Kula da tattabarai masu ɗaukar nauyi: damar wannan fasaha yana da ban mamaki

Game da marubucin: Allison Marsh Mataimakin farfesa ne na tarihi a Jami'ar South Carolina kuma babban darektan Cibiyar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Al'umma ta Ann Johnson.

Idan ana maganar kulla alaka tsakanin maki biyu, babu abin da zai iya doke tantabara. Sai dai, watakila, ga shaho da ba kasafai ba.

Leken asirin Avian: A cikin 1970s, CIA ta ƙirƙira ƙaramin kyamarar da ta mayar da tattabarai zuwa ƴan leƙen asiri.

Domin dubban shekaru, tattabarai masu ɗaukar kaya suna ɗaukar saƙon. Kuma sun kasance suna da amfani musamman a lokacin yaƙi. Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, Arthur Wellesley Wellington (lokacin Yakin Waterloo) - dukkansu sun dogara ne akan sadarwa ta hanyar tsuntsaye. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Rundunar Siginar Amurka da Navy sun kula da nasu tsinken kurciya. Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba wani tsuntsu dan Amurka mai suna Cher Ami Giciyen soja domin jajircewa hidima a lokacin yakin Verdun. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ’yan Birtaniyya sun ajiye tattabarai masu ɗauke da fiye da 250, 000 daga cikinsu sun samu. Mary Deakin medal, kyauta ta musamman ga dabbobi don aikin soja [daga 1943 zuwa 1949, an ba da lambar yabo sau 54 - ga tattabarai talatin da biyu, karnuka goma sha takwas, dawakai uku da jirgin ruwa. ga Simon cat /kimanin. fassarar].

Kuma ba shakka, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka ba ta iya ba sai dai ta mayar da tattabarai su zama ‘yan leƙen asiri. A cikin 1970s, Sashen Bincike da Ci gaba na CIA ya ƙirƙiri ƙaramin kyamara mai nauyi da za a iya ɗaure a kirjin tattabara. Bayan an sallame ta, tattabarar ta tashi sama da wanda aka yi wa leken asiri a kan hanyarta ta zuwa gida. Motar da ke cikin kyamarar, mai ƙarfin baturi, ya zazzage fim ɗin sannan ya buɗe murfin. Domin tattabarai suna tashi sama da ƴan mita ɗari kawai, sun sami damar samun cikakkun hotuna fiye da jiragen sama ko tauraron dan adam. Akwai wasu gwaje-gwaje? daukar hoto tantabara nasara? Ba mu sani ba. Wannan bayanan yana nan har zuwa yau.

Duk da haka, CIA ba ita ce ta fara amfani da wannan fasaha ba. Masanin harhada magunguna dan kasar Jamus Julius Gustav Neubronner galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin mutum na farko da ya horar da tattabarai don daukar hoton iska. A farkon karni na XNUMX, Neubronner haɗe kyamarori [nasu ƙirƙira, ta amfani da pneumatic buɗaɗɗen rufewa / kusan. fassarar] zuwa ga kirjin tattabarai masu ɗaukar kaya. Kamara ta ɗauki hotuna a lokaci-lokaci yayin da tattabarar ta tashi zuwa gida.

Sojojin Prussian sun binciki yiwuwar yin amfani da pigeons Neubronner don bincike, amma sun watsar da ra'ayin bayan sun kasa sarrafa hanyoyi ko daukar hotuna na wasu wurare. Madadin haka, Neubronner ya fara yin katunan waya daga waɗannan hotuna. Yanzu an tattara su a cikin littafin 2017 "Mai daukar hoto Tattabara". Ana iya duba wasu daga cikinsu akan Intanet:

Babban dalilin da za a iya amfani da tattabarai wajen aika saƙo ko sa ido shi ne suna da su magnetoreception - ikon fahimtar filin maganadisu na duniya, ƙayyade wurin mutum, jagorancin motsi da daidaitawa.

Abin lura da farko a ƙasar Masar da Mesofotamiya ta dā ya nuna cewa tattabarai sukan koma gida zuwa wurin zamansu, ko da an sake su da nesa da gida. Amma in mun gwada da kwanan nan suna da masana kimiyya ya fara gane shi a cikin yadda daidaitawar maganadisu ke aiki a cikin tsuntsaye.

A shekara ta 1968, masanin dabbobi na Jamus Wolfgang Wiltschko ya kwatanta kamfas na maganadisu robin, tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. Ya kalli yadda 'yan fashin da aka kama suka taru a gefe daya na kejin suna duban inda za su bi idan sun sami 'yanci. Lokacin da Vilchko ya sarrafa filayen maganadisu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da shi Helmholtz zobe, 'yan robin sun amsa wannan ta hanyar canza yanayin su a sararin samaniya, ba tare da wani abin gani ko wasu alamu ba.

Nazarin magnetoreception na tantabarai na gida ya kasance mafi wahala saboda dole ne a saki tsuntsaye cikin yanayinsu na halitta domin su nuna halayensu. A wajen dakin gwaje-gwaje, babu wata hanya mai sauki ta sarrafa filayen maganadisu, don haka da wuya a iya sanin ko tsuntsayen sun dogara ne da wasu hanyoyin da suka dace, kamar matsayin Rana a sararin sama.

A cikin 1970s Charles Walcott, Masanin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar New York a Stony Brook tare da dalibinsa Robert Greene sun fito da wani gwaji mai basira wanda ya shawo kan irin waɗannan matsalolin. Da farko, sun horar da garken tattabarai 50 don su tashi a cikin rana da gajimare daga yamma zuwa gabas, suna sake su daga wurare uku daban-daban.

Bayan da tattabarai suka fara komawa gida akai-akai ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ba, masana kimiyya sun yi musu ado da huluna na zamani. Sai suka dora batura a kan kowace tattabara - nada ɗaya ya kewaye wuyan tsuntsun kamar kwala, ɗayan kuma yana manne da kai. An yi amfani da coils don canza filin maganadisu a kusa da tsuntsu.

A cikin ranakun rana, kasancewar halin yanzu a cikin coils ba shi da wani tasiri a kan tsuntsaye. Amma a cikin yanayin gajimare, tsuntsayen sun tashi zuwa gidan ko nesa da shi, ya danganta da alkiblar filin maganadisu. Wannan yana nuna cewa a cikin tsayayyen yanayi, tattabarai suna tafiya da rana, kuma a ranakun girgije suna amfani da filin maganadisu na duniya. Walcott da Green aka buga bincikensa a Kimiyya a 1974.

A farkon ƙarni na XNUMX, Julius Gustav Neubronner ya yi amfani da tattabarai da kyamarori don ɗaukar hotuna na iska.

Ƙarin bincike da gwaje-gwaje sun taimaka wajen bayyana ka'idar magnetoreception, amma har yanzu babu wanda ya isa ya nuna inda magnetoreceptors a cikin tsuntsaye suke. A 2002, Vilchko da tawagar zacicewa suna cikin ido na dama. Amma bayan shekaru tara, wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta buga wani martani ga wannan aikin a cikin mujallar Nature, tana da'awar cewa. kasa haifuwa bayyana sakamako.

Ka'idar ta biyu ita ce baki - musamman ma, adadin ƙarfe a saman baki na wasu tsuntsaye. An kuma ƙi wannan ra'ayin a cikin 2012, lokacin da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ƙaddaracewa sel akwai macrophages, wani ɓangare na tsarin rigakafi. Bayan 'yan watanni, David Dickman da Le-qing Wu zaci yuwuwar ta uku: kunnen ciki. A yanzu, binciken abubuwan da ke haifar da magnetoreception ya kasance yanki na bincike mai aiki.

Abin farin ciki ga wadanda suke so su haifar da "tattabara", fahimtar yadda tsuntsaye suka san jagorancin jirgin ba shi da mahimmanci. Suna buƙatar horar da su kawai don tashi tsakanin maki biyu. Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da abin da aka gwada lokaci a cikin hanyar abinci. Idan ka ciyar da tattabarai a wuri guda kuma ka ajiye su a wani wuri, za ka iya koya musu tashi ta wannan hanya. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a horar da tattabarai don komawa gida daga wuraren da ba a sani ba. IN gasa tsuntsaye suna iya tashi sama har zuwa kilomita 1800, ko da yake an yi la'akari da iyakacin iyaka a matsayin nisa na kilomita 1000.

A ƙarni na XNUMX, tattabarai suna ɗauke da saƙon da aka tattara a cikin ƙananan bututu da aka ɗaure da ƙafafu. Daga cikin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su akwai hanyar tsibirin zuwa babban birni, daga ƙauye zuwa tsakiyar gari, da sauran wuraren da wayar tarho ba ta isa ba tukuna.

Tantabara guda ɗaya na iya ɗaukar iyakantaccen adadin saƙonni na yau da kullun-ba shi da ƙarfin ɗaukar jirgin mara matuƙin Amazon. Amma ƙirƙirar microfim a cikin 1850s da mai daukar hoto na Faransa René Dagron ya ba da damar tsuntsu ɗaya ya ɗauki ƙarin kalmomi, har ma da hotuna.

Kimanin shekaru goma bayan ƙirƙira, lokacin da Paris ke ƙarƙashin kewaye a lokacin Yaƙin Franco-Prussian, Dagron ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da tattabarai don ɗaukar hotuna na saƙonnin hukuma da na sirri. Daga Post ya gama sake tsarawa fiye da 150 000 ƙananan fina-finai waɗanda tare sun ƙunshi saƙonni sama da miliyan ɗaya. Prussians sun yaba da abin da ke faruwa, kuma suka ɗauki shaho da falcons cikin sabis, suna ƙoƙarin satar saƙonnin fuka-fuki.

A cikin karni na XNUMX, amincin sadarwa ta yau da kullun ta hanyar wasiku, telegraph da tarho ya karu, kuma a hankali tattabarai sun koma fagen sha'awa da bukatu na musamman, inda suka zama batun nazari ga masu sana'a da ba kasafai ba.

Misali, a tsakiyar 1990s kamfanin Rocky Mountain Adventures daga Colorado, mai sha'awar rafting, ta haɗa wasiƙar tattabara a cikin tafiye-tafiyenta tare da Kogin Cache-la-Poudre. Fim ɗin da aka ɗauka a hanya an ɗora shi cikin ƙananan jakunkunan tattabara. Daga nan aka sako tsuntsayen aka mayar da su hedikwatar kamfanin. A lokacin da rafters suka dawo, hotuna sun riga sun shirya - mail ɗin tattabara ya ba da fifiko ga irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa [a cikin yankunan tsaunuka na Dagestan, wasu mazauna amfani da sakon tattabarai, canja wurin bayanai akan katunan filasha / kusan. fassarar]

Wani wakilin kamfanin ya ce tsuntsayen sun yi matukar wahala tare da sauyawa zuwa fasahar dijital. Suna ɗaukar katin SD maimakon fina-finai, sun kasance suna tashi zuwa cikin daji maimakon komawa cikin kurciya, watakila saboda gaskiyar cewa kayansu ya yi sauƙi. A sakamakon haka, lokacin da duk masu yawon bude ido suka sami wayoyin hannu a hankali, kamfanin ya yi ritaya da tattabarai.

Kuma taƙaitaccen bayani na game da saƙon tattabara ba zai cika ba tare da ambaton RFC David Weitzman da aka aika zuwa Majalisar Injiniya ta Intanet a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1990. RFC 1149 ya bayyana ka'idar IPOAC, Yarjejeniyar Intanet akan Masu Jiran Jirgin Sama, wato, watsa zirga-zirgar Intanet ta hanyar tattabarai. IN sabuntawa, wanda aka saki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1999, ba kawai inganta tsaro ba ne aka ambata ("Akwai damuwa na sirri game da tattabarai na yaudara" [wasa a kan kalmomi ta amfani da manufar tattabara stool, yana nuna duka tsuntsun da aka yi niyya don jawo hankalin tsuntsaye akan farauta, da ɗan sanda mai ba da labari / kimanin. fassarar]), amma kuma batutuwa na haƙƙin mallaka ("A halin yanzu akwai shari'a akan abin da ya fara zuwa - mai ɗaukar bayanai ko kwai").

A cikin gwaje-gwajen rayuwa na zahiri na yarjejeniyar IPoAC a Ostiraliya, Afirka ta Kudu da Biritaniya, tsuntsayen sun yi gogayya da hanyoyin sadarwa na cikin gida, wanda ingancinsa a wasu wurare ya bar abin da ake so. A ƙarshe, tsuntsaye sun yi nasara. Da yake yin aiki azaman hanyar musayar saƙo na dubban shekaru, tattabarai sun ci gaba har yau.

source: www.habr.com