Bayanin Ka'idojin Sadarwar Sadarwa da Saƙo don IoT

Sannu, Khabrovits! Mai haɓaka kwas ɗin IoT na farko na Rasha yana farawa a OTUS a watan Oktoba. An buɗe rajista don kwas ɗin a yanzu, dangane da abin da muke ci gaba da raba abubuwa masu amfani tare da ku.

Za a gina Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT, Intanet na Abubuwa) a saman abubuwan da ake amfani da su na cibiyar sadarwa, fasahohi da ka'idojin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu a cikin gidaje / ofisoshi da Intanet, kuma za su ba da ƙari mai yawa.

Manufar wannan jagorar ita ce samar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da hanyar sadarwa da ƙa'idodin aikace-aikacen IoT.

Lura. Dole ne ku sami ilimi tushen fasahar sadarwa.

IoT cibiyoyin sadarwa

IoT zai gudana akan cibiyoyin sadarwa na TCP/IP.

TCP/IP yana amfani da samfurin Layer huɗu tare da ƙayyadaddun ladabi a kowane Layer. Cm. fahimtar samfurin Layer TCP/IP 4 (mun fahimci ƙirar Layer huɗu na TCP / IP).

Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna kwatancen ka'idojin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu da waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don IoT.

Bayanin jadawalin:

1. Girman rubutun yana nuna shaharar ka'idar. Misali, a gefen hagu, IPv4 ya fi girma, tunda ya fi shahara a Intanet na zamani. Koyaya, yana da ƙarami akan dama kamar yadda ake tsammanin IPv6 ya fi shahara a cikin IoT.

2. Ba duk ka'idoji ba ne ake nunawa.

3. Yawancin duk canje-canje suna a tashar (matakan 1 da 2) da matakan aikace-aikacen (matakin 4).

4. Mai yuwuwa hanyar sadarwa da matakan sufuri ba su canzawa.

Ka'idojin Layer Link

A matakin haɗin bayanai (Data Link), kuna buƙatar haɗa na'urori zuwa juna. Suna iya zama duka biyu kusa, alal misali, a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa na gida (cibiyoyin gida) da kuma a nesa mai nisa daga juna: a cikin birane (cibiyoyin yanki na birni) da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya (cibiyoyin sadarwa masu fadi).

A halin yanzu, a wannan matakin, cibiyoyin sadarwa na gida da ofis (LAN) suna amfani da Ethernet da Wi-Fi, kuma cibiyoyin sadarwar wayar hannu (WAN) suna amfani da 3G/4G. Koyaya, yawancin na'urorin IoT ba su da ƙarfi, kamar na'urori masu auna firikwensin, kuma batura ne kawai ke amfani da su. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, Ethernet bai dace ba, amma ana iya amfani da Wi-Fi maras ƙarfi da ƙananan ƙarfin Bluetooth.

Yayin da ake ci gaba da amfani da fasahar mara waya ta zamani (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G/4G) don haɗa waɗannan na'urori, yana da kyau a duba sabbin fasahohin da aka kera musamman don aikace-aikacen IoT waɗanda wataƙila za su yi girma cikin shahara.

Daga cikinsu akwai:

• BLE - Ƙananan Makamashi na Bluetooth

• LoRaWAN - Long Range WAN

• SigFox

• LTE-M

An kwatanta su dalla-dalla a cikin labarin. Bayanin fasahar mara waya ta IOT (bayanin fasahar fasahar IoT mara waya).

cibiyar sadarwa Layer

A Layer Networking (Networking), yarjejeniya za ta mamaye cikin dogon lokaci IPv6. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi amfani da IPv4, amma yana iya taka rawa a farkon matakan. Yawancin na'urorin IoT na gida, kamar fitilun fitilu, a halin yanzu suna amfani da IPv4.

sufuri Layer 

A layin sufuri (Transport), Intanet da gidan yanar gizo sun mamaye TCP. Ana amfani dashi a cikin HTTP da sauran shahararrun ka'idojin Intanet (SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, da sauransu).

MQTT, wanda nake tsammanin zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ka'idojin Layer na aikace-aikacen don aika saƙon, a halin yanzu yana amfani da TCP.

Koyaya, a nan gaba, saboda ƙarancin sama, Ina tsammanin UDP ta zama mafi shahara ga IoT. Wataƙila ya fi yaɗuwa MQTT-SN, yana gudana akan UDP. Duba labarin kwatance TCP vs UDP .

Layer aikace-aikace da ka'idojin saƙo

Muhimman halaye don ka'idojin IoT:

• Speed ​​​​- adadin bayanan da aka canjawa wuri guda.

• Latency shine lokacin da ake ɗaukar saƙo.

• Amfanin wutar lantarki.

• Tsaro.

• Samuwar software.

A halin yanzu, ana amfani da manyan ka'idoji guda biyu a wannan matakin: HTTP da MQTT.

HTTP ita ce tabbas mafi sanannun ƙa'idodin wannan matakin da ke ƙarƙashin gidan yanar gizo (WWW). Zai ci gaba da kasancewa da mahimmanci ga IoT, kamar yadda ake amfani da shi don REST API - babban tsarin hulɗa tsakanin aikace-aikacen yanar gizo da ayyuka. Koyaya, saboda babban abin hawa, HTTP ba zai yuwu ta zama babbar ƙa'idar IoT ba, kodayake har yanzu za a yi amfani da ita sosai akan Intanet.

MQTT (Saƙon Queuing Telemetry Transport) ya zama babban ƙa'idar saƙo a cikin IoT saboda sauƙi da sauƙin amfani. Duba labarin Gabatarwa zuwa MQTT don masu farawa (Gabatarwa ga MQTT don masu farawa).

Kwatanta HTTP da MQTT don IoT

MQTT yana da sauri zama ma'aunin gaskiya don aikace-aikacen IoT. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sauƙinsa da saurinsa idan aka kwatanta da HTTP da kuma kasancewar ita ka'ida ce ta ɗaya-zuwa-yawa maimakon ɗaya-zuwa ɗaya (HTTP).

Yawancin aikace-aikacen yanar gizo na zamani za su yi amfani da MQTT da farin ciki maimakon HTTP idan yana samuwa a lokacin haɓakarsu.

Kyakkyawan misali shine aika bayanai ga abokan ciniki da yawa, kamar masu zuwa da tashi na jiragen ƙasa / bas / jirage. A cikin wannan yanayin, ƙa'idar ɗaya zuwa ɗaya kamar HTTP tana da yawa sama da ƙasa kuma tana sanya kaya mai yawa akan sabar gidan yanar gizo. Ƙimar waɗannan sabar yanar gizo na iya zama da wahala. Tare da MQTT, abokan ciniki suna haɗawa da dillali, wanda za'a iya ƙarawa cikin sauƙi don daidaita nauyi. Kalli bidiyon koyawa game da shi Sake Buga Bayanan HTML Sama da MQTT (Misali Masu Zuwan Jirgi) da labarin MQTT vs HTTP don IOT.

Sauran ka'idojin saƙo

Ba a tsara HTTP don aikace-aikacen IoT ba, amma kamar yadda aka ambata, za a yi amfani da shi na ɗan lokaci na ɗan lokaci saboda yaɗuwar amfani da shi a ciki. API.

Kusan dukkanin dandamali na IoT suna tallafawa duka HTTP da MQTT.

Duk da haka, akwai wasu ka'idoji da ya kamata a yi la'akari.

Ladabi

• MQTT - (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). Yana amfani da TCP/IP. Samfurin buga-biyan kuɗi yana buƙatar dillalin saƙo.

• AMQP - (Babban Saƙon Queuing Protocol). Yana amfani da TCP/IP. Mawallafi-Mai biyan kuɗi da Samfuran Nuna-zuwa-Baki.

• COAP - (Ƙa'idar Aikace-aikacen Ƙaddamarwa). Yana amfani da UDP. An ƙirƙira shi musamman don IoT, yana amfani da samfurin amsa buƙatar kamar yadda yake cikin HTTP. RFC 7252.

• DDS - (Sabis ɗin Rarraba Bayanai) 

A cikin wannan labarin ana la'akari da manyan ka'idoji da aikace-aikacen su. Ƙarshen wannan labarin shine cewa IoT zai yi amfani da saitin ka'idoji, dangane da amfanin da aka yi niyya.

Koyaya, idan aka yi la'akari, a farkon shekarun Intanet, ka'idar HTTP da za ta zama rinjaye ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin ka'idoji masu yawa.

Kodayake HTTP ba a samo asali ba don fayil da canja wurin imel, a yau ana amfani da ita don duka biyun.

Ina tsammanin abu iri ɗaya zai faru tare da ka'idojin aika saƙo a cikin IoT: yawancin ayyuka za su yi amfani da babbar yarjejeniya ɗaya.

A ƙasa akwai ginshiƙi na Google Trends waɗanda ke nuna yadda shaharar MQTT, COAP da AMQP suka canza cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata.

Bayanin Google Trends 

Tallafin yarjejeniya ta dandamali

• microsoft Azure - MQTT, AMQP, HTTP da HTTPS

• AWS - MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT akan shafukan yanar gizo

• IBM Bluemix - MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT

• Thingworx - MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT, AMQP

Takaitaccen

Yawancin duk canje-canje suna a tashar (matakan 1 da 2) da matakan aikace-aikacen (matakin 4).

Mai yuwuwa hanyar sadarwa da matakan sufuri ba su canzawa.

A Layer na aikace-aikacen, abubuwan IoT za su yi amfani da ka'idodin saƙo. Yayin da muke kan matakin farko a cikin ci gaban IoT, da alama ƙa'idodin saƙo ɗaya ko biyu za su fice.

A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, MQTT ya zama mafi mashahuri, kuma a kan shi ne yanzu na mai da hankali kan wannan rukunin yanar gizon.

Har ila yau, za a ci gaba da amfani da HTTP kamar yadda aka riga aka gina shi da kyau a cikin dandamali na IoT da ke akwai.

Shi ke nan. Muna gayyatar ku don yin rajista don darasi na demo kyauta akan batun "Chatbot don umarni masu sauri zuwa na'urar".

Kara karantawa:

• Me yasa tsarin IoT na mabukaci marasa tsaro yanzu ya zama babbar matsalar kasuwanci

source: www.habr.com