Hello Habr! A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku ko yana da daraja shirya tsararrun RAID dangane da ingantattun hanyoyin SATA SSD da NVMe SSD, kuma za a sami riba mai yawa daga wannan? Mun yanke shawarar duba wannan batu ta hanyar la'akari da nau'o'in da nau'ikan masu sarrafawa waɗanda ke ba da damar yin hakan, da kuma iyakokin aikace-aikacen irin waɗannan saitunan.
Wata hanya ko wata, kowannenmu aƙalla sau ɗaya a rayuwarmu ya ji irin waɗannan ma'anoni kamar "RAID", "RAID-array", "RAID-controller", amma yana da wuya a ba mu mahimmanci ga wannan, saboda duk wannan shine. wanda ba zai yiwu ba ga talakawa PC boyar Interesting. Amma kowa yana son babban gudu daga faifai na ciki da aiki mara matsala. Bayan haka, komai ƙarfin kayan aikin kwamfuta, saurin abin tuƙi ya zama cikas idan ya zo ga haɗin gwiwar PC da uwar garken.
Wannan shine ainihin lamarin har sai an maye gurbin HDDs na gargajiya da NVMe SSDs na zamani tare da kwatankwacin ikon 1 TB ko fiye. Kuma idan a baya a cikin kwamfutoci galibi ana samun haɗuwa da SATA SSD + ma'aurata HDDs masu ƙarfi, a yau an fara maye gurbinsu da wata mafita - NVMe SSD + ma'aurata SATA SSDs masu ƙarfi. Idan muka yi magana game da sabobin kamfanoni da "girgije," da yawa sun riga sun sami nasarar komawa SATA SSDs, kawai saboda sun fi sauri fiye da "gwangwani" na al'ada kuma suna iya sarrafa yawancin ayyukan I / O a lokaci guda.
Koyaya, haƙurin kuskuren tsarin har yanzu yana kan ƙaramin ƙaramin matakin: ba za mu iya ba, kamar yadda yake a cikin "Battle of Psychics," annabta tare da daidaito har zuwa mako guda lokacin da wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin zai mutu. Kuma idan HDDs "mutu" a hankali, yana ba ku damar kama alamun kuma ku ɗauki mataki, to SSDs "mutu" nan da nan kuma ba tare da gargadi ba. Kuma yanzu ne lokacin da za a gano dalilin da yasa ake buƙatar duk wannan kwata-kwata? Shin yana da daraja shirya tsararrun RAID dangane da ingantattun hanyoyin SATA SSD da NVMe SSD, kuma za a sami riba mai yawa daga wannan?
Me yasa kuke buƙatar tsararrun RAID?
Kalmar “array” ta riga ta nuna cewa ana amfani da na'urori masu yawa (HDD da SSD) don ƙirƙirar su, waɗanda aka haɗa su ta amfani da mai sarrafa RAID kuma OS ta gane a matsayin ajiyar bayanai guda ɗaya. Ayyukan duniya wanda tsararrun RAID zasu iya warwarewa shine rage lokacin samun damar bayanai, ƙara saurin karantawa / rubutawa da aminci, wanda aka samu godiya ga ikon da za a iya dawo da sauri a yayin da ya faru. Af, ba lallai ba ne don amfani da RAID don madadin gida. Amma idan kana da uwar garken gida naka, wanda kake buƙatar samun dama ga 24/7 akai-akai, wannan lamari ne na daban.
Akwai sama da dozin matakan RAID, kowannensu ya bambanta da adadin faifan da aka yi amfani da su a ciki kuma yana da nasa ribobi da fursunoni: alal misali, RAID 0 yana ba ku damar samun babban aiki ba tare da haƙuri ba, RAID 1 yana ba ku damar bayanan madubi ta atomatik ba tare da haɓaka gudu ba, kuma RAID 10 yana haɗawa ya ƙunshi yuwuwar abubuwan da ke sama. RAID 0 da 1 sune mafi sauƙi (tunda ba sa buƙatar lissafin software) kuma, a sakamakon haka, mafi mashahuri. Ƙarshe, zaɓin da ke goyon bayan ɗaya ko wani matakin RAID ya dogara da ayyukan da aka sanya zuwa tsararrun faifai da kuma damar mai sarrafa RAID.
RAID na gida da na kamfani: menene bambanci?
Tushen kowane kasuwanci na zamani shine ɗimbin bayanai waɗanda dole ne a adana su amintacce akan sabar kamfani. Hakanan, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, dole ne a samar da su tare da samun dama ta 24/7 akai-akai. A bayyane yake cewa, tare da kayan aiki, ɓangaren software yana da mahimmanci, amma a wannan yanayin har yanzu muna magana ne game da kayan aiki waɗanda ke tabbatar da ingantaccen ajiya da sarrafa bayanai. Babu wata manhaja da za ta ceci kamfani daga lalacewa idan kayan aikin bai cika ayyukan da aka ba shi ba.
Don waɗannan ayyuka, kowane masana'anta hardware yana ba da abin da ake kira na'urorin kasuwanci. Kingston yana da ƙaƙƙarfan mafita mai ƙarfi a cikin tsarin SATA и , da kuma nau'ikan NVMe DC1000M U.2 NVMe, DCU1000 U.2 NVMe da DCP-1000 PCI-e, waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani a cibiyoyin bayanai da manyan kwamfutoci. Ana amfani da tsararraki na irin waɗannan faifai tare da masu sarrafa kayan aiki.
Ga kasuwar mabukaci (wato, don PCs na gida da sabar NAS), tuƙi kamar NVMe PCIe, amma a wannan yanayin ba lallai ba ne don siyan mai sarrafa kayan aiki. Kuna iya iyakance kanku zuwa uwar garken PC ko NAS da aka gina a cikin motherboard, sai dai idan ba shakka kuna shirin haɗa uwar garken gida da kanku don ayyuka na yau da kullun (fara wani ƙaramin gida don abokai, misali). Bugu da ƙari, tsarin RAID na gida, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba sa buƙatar ɗaruruwa ko dubban tafiyarwa, ana iyakance ga na'urori biyu, hudu da takwas (yawanci SATA).
Nau'i da nau'ikan masu kula da RAID
Akwai nau'ikan masu sarrafa RAID guda uku bisa ka'idodin aiwatar da tsararrun RAID:
1. Software, wanda a cikinsa tsarin gudanarwa ya faɗo akan CPU da DRAM (wato code ɗin program ɗin ana aiwatar da shi akan processor).
2. Haɗe-haɗe, wato an gina su a cikin uwayen uwa na uwar garken PC ko NAS.
3. Hardware (modular), waxanda su ne keɓaɓɓun katunan faɗaɗa don haɗin PCI/PCIe akan uwayen uwa.
Menene ainihin bambancinsu da juna? Masu kula da RAID na software sun yi ƙasa da haɗe-haɗe da na kayan masarufi dangane da aiki da haƙurin kuskure, amma basa buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman don aiki. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da cewa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana da ƙarfin isa don gudanar da software na RAID ba tare da mummunan tasiri na ayyukan aikace-aikacen da ke gudana akan mai watsa shiri ba. Haɗe-haɗen masu sarrafawa galibi ana sanye su da nasu ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar cache kuma suna amfani da takamaiman adadin albarkatun CPU.
Amma na'urorin na'ura suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar cache nasu da na'ura mai ginawa don aiwatar da algorithms software. Yawanci, suna ba ku damar aiwatar da kowane nau'ikan matakan RAID da goyan bayan nau'ikan tutoci da yawa a lokaci ɗaya. Misali, masu sarrafa kayan masarufi na zamani daga Broadcom na iya haɗa na'urorin SATA, SAS da NVMe lokaci guda, wanda ke ba ku damar canza mai sarrafawa lokacin haɓaka sabobin: musamman, lokacin motsawa daga SATA SSD zuwa NVMe SSD, masu sarrafawa ba dole ba ne a canza su.
A gaskiya, a kan wannan bayanin mun zo ga nau'in nau'in masu sarrafawa da kansu. Idan akwai nau'i uku, ya kamata a sami wasu? A wannan yanayin, amsar wannan tambaya za ta kasance a cikin tabbatacce. Dangane da ayyuka da iyawa, ana iya raba masu kula da RAID zuwa nau'ikan da yawa:
1. Masu kulawa na yau da kullum tare da aikin RAID
A cikin dukkan manyan mukamai, wannan shine mafi sauƙin mai sarrafawa wanda ke ba ku damar haɗa HDDs da SSDs cikin jerin matakan RAID na matakan “0”, “1” ko “0+1”. Ana aiwatar da wannan ta hanyar shirye-shirye a matakin firmware. Duk da haka, irin waɗannan na'urori ba za a iya ba da shawarar yin amfani da su a cikin ɓangaren kamfanoni ba, saboda ba su da cache kuma ba sa goyan bayan matakan matakan "5", "3", da sauransu. Amma ga uwar garken gida na matakin shigarwa sun dace sosai.
2. Masu sarrafawa waɗanda ke aiki tare da sauran masu kula da RAID
Ana iya haɗa irin wannan nau'in mai sarrafawa tare da haɗaɗɗen masu sarrafa uwa. Ana aiwatar da wannan bisa ga ka'ida mai zuwa: mai kula da RAID mai hankali yana kula da magance matsalolin "ma'ana", kuma wanda aka gina a ciki yana ɗaukar ayyukan musayar bayanai tsakanin direbobi. Amma akwai nuance: aiki a layi daya na irin waɗannan masu sarrafawa yana yiwuwa ne kawai akan motherboards masu jituwa, wanda ke nufin iyakokin aikace-aikacen su yana da iyaka.
3. Masu kula da RAID na tsaye
Waɗannan ƙwararrun hanyoyin warwarewa sun ƙunshi a kan jirgin duk mahimman kwakwalwan kwamfuta don yin aiki tare da sabar ajin masana'antu, suna da BIOS nasu, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar cache da processor don gyaran kuskure cikin sauri da lissafin checksum. Bugu da ƙari, sun haɗu da babban ma'auni na aminci dangane da masana'anta kuma suna da manyan kayan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
4. Masu kula da RAID na waje
Ba shi da wahala a yi tsammani cewa duk masu sarrafa da aka jera a sama na ciki ne kuma suna karɓar iko ta hanyar haɗin PCIe na motherboard. Menene ma'anar wannan? Kuma gazawar motherboard na iya haifar da kurakurai a cikin aikin RAID array da asarar bayanai. Masu kula da waje sun sami 'yanci daga wannan rashin fahimta, tun da yake an ajiye su a cikin wani akwati dabam tare da wutar lantarki mai zaman kanta. Dangane da aminci, irin waɗannan masu sarrafawa suna ba da mafi girman matakin ajiyar bayanai.
, Microsemi Adaptec, Intel, IBM, Dell da Cisco su ne kaɗan daga cikin kamfanonin da ke ba da masu sarrafa RAID hardware a halin yanzu.
Hanyoyin aiki na masu sarrafa RAID SAS/SATA/NVMe
Babban manufar HBA-tri-mode da masu kula da RAID (ko masu sarrafawa tare da aikin Tri-Mode) shine ƙirƙirar RAID na tushen NVMe. Broadcom's 9400 jerin masu sarrafa na iya yin wannan: misali, . Nasa ne na nau'in mai sarrafa RAID mai zaman kansa, sanye yake da masu haɗin SFF-8643 guda huɗu kuma, godiya ga tallafin Tri-Mode, yana ba ku damar haɗa SATA/SAS da faifan NVMe a lokaci guda. Bugu da kari, shi ma yana daya daga cikin masu sarrafa makamashi mai inganci a kasuwa (yana cin makamashin watts 17 kawai, tare da kasa da 1,1 Watts na kowane tashar jiragen ruwa na 16).
Haɗin haɗin kai shine nau'in PCI Express x8 3.1, wanda ke ba da damar sarrafa kayan aiki na 64 Gbit/s (ana sa ran masu kula da PCI Express 2020 za su bayyana a cikin 4.0). Mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa 16 ya dogara ne akan guntu 2-core da 72-bit DDR4-2133 SDRAM (4 GB), da kuma ikon haɗawa har zuwa 240 SATA/SAS tafiyarwa, ko har zuwa na'urorin 24 NVMe. Dangane da tsara tsarin RAID, ana tallafawa matakan "0", "1", "5" da "6", da "10", "50" da "60". Af, cache memory da sauran masu sarrafawa a cikin jerin 9400 ana kiyaye su daga gazawar wutar lantarki ta tsarin zaɓi na CacheVault CVPM05.
Hanyoyin fasaha guda uku sun dogara ne akan aikin musayar bayanai na SerDes: canza tsarin wakilci na bayanai a cikin SAS/SATA musaya zuwa cikin layi daya a cikin PCIe NVMe da kuma akasin haka. Wato, mai sarrafawa yana yin shawarwari da sauri da ka'idoji don yin aiki ba tare da matsala ba tare da kowane nau'in na'urorin ajiya guda uku. Wannan yana ba da hanyar da ba ta dace ba don auna ma'auni na cibiyar bayanai: masu amfani za su iya amfani da NVMe ba tare da yin manyan canje-canje ga wasu saitunan tsarin ba.
Koyaya, lokacin da ake tsara jeri tare da masu tafiyar da NVMe, yana da daraja la’akari da cewa hanyoyin NVMe suna amfani da hanyoyin 4 PCIe don haɗawa, wanda ke nufin kowane injin yana amfani da duk layin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na SFF-8643. Ya bayyana cewa kawai guda huɗu NVMe tafiyarwa za a iya haɗa kai tsaye zuwa MegaRAID 9460-16i mai sarrafawa. Ko iyakance kanku zuwa hanyoyin NVMe guda biyu yayin da ake haɗa kayan tafiyar SAS guda takwas (duba zanen haɗin da ke ƙasa).
Hoton yana nuna amfani da haɗin "0" (C0 / Connector 0) da mai haɗin "1" don haɗin NVMe, da kuma masu haɗin "2" da "3" don haɗin SAS. Ana iya jujjuya wannan tsari, amma kowane drive x4 NVMe dole ne a haɗa shi ta amfani da hanyoyin da ke kusa. An saita yanayin aiki mai sarrafawa ta hanyar StorCLI ko Kayan Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayan Gida (HII), wanda ke aiki a cikin yanayin UEFI.
Yanayin tsoho shine bayanin martaba "PD64" (kawai yana goyan bayan SAS/SATA). Kamar yadda muka fada a sama, akwai bayanan martaba guda uku: yanayin "SAS/SATA kawai" yanayin (PD240 / PD64 / PD 16), yanayin "NVMe kawai yanayin" (PCIe4) da yanayin gauraye wanda kowane nau'in tafiyarwa. na iya aiki: "PD64 -PCIe4" (goyan bayan 64 na zahiri da na zahiri tare da fayafai 4 NVMe). A yanayin gauraye, ƙimar ƙayyadadden bayanin martaba ya kamata ya zama “ProfileID=13”. Af, an adana bayanin martaba da aka zaɓa azaman maigidan kuma ba a sake saita shi koda lokacin komawa zuwa saitunan masana'anta ta umarnin Saitin Factory Defaults. Ana iya canza shi da hannu kawai.
Shin yana da daraja ƙirƙirar tsararrun RAID akan SSD?
Don haka, mun riga mun fahimci cewa tsararrun RAID sune mabuɗin yin babban aiki. Amma yana da daraja gina RAID daga SSDs don amfanin gida da kamfanoni? Yawancin masu shakku sun ce haɓakar saurin ba shi da mahimmanci kamar yadda za a iya yin tashe-tashen hankula akan abubuwan NVMe. Amma wannan da gaske haka ne? Da kyar. Babban iyaka ga amfani da SSDs a cikin RAID (dukansu a gida da kuma matakin kasuwanci) na iya zama farashin kawai. Duk abin da mutum zai iya faɗi, farashin gigabyte na sarari akan HDD ya fi rahusa.
Haɗa daɗaɗɗen “drive” da yawa zuwa mai sarrafa RAID don ƙirƙirar tsararrun SSD na iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan aiki a wasu jeri. Koyaya, kar a manta cewa matsakaicin aikin yana iyakance ta hanyar kayan aikin RAID da kanta. Matsayin RAID wanda ke ba da mafi kyawun aiki shine RAID 0.
RAID 0 na al'ada tare da SSDs guda biyu, waɗanda ke amfani da hanyar rarraba bayanai zuwa ƙayyadaddun tubalan da ɗigo su a cikin ma'auni mai ƙarfi, zai haifar da ninka aikin idan aka kwatanta da SSD guda ɗaya. Koyaya, tsararrun RAID 0 tare da SSD guda huɗu za su riga sun zama sau huɗu cikin sauri fiye da mafi ƙarancin SSD a cikin tsararru (dangane da iyakancewar bandwidth a matakin mai sarrafa RAID SSD).
Dangane da lissafi mai sauƙi, SATA SSD yana da sauri kusan sau 3 fiye da SATA HDD na gargajiya. Hanyoyin NVMe sun fi dacewa - sau 10 ko fiye. Idan har rumbun kwamfyuta guda biyu a cikin RAID mai sifili suna nuna aikin ninka sau biyu, yana ƙaruwa da 50%, SATA SSDs biyu za su yi sauri sau 6, kuma NVMe SSD guda biyu za su yi sauri sau 20. Musamman, Kingston KC2000 NVMe PCIe drive guda ɗaya na iya samun saurin karantawa da rubutawa da sauri har zuwa 3200 MB/s, wanda a cikin tsarin RAID 0 zai kai 6 GB/s mai ban sha'awa. Kuma saurin karantawa/rubutu na bazuwar tubalan na 4 KB a girman zai juya daga 350 IOPS zuwa 000 IOPS. Amma ... a lokaci guda, "sifili" RAID baya samar mana da sakewa.
Ana iya cewa a cikin mahalli na gida, ba a buƙatar sakewa na ajiya yawanci, don haka tsarin RAID mafi dacewa don SSDs da gaske ya zama RAID 0. Hanya ce mai dogara don samun gagarumin ci gaba a matsayin madadin yin amfani da fasaha kamar tushen Intel Optane. SSDs. Amma za mu yi magana game da yadda mafita SSD ke aiki a cikin shahararrun nau'ikan RAID ("1", "5", "10", "50") a cikin labarinmu na gaba.
An shirya wannan labarin tare da goyan bayan abokan aikinmu a Broadcom, waɗanda ke ba da masu sarrafa su ga injiniyoyin Kingston don gwaji tare da injinan SATA/SAS/NVMe na kamfani. Godiya ga wannan m symbiosis, abokan ciniki ba dole ba ne su yi shakkar amintacce da kwanciyar hankali na Kingston tafiyarwa tare da HBA da RAID masu kula daga samarwa. .
Don ƙarin bayani game da samfuran Kingston, da fatan za a ziyarci kamfani.
source: www.habr.com