The Launch Vehicle Digital Computer (LVDC) ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shirin Apollo Lunar, inda ta ke tuka roka mai suna Saturn 5. Kamar yawancin kwamfutoci na lokacin, tana adana bayanai a cikin ƴan ƙananan muryoyin maganadisu. A cikin wannan labarin, Cloud4Y yayi magana game da ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar LVDC daga madaidaici Steve Jurvetson.
An inganta wannan tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a tsakiyar 1960s. It was built using surface-mount components, hybrid modules, and flexible connections, making it an order of magnitude smaller and lighter than conventional computer memory of the time. Koyaya, ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana ba da izinin adana kalmomi 4096 kawai na 26 ragowa.
Magnetic core memory module. Wannan tsarin yana adana kalmomin 4K na ragowar bayanai 26 da ragowa guda 2. Tare da nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda huɗu waɗanda ke ba da jimillar ƙarfin kalmomi 16, yana auna 384 kg kuma yana auna 2,3 cm × 14 cm × 14 cm.
An fara saukar da wata ne a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1961, lokacin da Shugaba Kennedy ya sanar da cewa Amurka za ta sanya mutum a duniyar wata kafin karshen shekaru goma. Don wannan, an yi amfani da roka mai lamba Saturn 5 mai hawa uku, roka mafi ƙarfi da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Saturn 5 kwamfuta ne ke sarrafawa da sarrafa shi (a nan game da shi) mataki na uku na motar harbawa, wanda ke farawa daga tashi zuwa sararin samaniyar duniya, sannan kuma a kan hanyarta ta zuwa duniyar wata. (Jirgin sama na Apollo yana rabuwa da rokar Saturn V a wannan lokacin, kuma an kammala aikin LVDC.)
An shigar da LVDC a cikin firam ɗin tushe. Ana iya ganin masu haɗa madauwari a gaban kwamfutar. An yi amfani da masu haɗa wutar lantarki guda 8 da masu haɗawa biyu don sanyaya ruwa
LVDC ɗaya ce daga cikin kwamfutoci da yawa da ke cikin Apollo. An haɗa LVDC zuwa tsarin sarrafa jirgin, kwamfutar analog mai nauyin kilogiram 45. Na'urar Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) ta jagoranci jirgin zuwa saman duniyar wata. Tsarin umarni ya ƙunshi AGC guda ɗaya yayin da tsarin wata ya ƙunshi AGC na biyu tare da tsarin kewayawa Abort, kwamfutar gaggawar gaggawa.
Akwai kwamfutoci da dama a cikin jirgin Apollo.
Na'urorin Logic (ULD)
An ƙirƙiri LVDC ta amfani da fasaha mai ban sha'awa mai suna ULD, na'urar ɗaukar nauyi. Kodayake sun yi kama da haɗaɗɗun da'irori, ULD modules sun ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa. Sun yi amfani da guntuwar siliki mai sauƙi, kowanne da transistor ɗaya ko diode biyu. Waɗannan tsararraki, tare da bugu na fim mai kauri, an ɗora su akan wafer yumbu don aiwatar da kewayawa kamar ƙofar dabaru. Waɗannan samfuran sun kasance bambance-bambancen samfuran SLT () an tsara shi don shahararrun kwamfutocin IBM S/360. IBM ya fara haɓaka na'urorin SLT a cikin 1961, kafin haɗaɗɗun da'irori su kasance masu kasuwanci, kuma zuwa 1966, IBM yana samar da samfuran SLT sama da miliyan 100 a shekara.
Na'urorin ULD sun fi na SLT ƙanƙanta sosai, kamar yadda ake gani a hoton da ke ƙasa, wanda hakan ya sa sun fi dacewa da kwamfutocin sararin samaniya. surface maimakon fil. Shirye-shiryen bidiyo a kan allo sun riƙe ƙirar ULD a wurin kuma suna haɗa su zuwa waɗannan fil.
Me yasa IBM ta yi amfani da kayayyaki na SLT maimakon haɗaɗɗun da'irori? Babban dalili kuwa shi ne cewa har yanzu da'irori masu haɗaka sun kasance a cikin ƙuruciya, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1959. A cikin 1963, samfuran SLT suna da farashi da fa'idodin aiki akan haɗaɗɗun da'irori. Duk da haka, ana yawan kallon samfuran SLT a matsayin ƙasa da haɗaɗɗun da'irori. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin na'urorin SLT akan haɗaɗɗun da'irori shine cewa masu tsayayyar da ke cikin SLTs sun fi daidai da waɗanda ke cikin da'irori. A lokacin ƙera, masu kauri mai kauri na fina-finai a cikin samfuran SLT an tarwatsa su a hankali don cire fim ɗin juriya har sai sun sami juriyar da ake so. Samfuran SLT suma sun kasance masu rahusa fiye da kwatankwacin da'irori masu haɗaka a cikin 1960s.
LVDC da kayan aikin da ke da alaƙa sun yi amfani da nau'ikan ULD sama da 50 daban-daban.
Modulolin SLT (hagu) sun fi girma fiye da ULD modules (dama). Girman ULD shine 7,6mm × 8mm
Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna abubuwan ciki na ƙirar ULD. A gefen hagu na farantin yumbu akwai masu gudanarwa da ke da alaƙa da ƙananan lu'ulu'u masu murabba'in murabba'i huɗu. Yana kama da allon kewayawa, amma ka tuna cewa ya fi ƙanƙanta da ƙusa. Baƙar fata rectangles a hannun dama masu kauri ne masu tsayayyar fim da aka buga a ƙasan farantin.
ULD, kallon sama da ƙasa. Silicon lu'ulu'u da resistors suna bayyane. Duk da yake na'urorin SLT suna da resistors a saman saman, ULD modules suna da resistors a ƙasa, wanda ya ƙaru da yawa da tsada.
Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna mutuwar silicon daga ƙirar ULD, wanda ya aiwatar da diodes biyu. Girman suna da ƙananan ƙananan, don kwatanta, akwai lu'ulu'u na sukari a kusa. Lu'ulu'u na da haɗe-haɗe na waje guda uku ta ƙwallayen jan ƙarfe da aka siyar da su zuwa da'irori uku. Da'irori biyu na kasa (anodes na diodes guda biyu) an doped (yankuna masu duhu), yayin da da'irar saman dama ita ce cathode da aka haɗa da tushe.
Hotunan kristal silicon diode biyu kusa da lu'ulu'u masu sukari
Yadda ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta Magnetic ke aiki
Magnetic core memory shine babban nau'in adana bayanai a cikin kwamfutoci tun daga shekarun 1950 har zuwa lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da na'urorin ma'ajiya mai ƙarfi a cikin 1970s. An ƙirƙiri ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daga ƙananan zoben ferrite da ake kira cores. An sanya zoben Ferrite a cikin matrix rectangular kuma wayoyi biyu zuwa hudu sun ratsa ta kowace zobe don karantawa da rubuta bayanai. Zoben sun ba da izinin adana ɗan ƙaramin bayani guda ɗaya. An ɗora maɓallin tsakiya ta hanyar amfani da bugun jini na yanzu ta cikin wayoyi masu wucewa ta zoben ferrite. Za'a iya canza alkiblar maganadisu na cibiya ɗaya ta hanyar aika bugun bugun jini zuwa kishiyar shugabanci.
Don karanta ƙimar cibiya, bugun jini na yanzu yana sanya zobe a cikin yanayi 0. Idan jigon ya kasance a baya a cikin yanayi 1, filin maganadisu mai canzawa ya haifar da ƙarfin lantarki a ɗayan wayoyi masu gudana ta cikin muryoyin. Amma idan ainihin ya kasance a cikin yanayi 0, filin maganadisu ba zai canza ba kuma wayar ma'ana ba zata tashi cikin ƙarfin lantarki ba. Don haka an karanta ƙimar bit ɗin da ke cikin ainihin ta hanyar sake saita shi zuwa sifili da duba ƙarfin lantarki akan wayar da aka karanta. Wani muhimmin fasali na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya akan maɗaukakiyar maganadisu shine tsarin karatun zoben ferrite ya lalata darajarsa, don haka ainihin dole ne a “sake rubutawa”.
Yana da wuya a yi amfani da wata waya daban don canza magnetization na kowane cibiya, amma a cikin 1950s, an ɓullo da ƙwaƙwalwar ferrite wanda ke aiki akan ka'idar daidaituwar igiyoyin ruwa. Da'irar waya huɗu-X, Y, Sense, Inhibit—ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Fasahar ta yi amfani da wata kadara ta musamman na cores da ake kira hysteresis: ƙaramin halin yanzu baya shafar ƙwaƙwalwar ferrite, amma halin yanzu da ke sama da bakin kofa zai ƙaru. Lokacin da aka ƙarfafa shi tare da rabin abin da ake buƙata akan layin X ɗaya da layin Y ɗaya, kawai ainihin abin da duka layukan suka ƙetare sun sami isassun ƙarfin halin yanzu don sake girma, yayin da sauran muryoyin sun kasance lafiyayyu.
Wannan shi ne abin da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar IBM 360 Model 50 yayi kama. LVDC da Model 50 sun yi amfani da nau'in core iri ɗaya, wanda aka sani da 19-32 saboda diamita na ciki shine mil 19 (0.4826 mm) kuma diamita na waje shine mil 32. (0,8 mm). Kuna iya gani a cikin wannan hoton cewa akwai wayoyi uku da ke gudana ta kowace cibiya, amma LVDC ta yi amfani da wayoyi hudu.
Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna tsarar ƙwaƙwalwar LVDC mai rectangular guda ɗaya. 8 Wannan matrix yana da wayoyi 128 X da ke gudana a tsaye da kuma 64 Y-wayoyin da ke gudana a kwance, tare da cibiya a kowane yanki. Waya karantawa guda ɗaya tana gudana ta cikin dukkan maƙallan layi ɗaya da Y-wayoyin. Wayar da aka rubuta da waya mai hanawa suna gudana ta cikin dukkan maƙallan layi ɗaya da wayoyi na X. Wayoyin suna haye a tsakiyar matrix; wannan yana rage hayaniyar da aka jawo saboda hayaniyar daga rabi tana kawar da hayaniyar.
Ɗaya daga cikin matrix na LVDC ferrite mai ɗauke da 8192 ragowa. Ana yin haɗin kai tare da wasu matrices ta hanyar fil a waje
Matrix na sama yana da abubuwa 8192, kowannensu yana adana bit guda. Don ajiye kalmar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, an haɗa matrix na asali da yawa tare, ɗaya ga kowane bit a cikin kalmar. Wayoyin X da Y sun shiga cikin dukkan manyan matrices. Kowane matrix yana da layin karantawa daban da kuma layin hana rubutu daban. Ƙwaƙwalwar LVDC ta yi amfani da tari na matrices tushe guda 14 (a ƙasa) tana adana “syllable” 13-bit tare da ɗan ɗanɗano.
Tarin LVDC ya ƙunshi manyan matrices 14
Rubutu zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar maganadisu tana buƙatar ƙarin wayoyi, abin da ake kira layin hanawa. Kowane matrix yana da layin hanawa guda ɗaya wanda ke gudana ta cikin dukkan maƙallan da ke cikinsa. Yayin aiwatar da rubutun, halin yanzu yana wucewa ta layin X da Y, yana sake haɓaka zoben da aka zaɓa (ɗaya a kowane jirgin sama) zuwa bayyana 1, kiyaye duk 1s a cikin kalmar. Don rubuta 0 a matsayi na bit, layin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da rabin halin yanzu kishiyar layin X. A sakamakon haka, maƙallan sun kasance a 0. Don haka, layin hanawa bai ƙyale ainihin ya juya zuwa 1. Duk wani abin da ake so ba. Za a iya rubuta kalma zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta kunna madaidaitan layukan hanawa.
LVDC memory module
Ta yaya tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar LVDC ke gina jiki? A tsakiyar tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya akwai tari na 14 ferromagnetic tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka nuna a baya. An kewaye shi da alluna da yawa tare da kewayawa don fitar da wayoyi na X da Y da layukan hanawa, layin karanta bit, gano kuskure, da samar da siginonin agogo masu mahimmanci.
Gabaɗaya, yawancin kewayawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya suna cikin dabarar kwamfuta ta LVDC, ba a cikin tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kanta ba. Musamman ma, dabaru na kwamfuta sun ƙunshi rajista don adana adireshi da kalmomin bayanai da jujjuya tsakanin serial da parallel. Hakanan yana ƙunshe da kewayawa don karantawa daga layin karantawa, bincika kuskure, da clocking.
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana nuna mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. MIB (Hukumar Interconnection Board) allon kewayawa ne mai Layer 12
Y memory allon direba
Ana zaɓar kalma a cikin ainihin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta hanyar wuce layukan X da Y ta babban jigon allo. Bari mu fara da bayanin da'irar Y-driver da yadda yake samar da sigina ta ɗayan layin 64 Y. A maimakon 64 daban-daban na'urorin direbobi, tsarin yana rage adadin da'irori ta amfani da direbobi 8 "high" da direbobi 8 "ƙananan". An haɗa su a cikin tsarin "matrix", don haka kowane haɗin manyan direbobi da ƙananan direbobi suna zaɓar layuka daban-daban. Don haka, 8 "high" da 8 "ƙananan" direbobi suna zaɓar ɗaya daga cikin 64 (8 × 8) Y-line.
allon direban Y (gaba) yana tafiyar da layukan Y a cikin tarin alluna
A cikin hoton da ke ƙasa za ku iya ganin wasu daga cikin ULD modules (farare) da kuma transistor guda biyu (gold) waɗanda ke fitar da layin Y. Tsarin "EI" shine zuciyar direba: yana samar da bugun jini na yau da kullun (E). ) ko ya wuce bugun bugun jini akai-akai (I) ta layin zaɓi. Ana sarrafa zaɓin layin ta kunna ƙirar EI a yanayin ƙarfin lantarki a ƙarshen layin da tsarin EI a yanayin yanzu a ɗayan ƙarshen. Sakamakon bugun bugun jini tare da madaidaicin ƙarfin lantarki da halin yanzu, ya isa ya sake haɓaka ainihin. Yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa don juya shi; bugun bugun jini yana daidaitawa a 17 volts, kuma a halin yanzu jeri daga 180 mA zuwa 260 mA dangane da zafin jiki.
Hoton macro na allon direban Y yana nuna nau'ikan ULD shida da nau'ikan transistor guda shida. Kowane tsarin ULD yana da alamar lambar ɓangaren IBM, nau'in module (misali, "EI"), da lambar da ba a san ma'anarta ba.
Har ila yau, allon yana sanye da na'urori masu sarrafa kuskure (ED) waɗanda ke gano lokacin da aka kunna layin zaɓi fiye da Y a lokaci guda. Idan sakamakon ƙarfin lantarki yana sama da bakin kofa, maɓallin yana kunna.
A karkashin hukumar direba akwai diode array mai dauke da diodes 256 da resistors 64. Wannan matrix yana jujjuya sigina guda 8 na sama da 8 na ƙasa daga allon tuƙi zuwa haɗin layin Y-64 waɗanda ke gudana ta babban tarin alluna. Kebul masu sassauƙa a sama da ƙasa na allon suna haɗa allon zuwa jeri na diode. Kebul masu sassauƙa biyu a gefen hagu (ba a bayyane a cikin hoto) da bassan bas guda biyu a dama (ɗayan bayyane) suna haɗa matrix diode zuwa tsararrun cores. Kebul na flex da ake gani a hagu yana haɗa Y-board zuwa sauran kwamfutar ta hanyar allon I/O, yayin da ƙaramin kebul ɗin da ke ƙasan dama yana haɗi zuwa allon janareta na agogo.
X Ƙwaƙwalwar Direba
Tsarin tuƙi na layin X daidai yake da tsarin Y, sai dai akwai layin X 128 da layukan Y 64. Domin akwai wayoyi X sau biyu, tsarin yana da allon direba na biyu a ƙarƙashinsa. Kodayake allunan X da Y suna da abubuwa iri ɗaya, wayoyi sun bambanta.
Wannan allo da wanda ke ƙasansa yana sarrafa layuka na X da aka zaɓa a cikin tarin alluna masu mahimmanci
Hoton da ke ƙasa ya nuna cewa wasu abubuwa sun lalace a kan allo. Daya daga cikin transistor ya yi gudun hijira, tsarin ULD ya karye a rabi, kuma ɗayan ya karye. Ana iya ganin wayoyi akan rukunin da ya karye, tare da ɗayan ƙananan lu'ulu'u na silicon (dama). A cikin wannan hoton, zaku iya ganin alamun waƙoƙin tsaye da a kwance akan allon da'irar bugu 12.
Kusa da sashin da aka lalata na allon
A ƙasan allunan direban X akwai matrix X diode mai ɗauke da diodes 288 da masu adawa 128. Tsarin X-diode yana amfani da wani nau'in topology daban fiye da allon Y-diode don guje wa ninka adadin abubuwan da aka gyara. Kamar allon Y-diode, wannan allon yana ƙunshe da abubuwan da aka ɗora a tsaye tsakanin allunan da'ira da aka buga. Ana kiran wannan hanyar "cordwood" kuma yana ba da damar yin amfani da abubuwan da aka gyara.
Hoton macro na tsararrun diode X yana nuna diodes ɗin igiyar igiya a tsaye tsakanin allunan da'ira 2 bugu. Allolin direban X guda biyu suna zaune a saman allon diode, an raba su da kumfa polyurethane. Lura cewa allunan da'ira da aka buga suna kusa da juna sosai.
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa
Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna allon ƙararrawa na karantawa. Yana da tashoshi 7 don karanta 7 ragowa daga tarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya; Ikon allon da ke ƙasa yana ɗaukar ƙarin ragi 7 don jimlar 14 rago. Manufar ƙarar hankali shine gano ƙaramin sigina (milivolts 20) wanda babban abin da ake iya sakewa ya haifar kuma ya juya shi zuwa fitowar 1-bit. Kowane tashoshi yana kunshe da amplifier daban-daban da buffer, sannan kuma na'ura mai canzawa da matsar fitarwa. A gefen hagu, kebul na flex mai waya 28 yana haɗi zuwa tarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yana jagorantar ƙarshen biyu na kowane waya mai ma'ana zuwa da'irar amplifier, farawa da tsarin MSA-1 (Memory Sense Amplifier). Abubuwan da aka haɗa su ne resistors (brown cylinders), capacitors (ja), transistor (black), da transistor (zinari). Ragowar bayanan suna fitar da allunan amplifier hankali ta hanyar kebul mai sassauƙa da ke hannun dama.
Allon amplifier na karantawa a saman tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Wannan allon yana haɓaka sigina daga wayoyi masu ma'ana don ƙirƙirar raƙuman fitarwa
Rubuta Direban Layi Mai Hana
Ana amfani da masu hana direbobi don rubutawa zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma suna kan ƙasan babban tsarin. Akwai layukan hanawa guda 14, ɗaya ga kowane matrix akan tari. Don rubuta 0 bit, direban makullin madaidaicin yana kunna kuma na yanzu ta hanyar layin hanawa yana hana ainihin juyawa zuwa 1. Kowane layi yana motsa shi ta hanyar ID-1 da ID-2 module (rubutu direban layin hanawa) da biyu. na transistor. Madaidaicin 20,8 ohm resistors a sama da kasan allon suna daidaita yanayin toshewa. Kebul flex mai waya 14 a hannun dama yana haɗa direbobi zuwa wayoyi 14 masu hanawa a cikin tarin allunan.
allon hanawa a kasan tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Wannan allon yana haifar da sigina masu hanawa guda 14 da ake amfani da su yayin yin rikodi
Ƙwaƙwalwar direban agogo
Direban agogo wani allo ne guda biyu waɗanda ke haifar da siginar agogo don ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Da zarar kwamfutar ta fara aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, siginonin agogo daban-daban da ke amfani da tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ana haifar da su ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba ta direban agogon module. Allolin tafiyar agogon suna a kasan tsarin, tsakanin tari da allon hanawa, don haka allunan suna da wuyar gani.
Allolin direban agogo suna ƙasa da babban rumbun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya amma sama da allon kulle
Abubuwan allon shuɗi a cikin hoton da ke sama sune potentiometers masu juyawa da yawa, mai yuwuwa don daidaita lokaci ko ƙarfin lantarki. Resistors da capacitors kuma ana iya gani a kan allunan. Jadawalin yana nuna nau'ikan MCD (Memory Clock Driver) da yawa, amma ba a ganuwa akan allunan. Yana da wuya a gane ko wannan ya faru ne saboda iyakancewar gani, canjin da'ira, ko kasancewar wani allo tare da waɗannan kayayyaki.
Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa na I/O
Allon ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta ƙarshe ita ce allon I/O, wanda ke rarraba sigina tsakanin allunan ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sauran kwamfutar LVDC. Koren haɗin 98-pin a ƙasa yana haɗawa zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar LVDC, yana ba da sigina da ƙarfi daga kwamfutar. Yawancin masu haɗin filastik sun karye, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ana iya ganin lambobin sadarwa. Ana haɗa allon rarraba zuwa wannan mai haɗawa ta hanyar igiyoyi masu sassauƙa na 49-pin biyu a ƙasa (kebul na gaba kawai yana bayyane). Sauran igiyoyi masu sassauƙa suna rarraba sigina zuwa X Direba Board (hagu), Y Driver Board (dama), Sense Amplifier Board (saman), da Inhibit Board (kasa). 20 capacitors a kan allo suna tace ikon da aka bayar zuwa tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
allon I/O tsakanin ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sauran kwamfutar. Koren haɗin ƙasa a ƙasa yana haɗi zuwa kwamfutar kuma ana tura waɗannan sigina ta hanyar kebul na lebur zuwa wasu sassa na tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
ƙarshe
Babban tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na LVDC ya ba da ƙaƙƙarfan ajiya, abin dogaro. Za'a iya sanya nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya har 8 a ƙasan rabin kwamfutar. Wannan ya ba kwamfutar damar adana 32 Kalmomi 26-bit ko kalmomin kilo 16 a cikin yanayin "duplex" abin dogaro sosai.
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na LVDC shine cewa za'a iya kwatanta ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don dogaro. A yanayin "duplex", kowace kalma an adana shi a cikin nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda biyu. Idan kuskure ya faru a cikin ɗaya, ana iya samun madaidaicin kalmar daga wani tsarin. Yayin da wannan ya ba da tabbaci, ya yanke sawun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin rabi. A madadin, za a iya amfani da na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a yanayin "simple", tare da kowace kalma a adana sau ɗaya.
LVDC ya tanadi har zuwa nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar CPU guda takwas
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙƙwarar ƙwaƙwalwar maganadisu tana ba da wakilci na gani na lokacin da 8 KB ajiya ya buƙaci ƙirar 5-laba (2,3 kg). Koyaya, wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta kasance cikakke sosai don lokacinta. Irin waɗannan na'urori sun faɗi cikin ɓarna a cikin 1970s tare da zuwan DRAMs na semiconductor.
Abubuwan da ke cikin RAM ana adana su ne lokacin da aka kashe wutar lantarki, don haka da alama tsarin yana ci gaba da adana software tun lokacin da aka yi amfani da kwamfutar. Ee, a, a can za ku iya samun wani abu mai ban sha'awa ko da shekaru da yawa daga baya. Zai zama mai ban sha'awa a yi ƙoƙarin dawo da waɗannan bayanan, amma lalacewar da'irar ta haifar da matsala, don haka abubuwan da ke ciki ba za su iya yiwuwa a iya dawo da su daga tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya har tsawon shekaru goma.
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source: www.habr.com