Hoton "ĘarĘashin ĘarĘashin ĘarĘashin ĘarĘashin ĘarĘashin ĘarĘashin ĘarĘashin ĘarĘashin ĘarĘashin ĘarĘashin ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar ĘaĘwalwar Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren Ęwararren ĘwaĘwalwa na ĘaĘwalwa na ĘaĘwalwa na ĘaĘa ) da aka haÉa da tashar Intanet ta gida. Irin waÉannan sabar yawanci suna Éaukar sabar FTP na jama'a, gidan yanar gizon mai shi, da kuma wani lokacin ma gabaÉayan hosting don wasu ayyuka. Lamarin ya zama ruwan dare a farkon bayyanar Intanet na gida mai araha ta hanyar sadaukar da kai, lokacin da hayar uwar garken da aka keÉe a cibiyar bayanai ya yi tsada sosai, kuma sabar sabar ba ta yaÉu kuma har yanzu ba ta dace ba.
Mafi sau da yawa, an ware tsohuwar kwamfuta don uwar garken āĘarĘashin gadoā, wanda a ciki aka shigar da duk rumbun kwamfyutoci da aka samo. Hakanan zai iya aiki azaman na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa da Tacewar zaÉi. Duk ma'aikacin sadarwa mai mutunta kansa ya tabbata yana da irin wannan uwar garken a gida.
Tare da zuwan sabis na girgije mai araha, sabar gida ta zama Ęasa da shahara, kuma a yau mafi yawan abin da za a iya samu a cikin gidajen zama shine NAS don adana albam Éin hoto, fina-finai da adanawa.
Labarin ya tattauna batutuwa masu ban sha'awa da ke da alaĘa da sabar gida da matsalolin da masu gudanar da su ke fuskanta. Bari mu ga yadda wannan al'amari ya yi kama da kwanakin nan kuma mu zaÉi abubuwan ban sha'awa da za ku iya Éauka akan sabar ku mai zaman kansa a yau.
Sabar cibiyar sadarwar gida a Novaya Kakhovka. Hoto daga shafin nag.ru
Adireshin IP daidai
Babban abin da ake buĘata don uwar garken gida shine kasancewar adireshin IP na ainihi, wato, routable daga Intanet. Yawancin masu samarwa ba su ba da irin wannan sabis Éin ga daidaikun mutane ba, kuma dole ne a samu ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta musamman. Sau da yawa mai badawa yana buĘatar Ęaddamar da kwangilar daban don samar da IP mai sadaukarwa. Wani lokaci ma wannan hanya ta Ęunshi ĘirĘirar NIC Handle na daban ga mai shi, saboda haka an sami cikakken sunansa da adireshin gida kai tsaye ta amfani da umarnin Whois. A nan dole ne mu yi hankali lokacin yin jayayya akan Intanet, tun da ba'a game da "Ęididdigar ta IP" ya daina zama abin dariya. Af, ba da dadewa ba aka yi wata badakala
Adireshin IP na dindindin vs DynDNS
Yana da kyau idan kun sami damar samun adireshin IP na dindindin - to kuna iya sauĘaĘe duk sunayen yanki zuwa gare shi kuma ku manta da shi, amma wannan ba koyaushe yana yiwuwa ba. Yawancin manyan masu samar da ADSL na tarayya sun ba abokan ciniki ainihin adireshin IP na tsawon lokacin zaman, wato, yana iya canzawa ko dai sau Éaya a rana, ko kuma idan an sake kunna modem ko haÉin haÉin ya Éace. A wannan yanayin, Dyn (tsari) sabis na DNS ya zo wurin ceto. Mafi mashahuri sabis
Rufe tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ka'idoji da aka haramta
Yawancin masu samar da kayayyaki, musamman manyan ADSL, sun saba wa masu amfani da ke Éaukar kowane sabis na jama'a akan adiresoshinsu, don haka sun hana haÉin shiga zuwa shahararrun tashoshin jiragen ruwa kamar HTTP. Akwai sanannun lokuta inda masu samarwa suka toshe tashar jiragen ruwa na sabar wasan, kamar Counter-Strike da Half-Life. Wannan al'ada ta shahara a yau, wanda wani lokaci yana haifar da matsala. Misali, kusan duk masu samarwa suna toshe tashoshin RPC da NetBios Windows (135-139 da 445) don hana yaduwar Ęwayoyin cuta, da ma tashoshi masu shigowa akai-akai don Imel SMTP, POP3, IMAP yarjejeniya.
Masu ba da sabis na wayar tarho na IP ban da Intanet suna son toshe tashar jiragen ruwa na SIP don tilasta wa abokan ciniki amfani da sabis na wayar su kawai.
PTR da aika wasiku
Bayar da sabar saĘon ku babban jigo ne daban daban. Adana sabar imel na sirri a ĘarĘashin gadon ku wanda ke ĘarĘashin ikonku gaba Éaya ra'ayi ne mai jan hankali. Amma aiwatarwa a aikace ba koyaushe yana yiwuwa ba. Yawancin jeri na adireshin IP na ISP na gida ana toshe su har abada akan jerin wasikun banza (
Bugu da Ęari, don samun nasarar aika wasiku, ya zama dole a shigar da daidaitaccen rikodin PTR akan adireshin IP, wato, jujjuya adireshin IP zuwa sunan yanki. Yawancin masu samarwa sun yarda da wannan kawai tare da yarjejeniya ta musamman ko lokacin Ęaddamar da kwangilar daban.
Muna neman sabar maĘwabta a ĘarĘashin gado
Yin amfani da bayanan PTR, za mu iya ganin wanne daga cikin maĘwabtanmu ta adiresoshin IP sun yarda su kafa rikodin DNS na musamman don IP Éin su. Don yin wannan, Éauki adireshin IP na gida kuma gudanar da umarni don shi whois, kuma muna samun kewayon adiresoshin da mai samarwa ke bayarwa ga abokan ciniki. Akwai iya zama da yawa irin wannan jeri, amma saboda gwaji, bari mu duba daya.
A cikin yanayinmu, wannan shine mai bada kan layi (Rostelecom). Muje zuwa
Af, Yanar gizo yana Éaya daga cikin waÉancan masu samar da koyaushe suna ba da IP na dindindin ga abokan ciniki, koda ba tare da sabis na adireshin IP mai sadaukarwa ba. Koyaya, adireshin bazai canza tsawon watanni ba.
Bari mu warware gaba dayan adireshin kewayon 95.84.192.0/18 (kimanin adireshi dubu 16) ta amfani da nmap. Zabin -sL da gaske ba ya bincikar runduna, amma kawai aika tambayoyin DNS, don haka a cikin sakamakon za mu ga layin da ke Éauke da yanki mai alaĘa da adireshin IP.
$ nmap -sL -vvv 95.84.192.0/18
......
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-131.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.131)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-132.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.132)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-133.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.133)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-134.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.134)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-135.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.135)
Nmap scan report for mx2.merpassa.ru (95.84.195.136)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-137.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.137)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-138.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.138)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-139.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.139)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-140.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.140)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-141.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.141)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-142.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.142)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-143.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.143)
Nmap scan report for broadband-95-84-195-144.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.144)
.....
Kusan duk adiresoshin suna da daidaitaccen rikodin PTR kamar broadband-address.ip.moscow.rt.ru sai dai abubuwa guda biyu ciki har da mx2.merpassa.ru. Yin la'akari da yanki na mx, wannan sabar wasiĘa ce (musayar wasiĘa). Bari mu yi kokarin duba wannan adireshin a cikin sabis
Ana iya ganin cewa gaba dayan kewayon IP yana kan jerin toshe na dindindin, kuma wasiĘun da aka aiko daga wannan uwar garken ba za su iya isa ga mai karÉa ba. Yi la'akari da wannan lokacin zabar sabar don saĘo mai fita.
Ajiye sabar saĘo a cikin kewayon IP na mai ba da gida koyaushe mummunan ra'ayi ne. Irin wannan uwar garken zai sami matsalolin aikawa da karÉar wasiku. Ka tuna da wannan idan mai sarrafa tsarin ku ya ba da shawarar tura sabar saĘo kai tsaye a adireshin IP na ofis.
Yi amfani da ko dai ainihin hosting ko sabis na imel. Ta wannan hanyar za ku yi kira Ęasa da Ęasa don bincika ko wasiĘun ku sun zo.
Hosting akan hanyar sadarwa ta WiFi
Da zuwan kwamfutoci guda Éaya kamar Raspberry Pi, ba abin mamaki ba ne ka ga gidan yanar gizon yana gudana akan na'ura mai girman sigar sigari, amma tun kafin Raspberry Pi, masu sha'awar suna gudanar da shafukan gida kai tsaye akan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na WiFi!
Babban mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na WRT54G, wanda ya fara aikin OpenWRT a cikin 2004
Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta Linksys WRT54G, wanda daga ita ce aka fara aikin OpenWRT, ba shi da tashoshin USB, amma masu sana'a sun sami siyar da GPIO fil a ciki waÉanda za a iya amfani da su azaman SPI. Wannan shine yadda mod Éin ya bayyana wanda ke Ęara katin SD zuwa na'urar. Wannan ya buÉe babban 'yanci don kerawa. Kuna iya ma haÉa dukkan PHP! Ni da kaina na tuna yadda, kusan ba tare da sanin yadda ake siyarwa ba, na sayar da katin SD ga wannan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Daga baya, tashoshin USB zasu bayyana a cikin masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa kuma zaka iya saka filasha kawai.
A baya can, akwai ayyuka da yawa akan Intanet waÉanda aka Ęaddamar gaba Éaya akan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na WiFi na gida; za a sami bayanin kula game da wannan a Ęasa. Abin takaici, ban iya samun rukunin yanar gizo guda Éaya ba. WataĘila kun san waÉannan?
Sabbin kabad daga tebur IKEA
Wata rana, wani ya gano cewa wani shahararren kofi daga IKEA da ake kira Lack ya yi aiki sosai a matsayin madaidaicin sabar 19-inch. Saboda farashinsa na $9, wannan tebur ya zama sananne sosai don ĘirĘirar cibiyoyin bayanan gida. Ana kiran wannan hanyar shigarwa
Teburin Ikea Lakk yana da kyau a maimakon majalisar ministocin uwar garke
Za a iya jera tebur Éin Éaya bisa Éayan kuma a ĘirĘiri Éakunan kabad na uwar garken na gaske. Abin baĘin cikin shine, saboda ĘaĘĘarfan lamintaccen katakon katako, sabobin masu nauyi sun haifar da faÉuwar tebur. Don amintacce, an Ęarfafa su da sasanninta na Ęarfe.
Yadda yaran makaranta suka hana ni Intanet
Kamar yadda ake tsammani, Ina kuma da sabar karkashin gadota, wanda dandalin tattaunawa mai sauĘi ke gudana, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga batun da ya shafi wasa. Watarana wani yaro dan makaranta mai tsaurin kai, bai gamsu da haramcin ba, ya rarrashi āyan uwansa, tare suka fara DDoS din dandalina daga kwamfutocin gidansu. Da yake duk tashar Intanet a wancan lokacin ta kai kimanin Megabits 20, sun yi nasarar gurgunta Intanet na gida gaba daya. Babu toshewar wuta ta taimaka, saboda tashar ta Ęare gaba Éaya.
Daga waje abin yayi ban dariya sosai:
- Sannu, me yasa ba ku amsa min akan ICQ?
- Yi haĘuri, babu intanet, suna ĘoĘarin nemana.
TuntuÉi mai ba da sabis bai taimaka ba, sun gaya mini cewa ba alhakinsu ba ne don magance wannan, kuma kawai za su iya toshe hanyoyin da ke shigowa gaba Éaya. Don haka na zauna kwana biyu ba tare da Intanet ba har maharan sun gaji da shi.
Ęarshe
Kamata ya yi an sami zaÉi na ayyukan P2P na zamani waÉanda za a iya tura su akan sabar gida, kamar ZeroNet, IPFS, Tahoe-LAFS, BitTorrent, I2P. Amma a cikin shekaru biyun da suka gabata ra'ayi na ya canza da yawa. Na yi imani cewa Éaukar duk wani sabis na jama'a akan adireshin IP na gida, musamman waÉanda suka haÉa da zazzage abun ciki na mai amfani, yana haifar da haÉarin da bai dace ba ga duk mazaunan da ke zaune a cikin Éakin. Yanzu ina ba ku shawara da ku hana haÉin shiga daga Intanet gwargwadon yiwuwa, watsar da adiresoshin IP da aka keÉe, kuma ku adana duk ayyukanku akan sabar masu nisa akan Intanet.
Bi mai haÉaka mu akan Instagram
source: www.habr.com