Siffofin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta amfani da DDIBP

Butsev I.V.
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Siffofin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta amfani da Diesel Dynamic Uninterruptible Power Sources (DDIUPS)

A cikin gabatarwa mai zuwa, marubucin zai yi ƙoƙari ya guje wa clichés na tallace-tallace kuma zai dogara kawai ga kwarewa mai amfani. DDIBPs daga Kariyar Wutar HITEC za a bayyana su azaman batutuwan gwaji.

DDIBP na'urar shigarwa

Na'urar DDIBP, daga ra'ayi na lantarki, yayi kama da sauqi da tsinkaya.
Babban tushen makamashi shine Injin Diesel (DE), tare da isasshen wutar lantarki, la'akari da ingancin shigarwa, don ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci zuwa kaya. Wannan, saboda haka, yana ɗora ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatu akan amincinsa, shirye-shiryen ƙaddamarwa da kwanciyar hankali na aiki. Saboda haka, yana da cikakkiyar ma'ana don amfani da DDs na jirgin ruwa, wanda mai siyar ya sake canza launin rawaya zuwa launinsa.

A matsayin mai jujjuyawar makamashin inji zuwa makamashin lantarki da baya, shigarwar ya haɗa da janareta na mota tare da ƙarfin da ya wuce ƙarfin da aka ƙididdigewa don haɓakawa, da farko, halaye masu ƙarfi na tushen wutar lantarki yayin tafiyar gajeriyar hanya.

Tunda masana'anta ke da'awar samar da wutar lantarki marar katsewa, shigarwar ya ƙunshi wani abu da ke riƙe da wuta zuwa kaya yayin sauyawa daga yanayin aiki zuwa wani. Mai tara inertial ko haɗin haɗakarwa yana yin amfani da wannan dalili. Wani katon jiki ne wanda ke jujjuyawa cikin sauri kuma yana tara makamashin inji. Mai sana'anta yana kwatanta na'urarsa a matsayin motar asynchronous a cikin injin da bai dace ba. Wadancan. Akwai na'ura mai juyi, mai jujjuyawar waje da na'urar rotor na ciki. Bugu da ƙari, na'ura mai juyi na waje yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da shinge na yau da kullum na shigarwa kuma yana jujjuyawa tare da madaidaicin ma'aunin injin-janar. Rotor na ciki kuma yana jujjuyawa dangane da na waje kuma ainihin na'urar ajiya ce. Don samar da iko da hulɗar tsakanin sassa ɗaya, ana amfani da raka'a goga tare da zoben zamewa.

Don tabbatar da canja wurin makamashin injina daga motar zuwa sauran sassan shigarwa, ana amfani da kama mai wuce gona da iri.

Mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren shigarwa shine tsarin sarrafawa ta atomatik, wanda, ta hanyar nazarin sigogin aiki na sassa daban-daban, yana rinjayar kulawar shigarwa gaba ɗaya.
Har ila yau, mafi mahimmancin kashi na shigarwa shine reactor, shaƙa mai kashi uku tare da famfo mai iska, wanda aka ƙera don haɗa shigarwa cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ba da izinin sauyawa mai aminci tsakanin hanyoyi, yana iyakance madaidaicin igiyoyin ruwa.
Kuma a ƙarshe, taimako, amma ba tare da wata hanya ta biyu na subsystems - samun iska, samar da man fetur, sanyaya da iskar gas.

Hanyoyin aiki na shigarwar DDIBP

Ina tsammanin zai zama da amfani a kwatanta jihohi daban-daban na shigarwar DDIBP:

• KASHE yanayin aiki

Sashin injiniya na shigarwa ba shi da motsi. Ana ba da wutar lantarki ga tsarin sarrafawa, tsarin zafin jiki na abin hawa, tsarin cajin iyo don batura masu farawa, da na'urar sake zagayowar iska. Bayan preheating, shigarwa yana shirye don farawa.

• Yanayin aiki START

Lokacin da aka ba da umarnin START, DD yana farawa, wanda ke jujjuya na'urar rotor na waje da na'ura mai ba da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kama. Yayin da injin ke dumama, tsarin sanyaya yana kunna. Bayan isa gudun aiki, na'ura mai juyi na ciki na drive ya fara jujjuyawa sama (cajin). Ana yin la'akari da tsarin cajin na'urar ajiya a kaikaice ta hanyar halin yanzu da yake cinyewa. Wannan tsari yana ɗaukar mintuna 5-7.

Idan akwai ƙarfin waje, yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci don aiki tare na ƙarshe tare da hanyar sadarwa ta waje kuma, lokacin da aka sami isasshen digiri na cikin-lokaci, ana haɗa shigarwa da shi.

DD yana rage saurin juyawa kuma yana shiga cikin yanayin sanyaya, wanda ke ɗaukar kusan mintuna 10, sannan tasha. Ƙunƙarar clutch mai cike da damuwa da ƙarin juyawa na shigarwa yana goyan bayan injin janareta yayin ramawa ga asarar da ke cikin tarawa. An shirya shigarwa don kunna kayan aiki kuma ya canza zuwa yanayin UPS.

Idan babu wutar lantarki ta waje, shigarwa yana shirye don yin amfani da kaya da bukatun kansa daga injin-janarwar motar kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a yanayin DIESEL.

• Yanayin aiki DIESEL

A wannan yanayin, tushen makamashi shine DD. Injin janareta da ke jujjuyawa da shi yana ba da iko. Injin janareta a matsayin tushen wutar lantarki yana da faɗakarwar amsawar mitar kuma yana da fa'ida mara ƙarfi, yana amsawa tare da jinkiri zuwa canje-canje kwatsam a girman nauyi. Domin Mai sana'anta ya kammala shigarwa tare da aikin DD na ruwa a cikin wannan yanayin yana iyakance kawai ta tanadin man fetur da ikon kula da tsarin thermal na shigarwa. A cikin wannan yanayin aiki, matakin matsa lamba na sauti kusa da shigarwa ya wuce 105 dBA.

• Yanayin aiki na UPS

A wannan yanayin, tushen makamashi shine hanyar sadarwa ta waje. Motar janareta, wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar reactor zuwa cibiyar sadarwar waje da kaya, yana aiki a cikin yanayin ma'amala mai daidaitawa, yana ramawa cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da ke kunna ƙarfin lodi. Gabaɗaya, shigarwar DDIBP da aka haɗa a cikin jeri tare da hanyar sadarwa ta waje, ta ma'anarta, yana daɗaɗa halayensa azaman tushen wutar lantarki, yana ƙaruwa daidai da rashin ƙarfi na ciki. A cikin wannan yanayin aiki, matakin matsa lamba na sauti kusa da shigarwa yana kusan 100 dBA.

Idan akwai matsaloli tare da hanyar sadarwa na waje, an cire haɗin naúrar daga gare ta, an ba da umarni don fara injin dizal kuma naúrar ta canza zuwa yanayin DIESEL. Ya kamata a lura cewa ƙaddamar da motar mai zafi kullum yana faruwa ba tare da kaya ba har sai saurin juyawa na motar motar ya wuce sauran sassa na shigarwa tare da rufewar kama. Lokaci na yau da kullun don farawa da isa ga saurin aiki na DD shine 3-5 seconds.

• Yanayin aiki BYPASS

Idan ya cancanta, alal misali, yayin kiyayewa, ana iya canja wurin ƙarfin lodi zuwa layin wucewa kai tsaye daga cibiyar sadarwar waje. Canja zuwa layin kewayawa da baya yana faruwa tare da haɗuwa a cikin lokacin amsawar na'urorin, wanda ke ba ku damar guje wa asarar wutar lantarki na ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda lodin. Tsarin sarrafawa yana ƙoƙari don kula da tsaka-tsaki tsakanin ƙarfin fitarwa na shigarwa na DDIBP da cibiyar sadarwar waje. A wannan yanayin, yanayin aiki na shigarwa kanta ba ya canzawa, watau. idan DD yana aiki, to zai ci gaba da aiki, ko kuma shigarwar kanta an kunna shi daga hanyar sadarwa ta waje, to zai ci gaba.

• Yanayin aiki TSAYA

Lokacin da aka ba da umarnin STOP, ana canza wutar lantarki zuwa layin wucewa, kuma wutar lantarki ga injin janareta da na'urar adanawa ta katse. Shigarwa yana ci gaba da juyawa ta inertia na ɗan lokaci kuma bayan tsayawa ya shiga yanayin KASHE.

Zane-zanen haɗin DDIBP da fasalin su

Shigarwa guda ɗaya

Wannan shine zaɓi mafi sauƙi don amfani da DDIBP mai zaman kansa. Shigarwa na iya samun nau'i biyu - NB (babu hutu, wutar da ba za a iya katsewa ba) ba tare da katse wutar lantarki da SB (gajeren hutu, ƙarfin garanti) tare da katsewar wutar lantarki na ɗan lokaci ba. Kowanne daga cikin abubuwan da aka fitar na iya samun nashi wucewa (duba siffa 1.).

Hoto 1

Fitowar NB yawanci ana haɗa shi da wani nauyi mai mahimmanci (IT, famfo na motsa jiki na refrigeration, madaidaicin kwandishan iska), kuma fitowar SB nauyi ce wacce ƙarancin ɗan gajeren lokaci na samar da wutar lantarki ba shi da mahimmanci (masu sanyin sanyi). Don guje wa cikakkiyar asarar wutar lantarki zuwa nauyi mai mahimmanci, ana aiwatar da sauyawar fitarwar shigarwa da da'irar kewayawa tare da daidaitawar lokaci, kuma ana rage igiyoyin kewayawa zuwa ƙimar aminci saboda juriya mai rikitarwa na sashi. na reactor winding.

Ya kamata a biya kulawa ta musamman ga wutar lantarki daga DDIBP zuwa nauyin da ba na layi ba, watau. kaya, wanda aka kwatanta da kasancewar sanannen adadin masu jituwa a cikin nau'in nau'i na abubuwan da ake cinyewa. Saboda da peculiarities na aiki na synchronous janareta da haɗin zane, wannan take kaiwa zuwa ga murdiya da irin ƙarfin lantarki waveform a fitarwa na shigarwa, kazalika da kasancewar jituwa aka gyara na cinye halin yanzu lokacin da shigarwa da aka powered daga. hanyar sadarwar wutar lantarki ta waje.

A ƙasa akwai hotuna na siffa (duba hoto 2) da kuma nazarin jituwa na ƙarfin fitarwa (duba siffa 3) lokacin da aka kunna ta hanyar sadarwar waje. Ƙimar murdiya masu jituwa ta zarce 10% tare da matsakaicin nauyi marar layi a cikin nau'in mai sauya mitar. A lokaci guda, shigarwa bai canza zuwa yanayin dizal ba, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa tsarin sarrafawa baya saka idanu irin wannan mahimmancin ma'auni kamar madaidaicin karkatar da wutar lantarki na fitarwa. Dangane da abubuwan da aka lura, matakin karkatarwar jituwa ba ya dogara da ikon ɗaukar nauyi, amma akan rabon iko na nauyin da ba na layi da na layi ba, kuma lokacin da aka gwada shi akan mai aiki mai tsafta, nauyin thermal, siffar ƙarfin lantarki a fitarwa na shigarwa yana kusa da sinusoidal. Amma wannan yanayin ya yi nisa sosai daga gaskiya, musamman ma idan ana maganar samar da kayan aikin injiniya da suka haɗa da masu canza mitar, da kuma kayan aikin IT waɗanda ke da sauyawar wutar lantarki waɗanda ba koyaushe suke sanye da kayan gyaran wutar lantarki ba (PFC).

Hoto 2

Hoto 3

A cikin wannan da kuma zane-zane na gaba, yanayi uku sun dace:

• Haɗin Galvanic tsakanin shigarwa da fitarwa na shigarwa.
• Rashin daidaituwa na nauyin lokaci daga fitarwa ya kai ga shigarwa.
• Bukatar ƙarin matakan don rage nauyin jituwa na yanzu.
• Abubuwan jituwa na kayan aiki na halin yanzu da murdiya waɗanda masu wucewa ke gudana daga fitarwa zuwa shigarwar.

Daidaici kewaye

Domin haɓaka tsarin samar da wutar lantarki, ana iya haɗa raka'o'in DDIBP a layi daya, suna haɗa hanyoyin shigarwa da fitarwa na raka'a ɗaya. Har ila yau, wajibi ne a fahimci cewa shigarwa ya rasa 'yancin kai kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin lokacin da yanayin daidaitawa da kuma a cikin lokaci ya cika; a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi ana kiran wannan a cikin kalma ɗaya - daidaituwa. Daga ra'ayi mai amfani, wannan yana nufin cewa duk shigarwar da aka haɗa a cikin tsarin dole ne suyi aiki a cikin yanayin guda ɗaya, watau, alal misali, zaɓi tare da aiki na ɓangare daga DD, kuma aiki na ɓangare daga cibiyar sadarwa na waje ba a yarda da shi ba. A wannan yanayin, an ƙirƙiri layin kewayawa na gama gari ga dukkan tsarin (duba siffa 4).

Tare da wannan tsarin haɗin gwiwa, akwai hanyoyi guda biyu masu haɗari masu haɗari:

• Haɗin shigarwa na biyu da na gaba zuwa bas ɗin fitarwa na tsarin yayin kiyaye yanayin daidaituwa.
• Cire haɗin shigarwa guda ɗaya daga bas ɗin fitarwa yayin kiyaye yanayin daidaituwa har sai an buɗe maɓallan fitarwa.

Hoto 4

Rushewar gaggawa na shigarwa guda ɗaya na iya haifar da yanayin da ya fara raguwa, amma na'urar sauya kayan aiki ba ta buɗe ba tukuna. A wannan yanayin, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, bambancin lokaci tsakanin shigarwa da sauran tsarin zai iya kaiwa ga ƙimar gaggawa, haifar da gajeren lokaci.

Hakanan kuna buƙatar kula da daidaita nauyin kaya tsakanin abubuwan shigarwa guda ɗaya. A cikin kayan aikin da aka yi la'akari da su a nan, ana gudanar da daidaitawa saboda fadowa halin da ake ciki na janareta. Saboda rashin ra'ayinsa da halaye mara kyau na abubuwan shigarwa tsakanin shigarwa, rarraba kuma bai dace ba. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da yake gabatowa matsakaicin ƙimar nauyin nauyi, rarraba ya fara tasiri da irin waɗannan abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci kamar tsawon layin da aka haɗa, wuraren haɗin kai zuwa cibiyar sadarwar rarraba na shigarwa da kaya, da kuma inganci (juriya na canzawa). ) na haɗin kai kansu.

Dole ne a koyaushe mu tuna cewa DDIBPs da na'urori masu sauyawa sune na'urorin lantarki na lantarki tare da wani muhimmin lokaci na rashin aiki da lokutan jinkiri da aka sani don mayar da martani ga ayyukan sarrafawa daga tsarin sarrafawa ta atomatik.

Da'irar layi ɗaya tare da haɗin wutar lantarki "matsakaici".

A wannan yanayin, ana haɗa janareta zuwa reactor ta hanyar mai canzawa tare da rabon canji mai dacewa. Don haka, na'ura mai ba da wutar lantarki da na'urori masu sauyawa suna aiki a matsayin "matsakaicin" ƙarfin lantarki, kuma janareta yana aiki a matakin 0.4 kV (duba hoto 5).

Hoto 5

Tare da wannan yanayin amfani, kuna buƙatar kula da yanayin nauyin ƙarshe da zane na haɗin gwiwa. Wadancan. idan an haɗa nauyin ƙarshe ta hanyar masu canzawa zuwa ƙasa, dole ne a tuna cewa haɗa taswirar zuwa hanyar sadarwar samarwa yana da yuwuwar haɗawa da tsarin jujjuyawar maganadisu na ainihin, wanda hakan ke haifar da rugujewar amfani da yanzu kuma, saboda haka, tsomawar wutar lantarki (duba siffa 6).

Kayan aiki masu hankali bazai aiki daidai a wannan yanayin ba.

Aƙalla ƙananan inertia mai walƙiya yana ƙyalli kuma an sake kunna tsoffin masu canza mitar mota.

Hoto 6

kewayawa tare da bas ɗin fitarwa na "raga".

Don haɓaka yawan shigarwa a cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki, masana'anta sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da makirci tare da bas ɗin fitarwa na "raga", wanda shigarwar ya yi daidai da shigarwa da fitarwa, tare da kowane shigarwa daban-daban an haɗa shi zuwa fiye da ɗaya. bas ɗin fitarwa. A wannan yanayin, adadin layin wucewa dole ne ya zama daidai da adadin bas ɗin fitarwa (duba siffa 7).

Dole ne a fahimci cewa bas ɗin da ake fitarwa ba su da zaman kansu kuma ana haɗa su ta hanyar galvanically da juna ta hanyar na'urorin sauya kowane shigarwa.

Don haka, duk da tabbacin masana'anta, wannan da'irar tana wakiltar samar da wutar lantarki guda ɗaya tare da sakewa na ciki, a cikin yanayin da'irar layi ɗaya, yana da abubuwan haɗin galvanically da yawa.

Hoto 7

A nan, kamar yadda a cikin yanayin da ya gabata, wajibi ne a kula ba kawai don ɗaukar daidaitawa tsakanin shigarwa ba, amma tsakanin bas ɗin fitarwa.

Har ila yau, wasu abokan ciniki suna adawa da samar da abinci "datti", watau. ta amfani da kewayawa zuwa kaya a kowane yanayin aiki. Tare da wannan hanyar, alal misali a cikin cibiyoyin bayanai, matsala (overload) akan ɗaya daga cikin masu magana yana haifar da hadarin tsarin tare da rufewa gaba ɗaya na biyan kuɗi.

Rayuwar rayuwar DDIBP da tasirinsa akan tsarin samar da wutar lantarki gaba ɗaya

Kada mu manta cewa shigarwar DDIBP na'urorin lantarki ne waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa, aƙalla, halayen girmamawa da kulawa na lokaci-lokaci.

Jadawalin kulawa ya haɗa da ƙaddamarwa, rufewa, tsaftacewa, lubrication (sau ɗaya kowane watanni shida), da kuma loda janareta zuwa nauyin gwaji (sau ɗaya a shekara). Yawanci yana ɗaukar kwanaki biyu na kasuwanci don hidimar shigarwa ɗaya. Kuma rashin tsarin da'ira na musamman don haɗa janareta zuwa nauyin gwaji yana haifar da buƙatar rage kuzarin da ake biya.

Alal misali, bari mu ɗauki tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi na 15 daidaitattun aiki DDIUPS da aka haɗa a "matsakaicin" ƙarfin lantarki zuwa bas "raga" sau biyu in babu keɓaɓɓen kewayawa don haɗa nauyin gwajin.

Tare da irin waɗannan bayanan farko, don ba da sabis na tsarin don kwanakin kalanda na 30 (!) a cikin kowane yanayin rana, zai zama dole a kashe ɗaya daga cikin bas ɗin fitarwa don haɗa nauyin gwajin. Don haka, samun wutar lantarki zuwa nauyin daya daga cikin motocin da ake fitarwa shine - 0,959, kuma a gaskiya ma 0,92.

Bugu da kari, komawa zuwa daidaitaccen da'irar samar da wutar lantarki zai buƙaci kunna adadin da ake buƙata na masu taswira zuwa ƙasa, wanda, bi da bi, zai haifar da dips masu yawa a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya (!) da ke da alaƙa da jujjuyawar maganadisu.

Shawarwari don amfani da DDIBP

Daga abin da ke sama, ƙaddamarwa ba ta kwantar da hankali tana nuna kanta - a fitowar tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta amfani da DDIBP, ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi (!) ba ya katsewa yana kasancewa lokacin da duk waɗannan yanayi sun cika:

• Samar da wutar lantarki na waje ba shi da babban lahani;
• Tsarin tsarin yana dawwama a tsawon lokaci, aiki da layi a cikin yanayi (halayen biyu na ƙarshe ba su shafi kayan aikin cibiyar bayanai);
• Babu murdiya a cikin tsarin da ke haifar da canza abubuwa masu amsawa.

Don taƙaitawa, ana iya samar da shawarwari masu zuwa:

• Rarraba tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na injiniya da kayan aikin IT, kuma raba na ƙarshe zuwa tsarin ƙasa don rage tasirin juna.
• Ƙaddamar da keɓantaccen hanyar sadarwa don tabbatar da ikon yin sabis na shigarwa guda ɗaya tare da ikon haɗa nauyin gwajin waje tare da ƙarfin daidai da shigarwa ɗaya. Shirya rukunin yanar gizo da wuraren kebul don haɗi don waɗannan dalilai.
• Kula da ma'aunin nauyi a koyaushe tsakanin motocin bas ɗin wutar lantarki, shigarwa na ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗai da matakai.
• Guji yin amfani da taswirar ƙasa-ƙasa da aka haɗa da fitarwa na DDIBP.
• A hankali gwada da yin rikodin ayyukan sarrafa kansa da na'urorin canza wuta don tattara ƙididdiga.
• Don tabbatar da ingancin wutar lantarki zuwa kaya, gwada shigarwa da tsarin ta amfani da nauyin da ba na layi ba.
• Lokacin yin hidima, kwakkwance batirin Starter kuma gwada su daban-daban, saboda... Duk da kasancewar abin da ake kira masu daidaitawa da kuma madadin farawa (RSP), saboda baturi mara kyau, DD ɗin bazai fara ba.
• Ɗauki ƙarin matakan don rage nauyin jituwa na yanzu.
• Yi rikodin sauti da filayen zafi na shigarwa, sakamakon gwaje-gwajen girgiza don saurin amsawa ga bayyanar farko na nau'ikan matsalolin injina daban-daban.
• Guji raguwar lokacin shigarwa na dogon lokaci, ɗauki matakan rarraba albarkatun mota daidai gwargwado.
• Kammala shigarwa tare da firikwensin girgiza don hana yanayin gaggawa.
• Idan sauti da filayen zafi sun canza, girgiza ko ƙamshi na waje sun bayyana, nan da nan cire kayan aiki daga sabis don ƙarin bincike.

PS Mawallafin zai yi godiya don amsawa kan batun labarin.

source: www.habr.com