙashin lasisin GPL kuma cikin sauri ya shiga kernel Linux, tunda babu takamaiman koke game da lambar da aka rubuta ƙwararrun Jafananci, masu haɓaka kernel na Linux ba su da shi.
Menene kamannin NILFS2?
Daga ra'ayi na amfani: akan tsarin sarrafa sigar . Kowane wurin bincike na FS alƙawarin ne wanda aka yi ta atomatik ba tare da sanin mai amfani ba a duk lokacin da akwai wani canji: shafewa, canza abubuwan da ke cikin fayil ko canza haƙƙin shiga. Kowane alƙawarin yana da lamba wanda ke ƙaruwa a layi.
Daga mahangar mai shirye-shirye: buffer madauwari. Tsarin fayil ɗin yana tara canje-canje kuma yana rubuta su cikin guntun daidai da kusan 8 MB (2000 * 4096, inda 2000 shine adadin abubuwan da ke cikin toshe kuma 4096 shine girman shafin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya). An raba faifan gabaɗaya zuwa irin wannan gungu. Rikodin yana ci gaba a jere. Lokacin da sarari kyauta ya ƙare, ana share tsoffin hotuna kuma ana sake rubuta guntun guntun.
Na asali NILFS2 kyaututtuka
- Versioning!!!
- Hanyar maido da tsarin fayil bayan gazawar abu ne mai sauƙi: lokacin da ake lodawa, ana nemo guntun ƙarshe wanda ke da daidaitaccen checksum, kuma an sanya babban shinge akansa. Wannan kusan aiki ne nan take.
- Saboda gaskiyar cewa rikodi koyaushe yana ci gaba da layi, sannan:
- na iya nuna sakamako mai kyau lokacin da ke gudana akan SSD tare da jinkirin rubuta bazuwar.
- NILFS2 tana adana albarkatun SSD, tun da kusan babu adadin yawan rubutu.
More daidai, bai wuce 2 ba.Gaskiyar ita ce, lokacin da ake sake rubuta faifan cyclically, NILFS2 za ta canja wurin bayanan da ba za a iya canzawa zuwa sabbin ɓangarorin (chunks).Idan muna da 10% na bayanan da ba su canzawa akan faifai, to za mu sami karuwar 10% rubuta tare da sake rubutawa 1 cikakke. Da kyau, haɓaka 50% a 50% cikar na'urar don sake rubuta faifai 1 cikakke.
Matsakaicin ribar rubutu shine 2. Wannan yana da ƙasa sosai idan aka yi la'akari da cewa an rubuta komai a jere. Gabaɗaya, raye-rayen rubuce-rubucen zai zama ƙasa da na tsarin fayil rarrabuwa na al'ada tare da sashin 4096-byte. (Tunanin wahayi daga ).
- Yiwuwar sauƙin aiwatar da kwafi zuwa NILFS2 FS mai nisa
NILFS2 don / gida
A cikin tsarin aiki kamar Unix, a matsayin mai mulki, akwai babban fayil / gida wanda ke adana bayanan mai amfani. Shirye-shirye iri-iri suna adana takamaiman saitunan mai amfani a cikin wannan babban fayil ɗin.
Kuma wanene, idan ba masu amfani ba, suna yin kuskure sau da yawa? Don haka, kamar yadda suka ce, Allah da kansa ya ba da umarnin a yi amfani da NILFS2 akan /gida.
Haka kuma, tare da yaɗuwar amfani da SSDs, yanzu ba za mu ƙara damuwa game da tsangwama ba yayin amfani da tsarin fayil na CoW.
Ee, zamu iya ƙirƙirar hotunan FS sau da yawa kamar yadda muke so a cikin ZFS da BTRFS, amma koyaushe akwai haɗarin cewa canjin fayil ɗin da aka ɓace zai ƙare tsakanin hotunan hoto. Kuma hotunan har yanzu suna buƙatar gudanar da su: tsofaffin suna buƙatar share su. A cikin NILFS2, duk wannan yana faruwa ta atomatik, a zahiri kowane daƙiƙa kaɗan.
Na ƙirƙiri ƙarar ma'ana ta amfani da lvcreate (a cikin rukunin ƙarar nvme, bakin ciki bakin ciki). Ina ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar shi akan ƙarar lvm, tunda ana iya faɗaɗa shi cikin sauƙi daga baya. Ina ba da shawarar samun 50% sarari diski kyauta tare da NILFS2 don ingantaccen zurfin sigar.
lvcreate -V10G -T nvme/thin -n homekuma ya tsara shi a cikin NILFS2:
mkfs.nilfs2 -L nvme_home /dev/nvme/home
mkfs.nilfs2 (nilfs-utils 2.1.5)
Start writing file system initial data to the device
Blocksize:4096 Device:/dev/nvme/home1 Device Size:10737418240
File system initialization succeeded !!
Bayan wannan, kuna buƙatar kwafin duk bayanan daga na yanzu / gida.
Na yi haka ne nan da nan bayan na yi booting kwamfutar, kafin na shiga asusu na, a matsayin mai amfani da tushe. Idan zan shiga a matsayin mai amfani na, wasu shirye-shirye za su buɗe kwasfa da fayiloli a cikin babban fayil na mai amfani / gida / mai amfani, wanda zai sa kwafin mai tsabta ya yi wahala. Kamar yadda kuka sani, babban fayil ɗin gida na tushen mai amfani yawanci yana kan hanyar / tushen, don haka babu wani fayil da zai buɗe akan ɓangaren / gida.
mkdir /mnt/newhome
mount -t nilfs2 /dev/nvme/home /mnt/newhome
cp -a /home/. /mnt/newhome
Don layi na ƙarshe, duba .
Na gaba za mu gyara /etc/fstab, a cikin abin da tsarin fayil don / gida aka ɗora, zuwa
/dev/disk/by-label/nvme_home /home nilfs2 noatime 0 0
Zaɓi noatime da ake buƙata don haɓaka aiki don kada atime ya canza tare da kowane damar fayil. Gaba za mu sake yi.
Nau'in hotuna a cikin NILFS2.
Hoton hoto na yau da kullun ba tare da kariya ga gogewa ba ana kiran shi wurin bincike ko wurin dawowa.
Hoton da aka kare daga gogewa ta atomatik ana kiransa hoto, sannan kawai hoto.
Ana yin wuraren bincike ta amfani da umarnin lscp
Duba hotuna lscp -s
Za mu iya ƙirƙirar hotuna da wuraren bincike kan kanmu a kowane lokaci ta amfani da:
mkcp [-s] устройствоMuna mayar da bayanai.
NILFS tana ba mu damar ɗaga tsoffin hotuna kamar yadda muke so a layi daya tare da aiki tare da babban reshen FS. Amma a yanayin karatu kawai.
An tsara komai kamar haka. Ana iya share wuraren bincike na yau da kullun da NILFS2 ke yi ta atomatik a kowane lokaci (lokacin da sarari diski ya ƙare ko kuma bisa ga ka'idodin nilfs_cleanard), don haka kafin shigarwa dole ne mu canza wurin binciken zuwa hoto ko, cikin harshen Rashanci, ɗaukar hoto.
chcp ss номер_чекпоинтаBayan haka, zamu iya ɗaukar hoton hoto, alal misali, kamar haka:
mount -t nilfs2 -r -o cp=номер_чекпоинта /dev/nvme/home /mnt/nilfs/номер_чекпоинта
Bayan haka muna kwafi fayilolin da aka dawo dasu daga hoton hoto zuwa / gida.
Kuma daga baya muna cire tutar da ba ta gogewa daga hoton hoto ta yadda nan gaba mai tara shara ta atomatik zai iya cire bayanan da suka gabata:
chcp cp номер_чекпоинтаAbubuwan amfani don NILFS2
Amma wannan ita ce matsalar. Ee, ba shakka, za mu iya ƙirƙirar tsarin fayil, canza girmansa akan layi, duba jerin abubuwan ƙalubalen, ƙirƙira da share su. Kunshin nilfs2-utils yana ba da mafi ƙarancin saitin mutum.
Tun da NTT ya rage kuɗin sa, babu wani ƙananan kayan aiki masu sauri waɗanda ke ba ku damar nuna tarihin canje-canjen fayil ko yin bambanci tsakanin hotuna.
My n2u utility
Don cike wannan gurbin na rubuta , wanda zai iya nuna tarihin canje-canje zuwa takamaiman fayil/ directory:
n2u log filenameFitowar abu kamar haka:
CHECKPOINT DATE TIME TYPE SIZE MODE
1787552 2019-11-24 22:08:00 first 7079 cp
1792659 2019-11-25 23:09:05 changed 7081 cpYana aiki da sauri don hanyar aiwatarwa da aka zaɓa: yana neman bambance-bambance tsakanin fayiloli ta amfani da hanyar bisection, da sauri hawa da kwatanta fayil / directory a cikin hotuna daban-daban.
Kuna iya saita kewayon wuraren bincike ta amfani da maɓalli -cp CP1:CP2 ko -cp {YEAR-MM-DD}:{YEAR-MM-DD}.
Hakanan zaka iya ganin bambanci tsakanin wuraren bincike na takamaiman fayil ko kundin adireshi:
n2u diff -r cp1:cp2 filenameKuna iya nuna duk tarihin canje-canje: duk bambance-bambance tsakanin wuraren bincike na takamaiman fayil/littafi:
n2u blame [-r cp1:cp2] filenameHakanan ana goyan bayan tazarar kwanan wata a cikin wannan umarni.
Kuka ga masu haɓakawa
Akwai kwararru da yawa akan Habré. Da fatan za a gama NILFS2. Yi kwafi, rarrabuwa cikin sauri tsakanin bita, reflink da sauran kyawawan abubuwa!
nassoshi
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Wuraren ajiya:
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Jaridu:
. ID don biyan kuɗin Linux-nilfs.
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Godiya:
- Masu haɓaka NILFS2: Ryusuke Konishi, Koji Sato, Naruhiko Kamimura, Seiji Kihara, Yoshiji Amagai, Hisashi Hifumi da Satoshi Moriai. Sauran manyan masu ba da gudummawa sune: Andreas Rohner, Dan McGee, David Arendt, David Smid, dexen deVries, Dmitry Smirnov, Eric Sandeen, Jiro SEKIBA, Matteo Frigo, Hitoshi Mitake, Takashi Iwai, Vyacheslav Dubeyko.
- Zuwa Nishaɗi na Amblin da Hotunan Duniya don jerin fina-finai masu ban mamaki. . Hoton farko na sakon an dauki shi daga fim din "Back to Future 3".
- Kamfanoni don tallafi da damar bugawa akan shafin ku akan Habré.
PS Da fatan za a aika kowane kurakurai da kuka lura a cikin saƙo na sirri. Na kara karma na don wannan.
Kuna iya gwaji tare da NILFS2 ta yin odar injin kama-da-wane daga tare da coupon da ke ƙasa. Ga duk sabbin abokan ciniki akwai lokacin gwaji kyauta na kwanaki 3.
source: www.habr.com