Tattaunawa: daidaitattun abubuwan amfani na UNIX waɗanda mutane kaɗan suka yi amfani da su har yanzu

Makon da ya gabata, Douglas McIlroy, mai haɓaka bututun UNIX kuma wanda ya fito da manufar "tsarin da ya dace da bangaren", ya gaya game da shirye-shiryen UNIX masu ban sha'awa da ban mamaki waɗanda ba a amfani da su sosai. Buga ya ƙaddamar da tattaunawa mai ƙarfi akan Labaran Hacker. Mun tattara abubuwa mafi ban sha'awa kuma za mu yi farin ciki idan kun shiga tattaunawar.

Ото - Virginia Johnson - Unsplash

Aiki tare da rubutu

Tsarukan aiki kamar UNIX suna da daidaitaccen saitin kayan aikin don tsara rubutu. Amfani rubutu ba ka damar duba daftarin aiki don buga rubutu da hapaxes - kalmomin da suka bayyana a cikin kayan sau ɗaya kawai. Abin sha'awa, shirin nemo rubutun rubutu baya amfani kamus. Yana dogara ne kawai akan bayanan da ke cikin fayil ɗin kuma yana gudanar da nazarin mita ta amfani da trigrams (jerin haruffa uku). A wannan yanayin, duk ƙididdiga masu dacewa ana kiyaye su a cikin tsari na 26x26x26. A cewar Douglas McIlroy, wannan adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya bai isa ba don ƙididdiga masu-byte da yawa. Saboda haka, don adana kuɗi, an rubuta su a cikin logarithmic form.

Yau an maye gurbin typo da ƙarin na zamani da ingantattun ƙamus masu duba tsafi. Duk da haka, mutane har yanzu suna tunawa game da kayan aiki - 'yan shekarun da suka wuce wani mai goyon baya gabatar aiwatar da typo a cikin Go. Har yanzu ana sabunta ma'ajiyar.

Wani kayan aiki don aiki tare da takardu daga 80s shine kunshin Wurin Aikin Marubuta daga Lorinda Cherry da Nina McDonald na Bell Labs. Abun da ke ciki hada kayan aikin gano sassan magana da salon daftarin aiki, neman tautologies da jumlolin da ba dole ba. An ƙera abubuwan amfani a matsayin kayan taimako ga ɗalibai, kuma a lokaci ɗaya sun kasance amfani dalibai a Jami'ar Jihar Colorado a Amurka. Amma a farkon shekarun casa’in, an manta da Marubuci Workbench saboda ba a haɗa shi a cikin Version 7 Unix ba. Duk da haka, wannan kayan aiki ya ci gaba da hanyarsa zuwa masu koyi - alal misali, nahawu don IBM PC.

UNIX kuma tana ba da daidaitattun kayan aikin don sauƙaƙe aiki tare da dabaru. Akwai mai sarrafa harshe don tsara maganganun lissafi eqn. Yana da sananne don gaskiyar cewa don nuna dabara, mai haɓakawa kawai yana buƙatar bayyana shi a cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi da alamomi. Mahimman kalmomi suna ba ku damar matsawa alamomin lissafi a tsaye da a kwance, canza girmansu da sauran sigogi. Idan kun wuce layin zuwa mai amfani:

sum from { k = 1 } to N { k sup 2 }

Fitowar za ta haifar da dabara mai zuwa:

A cikin shekarun 1980-1990 eqn ya taimaka Kwararrun IT suna rubuta litattafai don software. Amma daga baya an maye gurbinsa da tsarin LaTeX, wanda amfani hatta Habr. Amma eqn shine kayan aiki na farko na ajinsa da ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsarin aiki kamar UNIX.

Aiki tare da fayiloli

A cikin zaren jigo, mazauna Hacker News sun lura da yawancin kayan aikin da ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba don aiki tare da fayiloli. Daya daga cikinsu ya kasance comm don kwatanta su. Wannan shi ne sauƙaƙan analog Bambanta, wanda aka keɓance don aiki a cikin rubutun. Nasa ya rubuta Richard Stallman da kansa tare da David MacKenzie.

Fitowar shirin ta ƙunshi ginshiƙai uku. Rukunin farko ya ƙunshi dabi'u na musamman ga fayil na farko, shafi na biyu ya ƙunshi ƙima na musamman ga fayil na biyu. Shafi na uku ya ƙunshi jimillar ƙima. Don comm yayi aiki daidai, takaddun da aka kwatanta dole ne a jera su ta lexically. Don haka, ɗaya daga cikin mazauna wurin shawara Yi aiki tare da mai amfani a cikin tsari mai zuwa:

comm <(sort fileA.txt) <(sort fileB.txt)

Comm ya dace don amfani don duba rubutun kalmomi. Ya isa a kwatanta su da takaddar ƙamus. Idan aka yi la'akari da dabarar da ke da alaƙa da buƙatar rarraba fayiloli, akwai ra'ayi, cewa Stallman da MacKenzie sun rubuta amfanin su na musamman don wannan yanayin amfani.

Ото - Marnix Hogendoorn - Unsplash

Haka kuma mahalarta tattaunawa akan HN lura iya aiki kuje, wanda ba a bayyane a gare shi ba. Yana ba ku damar raba rafukan bayanai ko raba rafi ɗaya zuwa ginshiƙai biyu lokacin fitarwa:

$ paste <( echo -e 'foonbar' ) <( echo -e 'baznqux' )
foo     baz
bar     qux
$ echo -e 'foonbarnbaznqux' | paste - -
foo     bar
baz     qux

Daya daga cikin masu amfani lura, cewa sau da yawa ba a yi amfani da mafi kyawun mafita ba don yin waɗannan ayyuka masu sauƙi: farawa da fmt, ex da ƙarewa mlr с jot и rs.

Wadanne daidaitattun fasalulluka na tsarin aiki kamar UNIX ne aka gano a gare ku?

Abin da muka rubuta game da shi a cikin rukunin yanar gizon mu:

Yadda Tsarin Sunan Domain Ya Samu: Zamanin ARPANET
Tarihin Tsarin Sunan Domain: Sabar DNS ta Farko
Tarihin DNS: lokacin da aka biya sunayen yanki
Tarihin Tsarin Sunan Domain: Yaƙe-yaƙe na yarjejeniya

source: www.habr.com