Batun wannan bayanin ya daɗe yana yin girki. Kuma ko da yake bisa ga buƙatar masu karanta tashar , Ina so in rubuta game da aikin lafiya tare da hydrogen peroxide, amma a ƙarshe, saboda dalilan da ban fahimta ba (e!) Na ƙare tare da wani dogon karatu. Cakuda popsci, man roka, "coronavirus disinfection" da permanganometric titration. Yaya dama adana hydrogen peroxide, abin da kayan kariya da za a yi amfani da su yayin aiki da yadda za a tserewa idan akwai guba - muna kallo a ƙarƙashin yanke.
ps ƙwaro daga cikin hoton ana kiranta da "mai zura kwallo". Kuma shi ma wani wuri ya ɓace a cikin sinadarai 🙂
Sadaukarwa ga "Yaran Peroxide" ...
Dan uwanmu ya kamu da son hydrogen peroxide, oh, yadda ya fada cikin soyayya. Ina tunani game da wannan duk lokacin da na ga tambaya kamar "kwal ɗin hydrogen peroxide yana kumbura. me za ayi?" Af, Ina saduwa da yawa sau da yawa 🙂
Ba abin mamaki ba ne, a cikin sararin bayan Tarayyar Soviet, hydrogen peroxide (3% bayani) yana daya daga cikin magungunan antiseptics "jama'a" da aka fi so. Kuma zuba a kan rauni, da kuma kashe ruwa, da kuma halakar da coronavirus (kwanan nan). Amma duk da sauƙin sauƙi da samun dama, reagent yana da ban sha'awa, wanda zan tattauna gaba.
Tafiya tare da nazarin halittu " saman" ...
Yanzu duk abin da ke tare da prefix eco- abu ne na gaye: samfuran abokantaka, shamfu masu dacewa, abubuwan da suka dace. Kamar yadda na fahimta, mutane suna so su yi amfani da waɗannan sifofin don bambance abubuwa masu rai (wato, waɗanda aka samo a cikin rayayyun halittu da farko) daga abubuwa na roba zalla ("hard chemistry"). Sabili da haka, da farko, ƙaramin gabatarwa, wanda nake fatan zai jaddada abokantakar muhalli na hydrogen peroxide kuma ya ƙara amincewa da shi a cikin jama'a 🙂
To, menene hydrogen peroxide? Wannan protozoa peroxide fili, wanda a cikin abun da ke ciki na oxygen atom guda biyu a lokaci daya (an haɗa su ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa -WA-). Inda akwai irin wannan nau'in haɗin kai, akwai rashin kwanciyar hankali a gare ku, akwai iskar oxygen, da kuma kaddarorin oxidizing mai ƙarfi, da komai. Amma duk da tsananin iskar oxygen, hydrogen peroxide na nan a cikin halittu masu rai da yawa, gami da. kuma a cikin mutum. An kafa shi a cikin ƙananan ƙananan yayin tafiyar matakai na biochemical kuma yana oxidizes sunadarai, membrane lipids har ma da DNA (saboda sakamakon peroxide radicals). Jikinmu a cikin tsarin juyin halitta ya koyi magance peroxide sosai yadda ya kamata. Yana yin haka tare da taimakon enzyme superoxide dismutase, wanda ke lalata mahaɗan peroxide zuwa oxygen da hydrogen peroxide, tare da enzyme. wanda peroxide na daya ko biyu zai canza zuwa oxygen da ruwa.
Enzymes suna da kyau a cikin ƙirar XNUMXD
Boye a ƙarƙashin mai ɓarna. Ina so in kalle su, amma ba zato ba tsammani wani ba ya son shi ...
Af, godiya ga aikin catalase, wanda yake a cikin kyallen jikinmu, cewa jini ya "tafasa" a lokacin jiyya na raunuka (za a sami ra'ayi daban-daban game da raunuka a kasa).
Hydrogen peroxide kuma yana da "aiki na kariya" mai mahimmanci a cikin mu. Yawancin halittu masu rai suna da irin wannan sashin jiki mai ban sha'awa (tsarin da ake buƙata don aiki na tantanin halitta) kamar . Wadannan sifofin su ne lipid vesicles a ciki wanda akwai wani abu mai kama da crystal, wanda ya ƙunshi tubular nazarin halittu "". Daban-daban na biochemical tafiyar matakai faruwa a cikin tsakiya, a sakamakon wanda hydrogen peroxide samu daga yanayi oxygen da hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi na wani lipid yanayi!
Amma mafi ban sha'awa a nan shi ne abin da ake amfani da wannan peroxide don haka. Alal misali, a cikin sel na hanta da kodan, sakamakon H2O2 yana lalata da kuma kawar da gubobi da ke shiga cikin jini. Acetaldehyde, wanda aka kafa a lokacin metabolism na barasa.) - wannan kuma shine cancantar ma'aikatanmu marasa gajiyawa na peroxisomes, da "mahaifiyar" hydrogen peroxide.
Don haka duk abin da bai yi kama da rosy tare da peroxides ba. ba zato ba tsammani Bari in tunatar da ku game da tsarin aikin radiation akan nama mai rai. Kwayoyin halittu na kyallen takarda suna ɗaukar makamashin radiation kuma suna ionized, watau. shiga cikin yanayin da ke dacewa da samuwar sababbin mahadi (mafi yawan lokuta gaba ɗaya ba dole ba a cikin jiki). Ruwa ya fi sau da yawa kuma mafi sauƙin ion, yana faruwa . A gaban oxygen, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ionizing radiation, daban-daban free radicals (OH- da sauransu kamar su) da kuma peroxide mahadi (H2O2 musamman) tasowa.
Sakamakon peroxides yana hulɗa da rayayye tare da mahadi sunadarai na jiki. Ko da yake idan muka dauki a matsayin misali da superoxide anion (O2-) wani lokacin samu a lokacin radiolysis, shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa wannan ion an kafa a karkashin al'ada yanayi, a cikin wani cikakken lafiya kwayoyin, ba tare da free radicals. и rigakafin mu ba zai iya lalata ƙwayoyin cuta ba. Wadancan. gaba daya ba tare da waɗannan ba ta kowace hanya ba shi yiwuwa - suna rakiyar halayen iskar shaka biogenic. Matsalar tana tasowa ne idan sun yi yawa.
Yana da yaƙar "yawan" mahadi peroxide wanda mutum ya ƙirƙira irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar antioxidants. Suna hana oxidation na hadadden kwayoyin halitta tare da samuwar peroxides, da dai sauransu. free radicals kuma game da shi rage matakin .
Danniya na Oxidative shine tsarin lalacewa ta jiki saboda iskar oxygenation (= yawancin radicals kyauta a cikin jiki)
Kodayake, a gaskiya, waɗannan mahadi ba su ba da wani sabon abu ba, ga abin da ya riga ya kasance, watau. "Antioxidants na ciki" - superoxide dismutase da catalase. Kuma gabaɗaya, idan aka yi amfani da shi ba daidai ba, maganin antioxidants na roba ba zai taimaka ba kawai, amma wannan damuwa mai ƙoshin ƙarfi kuma zai ƙaru.
Bayani game da "peroxide da raunuka". Kodayake hydrogen peroxide na yau da kullun ne a cikin gida (da masana'anta) kayan agaji na farko, akwai shaidar cewa yin amfani da H2O2 yana tsoma baki tare da warkar da rauni kuma yana haifar da tabo saboda hydrogen peroxide. . Ƙananan ƙananan ƙididdiga ne kawai suna ba da sakamako mai kyau (0,03% bayani, wanda ke nufin kuna buƙatar tsarma 3% kantin magani sau 100), kuma kawai tare da aikace-aikacen guda ɗaya. Af, "coronavirus shirye" 0,5% bayani kuma . Don haka, kamar yadda suke faɗa, aminta amma tabbatar.
Hydrogen peroxide a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun da "akan coronavirus"
Idan hydrogen peroxide na iya ko da juya ethanol zuwa acetaldehyde a cikin hanta, to, zai zama m kada a yi amfani da wadannan ban mamaki oxidizing Properties a rayuwar yau da kullum. Ana amfani da su a cikin matakan masu zuwa:
Rabin dukkan hydrogen peroxide da masana'antun sinadarai ke samarwa ana amfani da su don yin bleach pulp da nau'ikan takarda daban-daban. Wuri na biyu (20%) a cikin buƙata yana shagaltar da samar da nau'ikan bleaches daban-daban dangane da inorganic peroxides (sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate, da sauransu, da sauransu). Wadannan peroxides (sau da yawa a hade tare da don rage zafin bleaching, tk. peroxosalts ba sa aiki a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da digiri 60) ana amfani da su a cikin kowane nau'in "Persol", da sauransu. (ana iya samun ƙarin bayani ). Sa'an nan kuma bleaching na yadudduka da zaruruwa (15%) da kuma tsarkake ruwa (10%) tare da karamin gefe. Kuma a ƙarshe, rabon da ya rage yana raba daidai tsakanin abubuwa masu sinadarai zalla da kuma amfani da hydrogen peroxide don dalilai na likita. Zan dakata kan karshen daki-daki, saboda da alama cutar sankarau ta coronavirus za ta canza lambobin da ke kan zane (idan bai riga ya canza ba).
Ana amfani da hydrogen peroxide sosai don bakara saman daban-daban (ciki har da kayan aikin tiyata) kuma kwanan nan kuma a cikin hanyar tururi (wanda ake kira. - vaporized hydrogen peroxide) don haifuwa na wuraren. Hoton da ke ƙasa misali ne na irin wannan injin tururi na peroxide. Alƙawari mai ban sha'awa, wanda har yanzu bai kai ga asibitocin cikin gida ba ...
Gabaɗaya, peroxide yana nuna haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa don nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, yeasts, da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ya kamata a lura cewa ga ƙwayoyin cuta masu rikitarwa, saboda kasancewar su na enzymes da ke lalata peroxide (wanda ake kira peroxidases, wanda catalase wani lamari ne na musamman), ana iya lura da haƙuri (~ kwanciyar hankali). Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga mafita tare da maida hankali a ƙasa 1%. Amma a kan 3%, har ma fiye da 6-10%, babu abin da zai iya tsayayya har yanzu, ba kwayar cuta ko ƙwayar cuta ba.
A zahiri, tare da ethyl da isopropyl barasa da sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide yana cikin jerin abubuwan rigakafin gaggawa na “mahimmanci” don lalata saman daga COVID-19. Ko da yake ba kawai daga COVID-19 ba. A farkon duka coronavirus bacchanalia, muna tare da masu karatu ana amfani da shi sosai lokacin zabar shawarwarin antiseptics daga . Shawarwari sun shafi coronaviruses gabaɗaya, musamman COVID-19. Don haka ina ba da shawarar saukewa da buga labarin (ga masu sha'awar wannan batu).
Alama mai mahimmanci ga matashin likitan ilimin likitanci
A lokacin da ya wuce tun farkon cutar, babu abin da ya canza dangane da yawan aiki. Amma ya canza, misali, dangane da siffofin da za a iya amfani da hydrogen peroxide. Anan zan so in tuna da takarda nan da nan tare da abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar don disinfection. A al'ada na kasance mai sha'awar gogewa akan wannan jerin (a al'ada, saboda ina son goge goge, hypochlorite ni kuma 100% gamsu da su. A wannan yanayin, Ina sha'awar irin wannan samfurin Amurka kamar Oxivir yana gogewa (ko makamancinsa Oxivir 1 yana gogewaAbubuwan da aka bayar na Diversey Inc.
Akwai 'yan sinadirai masu aiki da aka jera a can:
Hydrogen peroxide 0.5%
Sauƙi kuma mai daɗi. Amma ga waɗanda suke so su maimaita irin wannan abun da ke ciki da kuma jiƙa al'ada rigar goge, zan ce ban da hydrogen peroxide, da impregnating bayani ya ƙunshi:
Phosphoric acid (phosphoric acid - stabilizer) 1-5%
2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (salicylic acid) 0,1-1,5%
Me yasa duk waɗannan "ƙazanta" za su bayyana a fili lokacin da kuka karanta zuwa sashin kan kwanciyar hankali.
Baya ga abun da ke ciki, zan kuma so in tuna abin da ya ce zuwa Oxivir da aka ambata. Ba wani sabon abu ba (dangane da tebur na farko), amma ina son bakan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za a iya lalata su.
Abin da ƙwayoyin cuta peroxide zasu iya shawo kan su
Kuma ba zan zama kaina ba idan ban sake tunatarwa game da fallasa yayin aiki ba. Kamar yadda ya gabata (= kamar kullum) ana bada shawarar yin haka lokacin da aka goge shi da rigar goge, duk tarkace, saman da ba su da ƙarfi sun kasance a fili jika na aƙalla daƙiƙa 30. (ko fiye da minti ɗaya!) don ƙazantar da komai da kowa (kuma wannan COVID-19 ku ma).
Hydrogen peroxide a matsayin sinadarai
Mun zaga cikin daji, yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a rubuta game da hydrogen peroxide, daga ra'ayi na masanin kimiyya. Abin farin ciki, wannan tambaya ce (kuma ba yadda ake kamanni ba) wanda galibi ke sha'awar mai amfani da bai ƙware ba wanda ya yanke shawarar amfani da H2O2 don nasa manufofin. Bari mu fara da tsarin XNUMXD (kamar yadda nake gani):
Yadda yarinyar Sasha ke ganin tsarin, wanda ke jin tsoron cewa peroxide zai iya fashewa (ƙari akan abin da ke ƙasa)
"Gudun kallon kasan zakara"
Peroxide mai tsabta mai tsabta ne (bluish don babban taro) ruwa. Matsakaicin dilution mafita yana kusa da yawa na ruwa (1 g / cm3), mayar da hankali mafita ne denser (35% - 1,13 g / cm3 ... 70% - 1,29 g / cm3, da dai sauransu). By yawa (a gaban hydrometers), za ka iya daidai ƙayyade taro na your bayani (bayani daga ).
Hydrogen peroxide na fasaha na cikin gida na iya zama maki uku: A = maida hankali 30-40%, B = 50-52%, C = 58-60%. Sau da yawa akwai irin wannan suna kamar "perhydrol" (akwai sau ɗaya ko da kalmar "perhydrol blonde"). A gaskiya ma, har yanzu yana da "alama A", watau. wani bayani na hydrogen peroxide tare da maida hankali na kusan 30%.
Magana game da farar fata. Tun da mun tuna da blondes, za a iya lura da cewa diluted hydrogen peroxide (2-10%) da ammonia da aka yi amfani da matsayin bleaching abun da ke ciki na "aiki" gashi. Yanzu ba kasafai ake yin wannan ba. Amma akwai peroxide hakora whitening. Af, whitening fata na hannaye bayan saduwa da peroxide wani nau'i ne na "aiki hydrolysis" wanda dubban mutane suka haifar. , i.e. blockages na capillaries kafa a lokacin bazuwar peroxide tare da oxygen kumfa.
Medical fasaha peroxide zama lokacin da demineralized ruwa da aka kara zuwa peroxide tare da maida hankali na 59-60%, diluting da mayar da hankali zuwa ga matakin da ake so (3% a cikin gida bude sarari, 6% a Amurka).
Baya ga yawa, ma'auni mai mahimmanci shine matakin pH. Hydrogen peroxide mai rauni acid ne. Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna dogaro da pH na maganin hydrogen peroxide akan taro mai yawa:
Da yawan tsarma maganin, mafi kusancin pH ɗinsa shine pH na ruwa. Matsakaicin pH (= mafi yawan acidic) yana faɗuwa a adadin 55-65% (jin B bisa ga rarrabuwar gida).
Ko da yake yana da wuya a lura a nan cewa ba za a iya amfani da pH don ƙididdige taro ba saboda dalilai da yawa. Na farko, kusan dukkanin peroxide na zamani ana samun su ta hanyar oxidizing anthraquinones. Wannan tsari yana samar da samfuran acidic waɗanda zasu iya ƙarewa a cikin ƙãre peroxide. Wadancan. pH na iya bambanta da wanda aka nuna a teburin da ke sama ya danganta da tsabtar H2O2. Peroxide mai tsafta (misali, wanda ke zuwa man roka da wanda zan yi magana daban) baya ƙunshe da ƙazanta. Na biyu, ana ƙara masu haɓaka acidic zuwa hydrogen peroxide na kasuwanci (peroxide ya fi kwanciyar hankali a ƙananan pH), wanda zai "mai mai" karatun. Kuma na uku, chelate stabilizers (don ɗaure ƙazantattun ƙarfe, ƙarin game da su a ƙasa) na iya zama alkaline ko acidic kuma suna shafar pH na ƙarshen bayani.
Hanya mafi kyau don ƙayyade maida hankali shine (). Dabarar daidai take, amma duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don gwajin suna da sauƙin samuwa. Muna buƙatar maida hankali sulfuric acid (batir electrolyte) da talakawa potassium permanganate. Kamar yadda B. Gates sau ɗaya ya yi ihu "640 kb na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ya isa ga kowa da kowa!", Zan kuma yi kira yanzu "Kowa zai iya titrate peroxide!" :). Duk da gaskiyar cewa intuition ya gaya mani cewa idan ka sayi hydrogen peroxide a cikin kantin magani kuma ba a adana shi shekaru da yawa, to, maida hankali hawa da sauka ba zai iya wuce ± 1%, amma duk da haka zan bayyana hanyar tabbatarwa, tun da reagents suna samuwa da kuma algorithm ne quite sauki.
Bincika hydrogen peroxide na kasuwanci don lice
Kamar yadda kuke tsammani, za mu bincika ta amfani da titration. Dabarar ta sa ya yiwu a ƙayyade ƙididdiga daidai daga 0,25 zuwa 50%.
Algorithm na tabbatarwa shine kamar haka:
1. Shirya bayani na 0,1N na potassium permanganate. Don yin wannan, narke 3,3 grams na potassium permanganate a cikin 1 lita na ruwa. Maganin yana mai tsanani zuwa tafasa da tafasa na mintina 15.
2. Mun zaɓi ƙarar da ake buƙata na peroxide da aka yi nazari (dangane da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, watau idan kuna da 3%, tsammanin cewa ba zato ba tsammani ya zama 50% wawa):
Muna canja wurin ƙarar da aka zaɓa zuwa kwalban kuma muna auna shi a kan ma'auni (kar ku manta da danna maɓallin Tare don kada kuyi la'akari da nauyin kwalban kanta)
3. Zuba samfurin mu a cikin kwalban 250 ml na ruwa (ko kwalban jariri tare da alamar ƙararrawa) kuma sama har zuwa alamar ("250") tare da ruwa mai tsabta. Muna haɗuwa.
4. Zuba 500 ml na ruwa mai narkewa a cikin kwanon rufi na 250 ml (=" gilashin rabin lita"), ƙara 10 ml na sulfuric acid mai mahimmanci da 25 ml na maganin mu daga abu na 3.
5. Sauke ta digo (zai fi dacewa daga pipette wanda aka yiwa alama alama) bayani na 0,1N potassium permanganate a cikin kwalban rabin lita daga abu na 4. An sauke - gauraye, dripped - gauraye. Sabili da haka muna ci gaba har sai bayani mai tsabta ya sami tint mai launin ruwan hoda. A sakamakon sakamakon, peroxide ya bazu tare da samuwar oxygen da ruwa, kuma manganese (VI) a cikin potassium permanganate an rage zuwa manganese (II).
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4 = 2KHSO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
6. Mun yi la'akari da maida hankali na peroxide: C H2O2 (wt.%) \u0,1d [Ƙararren bayani na potassium permanganate a cikin ml * 0,01701 * 1000 * 2] / [nauyin samfurin a cikin grams, daga sakin layi na XNUMX] RABA!!!
Tattaunawa kyauta kan batun kwanciyar hankali na ajiya
Ana ɗaukar hydrogen peroxide a matsayin fili mara tsayayye, wanda ke da saurin lalacewa. Yawan bazuwar yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki, maida hankali da pH. Wadancan. Gabaɗaya, ƙa'idar ita ce:
... sanyi, dilute, maganin acidic yana nuna mafi kyawun kwanciyar hankali…
Ana sauƙaƙa lalacewa ta hanyar: haɓakar zafin jiki (ƙarawar saurin sau 2,2 ga kowane digiri 10 na Celsius, kuma a zazzabi na kusan digiri 150, yana mai da hankali gabaɗaya). dusar ƙanƙara-kamar bazuwa tare da fashewaƘarfafa pH (musamman a pH> 6-8)
Magana game da gilashi: kawai acidified peroxide za a iya adana a cikin gilashin kwalabe, saboda. gilashin yana ba da yanayi na alkaline lokacin da ake hulɗa da ruwa mai tsabta, wanda ke nufin zai ba da gudummawa ga saurin bazuwar.
Yana shafar adadin bazuwar da kasancewar ƙazanta (musamman ƙarafa na canji kamar jan ƙarfe, manganese, baƙin ƙarfe, azurfa, platinum), bayyanar UV. Mafi sau da yawa, babban hadaddun dalilin shine karuwa a cikin pH da kasancewar rashin tsabta. A matsakaici, a 30% hydrogen peroxide yayi asarar kusan .
Don cire ƙazanta, ana amfani da tacewa ultrafine (ban da barbashi) ko chelates (masu haɗaɗɗun abubuwa) waɗanda ke ɗaure ions ƙarfe. Ana iya amfani dashi azaman chelates , colloidal ko sodium pyrophosphate (25-250 mg / l), organophosphonates, nitrates (+ pH regulators da corrosion inhibitors), phosphoric acid (+ pH regulator), sodium silicate (stabilizer).
Tasirin ultraviolet akan adadin bazuwar ba kamar yadda ake faɗa ba kamar na pH ko zafin jiki, amma kuma yana faruwa (duba hoto):
Ana iya ganin cewa adadin bacewar kwayoyin halitta yana ƙaruwa tare da rage tsawon ultraviolet.
Ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna ƙwanƙwasa ma'auni ne na yadda ƙarfi da sinadari ke ɗaukar haske a wani tsayin da aka bayar.
Af, wannan tsari na bazuwar da photons ya fara shi ake kira photolysis:
Photolysis (wanda ake kira photodissociation da photodecomposition) wani sinadari ne wanda wani sinadari (inorganic ko Organic) ke raba ta hanyar photon bayan sun yi mu'amala da kwayoyin da aka yi niyya. Duk wani photon tare da isasshen makamashi (mafi girma fiye da makamashin rarrabawar haɗin kai) na iya haifar da lalacewa. Wani sakamako mai kama da tasirin ultraviolet zai iya bayarwa Hakanan X-ray da γ-ray.
Abin da za a iya ce a gaba ɗaya. Kuma gaskiyar cewa peroxide ya kamata a adana shi a cikin akwati mai banƙyama, kuma zai fi dacewa a cikin kwalabe na gilashin launin ruwan kasa wanda ke toshe haske mai yawa (duk da cewa "absorbs"! = "nan da nan bazuwa"). Kada ku ajiye kwalban peroxide kusa da injin X-ray ko dai 🙂 To, daga wannan (UR 203Ex (?):
…dagaPeroxide (da kuma wanda kake ƙauna, a gaskiya) ya kamata kuma a kiyaye shi.
Yana da mahimmanci cewa ban da kasancewa mara kyau, dole ne a yi akwati / kwalban da kayan "peroxide resistant" kamar bakin karfe ko gilashi (da kyau, wasu robobi da aluminum gami). Alamar na iya zama da amfani ga daidaitawa (zai kasance da amfani, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ga likitocin da za su sarrafa kayan aikin su):
Labarin lakabin shine kamar haka: A - kyakkyawar dacewa, B - dacewa mai kyau, ƙananan tasiri (microcorrosion ko discoloration), C - rashin daidaituwa (ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da dogon lokaci ba, asarar ƙarfi, da dai sauransu), D - babu daidaituwa. (= Ba za a iya amfani da shi ba). Dash yana nufin "babu bayanin da akwai". Lissafi na lambobi: 1 - mai gamsarwa a 22 ° C, 2 - mai gamsarwa a 48 ° C, 3 - mai gamsarwa, lokacin amfani da gaskets da hatimi.
Tsaron hydrogen peroxide
Yana yiwuwa a bayyane ga duk wanda ya karanta har zuwa wannan sashe cewa peroxide wani wakili ne mai ƙarfi na oxidizing, wanda ke nufin cewa yana da mahimmanci don adana shi daga abubuwa masu ƙonewa / masu ƙonewa da raguwa. H2O2, duka mai tsabta da diluted, na iya samuwa a lamba tare da kwayoyin mahadi. Ganin duk abubuwan da ke sama, zaku iya rubuta kamar haka
Hydrogen peroxide bai dace da kayan wuta ba, duk wani ruwa mai ƙonewa da ƙarfe da gishiri (a cikin raguwar tsari na aikin catalytic) - osmium, palladium, platinum, iridium, zinariya, azurfa, manganese, cobalt, jan karfe, gubar.
Da yake magana game da abubuwan da ke haifar da bazuwar ƙarfe, ba shi yiwuwa a ce dabam game da . Ba kawai karfen da ya fi yawa a duniya ba, har ila yau shine mafi kyawun makami a duniya don lalata hydrogen peroxide.
Accelerating da bazuwar hydrogen peroxide ga wannan karfe ana lura da yawa cewa ba ko da kowane nazari hanyoyin da za a iya gane - domin sosai yadda ya kamata (x3-x5 sau dangane da peroxide ba tare da mai kara kuzari) bazu peroxide cikin oxygen da ruwa, ku. bukatar kawai gram 1 na osmium a cikin tan 1000 na peroxide hydrogen.
Bayani game da "yanayin fashewa": (Nan da nan na so in rubuta "Ni peroxide", amma ya kasance mai jin kunya). A cikin yanayin hydrogen peroxide, yarinya mai siffar zobe Sasha, wanda dole ne yayi aiki tare da wannan peroxide, yawanci yana jin tsoron fashewa. Kuma bisa ƙa'ida, akwai hankali a cikin tsoron Alexandra. Bayan haka, peroxide na iya fashewa don dalilai biyu. Da fari dai, daga gaskiyar cewa a hankali bazuwar H2O2, saki da tarawar iskar oxygen zai faru a cikin akwati da aka rufe. Matsin da ke cikin kwandon zai gina da ginawa kuma a ƙarshe BOOM! Abu na biyu, akwai yuwuwar cewa lokacin da hydrogen peroxide ya shiga cikin hulɗa da wasu abubuwa, ƙwayoyin peroxide marasa ƙarfi za su haifar, wanda zai iya fashewa daga tasiri, dumama, da dai sauransu. A cikin littafi mai juzu'i biyar mai aji An yi magana da yawa game da wannan har na yanke shawarar ɓoye shi a ƙarƙashin ɓarna. Bayanin da ya dace don Mai da hankali hydrogen peroxide > = 30% da <50%:
Cikakken rashin jituwa
fashewa akan hulɗa da shiAlcohols + sulfuric acid, acetal + acetic acid + zafi, acetic acid + N-heterocycles (sama da 50 ° C), aromatic hydrocarbons + trifluoroacetic acid, azelaic acid + sulfuric acid (kimanin 45 ° C), tert-butanol + sulfuric acid . + ketones (53-butanone, 2-pentanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone), sansanonin nitrogenous (ammoniya, hydrazine hydrate, dimethylhydrazine), mahadi na halitta (glycerol, acetic acid, ethanol, aniline, quinoline, cellulose, kwal ƙura), kayan halitta + sulfuric acid (musamman a cikin wuraren da aka tsare), ruwa + oxygen-dauke da kwayoyin halitta (acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, propanol, propanal), vinyl acetate, alcohols + tin chloride, phosphorus (V) oxide . mercury oxide (I), molybdenum disulfide, sodium iodate, mercury (II) oxide + nitric acid, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, thiourea + acetic acid.
yana haskaka hulɗa da: barasa na furfuryl, karafa mai foda (magnesium, zinc, iron, nickel), sawdust
tashin hankali dauki daga: aluminum isopropoxide + nauyi karfe salts, gawayi, kwal, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, alkali karafa, methanol + phosphoric acid, unsaturated Organic mahadi, tin (II) chloride, cobalt oxide, baƙin ƙarfe oxide, gubar hydroxide, nickel oxide
A ka'ida, idan kun bi da peroxide mai mahimmanci tare da girmamawa kuma kada ku haɗa shi tare da abubuwan da aka ambata a sama, to, zaku iya yin aiki cikin kwanciyar hankali har tsawon shekaru kuma kada ku ji tsoron wani abu. Amma Allah ya tseratar da masu lafiya, don haka a hankali mu matsa zuwa kayan kariya na sirri.
PPE da sakamakon
Tunanin rubuta labarin ya taso lokacin da na yanke shawarar yin rubutu a ciki sadaukar da al'amurran aminci aiki tare da mayar da hankali H2O2 mafita. Abin farin, yawancin masu karatu sun sayi gwangwani na perhydrol don kansu (idan "babu wani abu a cikin kantin magani" / "ba za mu je kantin magani ba") kuma har ma sun sami damar samun ƙonewa a cikin zafi na lokacin. Saboda haka, yawancin abin da aka rubuta a ƙasa (da sama) yana nufin mafi yawan mafita tare da maida hankali sama da 6%. Mafi girman maida hankali, mafi dacewa kasancewar PPE.
Don aiki mai aminci, azaman kayan kariya na sirri, duk abin da kuke buƙata shine safar hannu da aka yi da polyvinyl chloride / butyl rubber, polyethylene, polyester da sauran robobi don kare fata na hannaye, tabarau ko mashin kariya da aka yi da kayan polymeric na zahiri don kare idanu. Idan an kafa aerosols, muna ƙara na'urar numfashi tare da kariya ta iska a cikin kayan (ko kuma, harsashin tace carbon ABEK tare da kariya ta P3). Lokacin aiki tare da raunin rauni (har zuwa 6%), safofin hannu sun isa.
Zan dakata kan "sakamakon sakamako" daki-daki. Hydrogen peroxide abu ne mai matsakaicin haɗari wanda ke haifar da ƙonewar sinadarai idan ya haɗu da fata da idanu. Yana da lahani ta hanyar shaka kuma idan an haɗiye shi. Dubi hoto daga SDS ("Oxidizing" - "Lalata" - "Irritant"):
Don kada a doke a kusa da daji, nan da nan zan rubuta game da abin da zan yi idan hydrogen peroxide tare da maida hankali na> 6% ya sadu da wani mutum mai siffar zobe ba tare da kayan kariya na sirri ba.
a saduwa da fata - Shafa da busasshiyar kyalle, ko swab da aka jika da barasa. Sa'an nan kuma wajibi ne a wanke fata mai lalacewa tare da ruwa mai yawa na tsawon minti 10.
a hada ido - nan da nan kurkura idanu sosai bude, kazalika da karkashin fatar ido tare da rauni rafi na ruwa (ko 2% bayani na yin burodi soda) na akalla 15 minutes. Tuntuɓi likitan ido.
Idan aka hadiye - sha ruwa mai yawa (= ruwa mai laushi a cikin lita), gawayi mai kunnawa (kwalba 1 da kilogiram 10 na nauyin jiki), saline laxative (magnesium sulfate). Kada a jawo amai (= wanke-wanke na ciki kawai likita, ta yin amfani da bincike, kuma babu sauran sanannun "yatsu biyu a baki"). Kada ku ba da wani abu da baki ga wanda ya sume.
Janar haɗiye yana da haɗari musamman, tun lokacin da bazuwar iskar gas mai yawa yana samuwa a cikin ciki (sau 10 girma na maganin 3%), wanda ke haifar da kumburi da matsawa na gabobin ciki. Gawasa da aka kunna ke nan don ...
Idan duk abin da ya fi ko žasa bayyananne tare da lura da sakamakon ga jiki, yana da daraja a ce 'yan karin kalmomi game da zubar da wuce haddi / tsohon / zube hydrogen peroxide saboda rashin kwarewa.
... ana zubar da hydrogen peroxide daga ko dai a) ta hanyar diluted da ruwa da magudana a cikin magudanar ruwa, ko b) ta hanyar bazuwar ta yin amfani da abubuwan motsa jiki (sodium pyrosulfite, da sauransu), ko c) ta hanyar dumama bazuwar (ciki har da tafasa).
Yadda duk yayi kama a cikin misali. Misali, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na bazata da gangan lita na 30% hydrogen peroxide. Ba na goge komai, amma na cika ruwa da cakuda daidai adadin (1: 1: 1) + yashi + (=”filar tire bentonite”). Sa'an nan kuma na jiƙa wannan cakuda da ruwa har sai an sami slurry, tattara slurry tare da ɗigon ruwa a cikin akwati, sannan a tura shi zuwa guga na ruwa (kashi biyu bisa uku an cika). Kuma riga a cikin guga na ruwa, a hankali na ƙara bayani na sodium pyrosulfite tare da 20% wuce haddi. Don kawar da komai ta hanyar amsawa:
Na2S2O5 + 2H2O2 = Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2O
Idan kun bi ka'idodin matsalar (lita na 30% bayani), to, ana buƙatar gram 838 na pyrosulfite don neutralization (kilogram na gishiri yana fitowa a wuce gona da iri). Solubility na wannan abu a cikin ruwa shine ~ 650 g / l, i.e. za a buƙaci kimanin lita ɗaya da rabi na bayani mai mahimmanci. Halin dabi'a shine wannan - ko dai kar a zubar da perhydrol a ƙasa, ko kuma a tsoma shi da ƙarfi, in ba haka ba ba za ku sami masu hana ruwa ba 🙂
Lokacin neman yuwuwar maye gurbin pyrosulfite, Kyaftin Oviousness yana ba da shawarar yin amfani da waɗancan reagents waɗanda, lokacin da aka amsa da hydrogen peroxide, ba sa haifar da ƙarar iskar gas. Yana iya zama, misali, baƙin ƙarfe (II) sulfate. Ana sayar da shi a cikin shagunan kayan aiki har ma a Belarus. Don kawar da H2O2, ana buƙatar bayani acidified tare da sulfuric acid:
2FeSO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4) 3 + 2H2O
Hakanan zaka iya amfani da potassium iodide (kuma acidified tare da sulfuric acid):
2KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 = I2 + 2H2O + K2SO4
Bari in tunatar da ku cewa duk dalilai sun dogara ne akan ayyukan gabatarwa (30% bayani), idan kun zubar da peroxide tare da ƙananan ƙananan (3-7%), to, ana iya amfani da potassium permanganate acidified tare da sulfuric acid. Ko da an saki oxygen a can, to, saboda ƙananan ƙididdiga, ba zai iya "yin abubuwa" tare da dukan sha'awarsa ba.
Game da ƙwaro
Kuma ban manta da shi ba, masoyi na. Zai zama lada ga waɗanda suka karanta na gaba dogon karatu. Ban sani ba ko Alexei JetHackers Statsenko aka yi tunani game da shi shekaru 30 da suka wuce. game da jetpacks dina, amma tabbas ina da wasu irin wannan tunani. Musamman lokacin da akan kaset na VHS na sami damar kallon (har ma da bita) wani fim ɗin tatsuniyar Disney mai haske ""(a asali Rocketeer).
Mahadar a nan ita ce mai zuwa. Kamar yadda na rubuta a baya, hydrogen peroxide na babban taro (kamar alamar gida B) tare da babban matakin tsarkakewa (bayanin kula - abin da ake kira babban gwajin peroxide ko ) ana iya amfani dashi azaman mai a cikin roka (da torpedoes). Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da shi duka azaman oxidizer a cikin injunan sassa biyu (misali, a matsayin maye gurbin iskar oxygen), kuma azaman abin da ake kira. monopropellants. A cikin akwati na ƙarshe, H2O2 yana zub da shi a cikin "ɗakin konewa", inda ya bazu a kan mai kara kuzari (duk wani ƙarfe da aka ambata a baya a cikin labarin, alal misali, azurfa ko platinum) kuma a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, a cikin hanyar tururi tare da zafin jiki na kimanin 600 ° C, yana fita daga bututun ƙarfe, yana haifar da raguwa.
Abu mafi ban sha'awa shi ne cewa na'urar ciki guda ɗaya ("ɗakin konewa", nozzles, da dai sauransu) yana da ƙaramin ƙwaro daga dangin ƙwaro na ƙasa a cikin jikinsa. ana kiran shi bisa hukuma, amma tsarinsa na ciki (= hoton da ke farkon labarin) yana tunatar da ni sashin daga fim ɗin 1991 da aka ambata a sama 🙂
Ana kiran kwaron da bama-bamai domin yana iya yin harbi ko kadan daidai daga gland a bayan ciki tare da tafasasshen ruwa mai wari mara dadi.
Matsakaicin fitarwa zai iya kaiwa digiri 100 ma'aunin celcius, kuma saurin fitarwa shine 10 m/s. Harbi ɗaya yana daga 8 zuwa 17 ms, kuma ya ƙunshi 4-9 nan da nan suna bin juna. Don kar in koma farkon, zan maimaita hoton a nan (da alama an ɗauke shi daga mujallu. daga labarin sunan daya).
Ƙwarƙwarar tana samar da “kayan aikin man roka” guda biyu a cikin kanta (watau har yanzu ba “mono-propellant” ba). Wakilin rage ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (an yi amfani da shi a baya azaman mai haɓakawa a cikin daukar hoto). Kuma wakili mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi shine hydrogen peroxide. Lokacin da aka yi barazanar, irin ƙwaro yana yin kwangilar tsokoki waɗanda ke tura reagents biyu ta hanyar bututun bawul zuwa cikin ɗakin da ke ɗauke da ruwa da cakuda enzymes masu lalata peroxide (peroxidases). A hade, masu amsawa suna ba da amsawar exothermic tashin hankali, ruwa yana tafasa kuma ya juya cikin iskar gas (= "halaka"). Gabaɗaya, ƙwaro yana ƙone maƙiyi mai yuwuwa tare da rafi na ruwan zãfi (amma a fili bai isa ba don tura sararin samaniya na farko). Amma ... Aƙalla ƙwaro za a iya la'akari da misali ga sashin Tsaron hydrogen peroxide. Dabi'u shine kamar haka:
% USERNAME%, kar ku zama kamar ƙwaro bam, kar a haɗa peroxide tare da wakili mai ragewa ba tare da fahimta ba! 🙂
Addendum game daт : "Da alama ƙwanƙwasa bombardier ƙwaro shine ƙwaƙƙwarar ƙwaro na plasma daga Starship Troopers. Anan kawai yana da isasshen kuzari (ba tursasawa ba!) Don haɓaka saurin sararin samaniya na farko, an haɓaka tsarin a lokacin juyin halitta kuma an yi amfani da shi don jefa spores cikin orbit don faɗaɗa kewayon, kuma ya zo da amfani a matsayin makami a kan maƙiyi masu rauni. cruisers"
To, ya yi magana game da ƙwaro kuma ya gano peroxide. Mu dakata anan yanzu.
Muhimmin! Komai (ciki har da tattaunawa na bayanin kula, tsaka-tsaki da kuma dukkan wallafe-wallafe na) ana iya samun su a tashar telegram. . Kuyi subscribing kuma ku kasance da mu don samun sanarwa.
Na gaba a cikin layi don la'akari sune sodium dichloroisocyanurate da "kwayoyin chlorine."
Godiya: marubucin ya nuna matukar godiyarsa ga duk mahalarta masu himma al'umma LAB-66 - mutanen da ke ba da gudummawar kudi ta hanyar "kusurwar kimiyya da fasaha" (= tashar telegram), tattaunawarmu (da masana a ciki waɗanda ke ba da tallafin fasaha na kowane lokaci (!!!)), da marubucin ƙarshe da kansa. Na gode wa mutane da wannan duka. !
"osmium catalyst" don ci gaban al'umma da ci gaban da aka ambata a sama: ===>
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5. Zama
Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su
Shandala M.G. Matsalolin Topical na janar disinfectology. Zababbun laccoci. - M .: Magunguna, 2009. 112 p.
Lewis, RJ Sr. Abubuwan Haɗari na Sax na Kayayyakin Masana'antu. Bugu na 12. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, N.J. 2012, p. V4:2434
Haynes, WM CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Bugu na 95. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 4-67
WT Hess "Hydrogen Peroxide". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 13 (shafi na hudu). New York: Wiley. (4). pp. 1995-961.
CW Jones, JH Clark. Aikace-aikace na Hydrogen Peroxide da Abubuwan Samfura. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999.
Ronald Hage, Achim Lienke; Aikace-aikacen Lienke na Canjin Ƙarfe-Ƙarfe zuwa Yadi da Bleaching-Pulp. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (2): 206-222. (2005).
Schildknecht, H.; Holoubek, K. Ƙwaro mai bom da fashewar sinadarai. Angewandte Chemie. 73:1–7. (1961).
Jones, Craig W. Aikace-aikace na hydrogen peroxide da abubuwan da suka samo asali. Royal Society of Chemistry (1999)
Goor, G.; Glenneberg, J.; Jacobi, S. Hydrogen peroxide. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Saukewa: Wiley-VCH. (2007).
Ascenzi, Joseph M., ed. Littafin jagora na magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta da maganin antiseptics. New York: M. Dekker. p. 161. (1996).
Rutala, W.A.; Weber, DJ Disinfection da Haifuwa a cikin Wuraren Kula da Lafiya: Abin da Likitan Ya Bukatar Sanin. Cutar cututtuka na asibiti. 39 (5): 702-709. (2004).
Block, Seymour S., ed. Babi na 9: mahadi na Peroxygen. Disinfection, haifuwa, da adanawa (ed na biyar). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 5-185. (204).
O'Neil, MJ The Merck Index - Encyclopedia na Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 889
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Ƙamus ɗin Sinadaran Ƙunƙasa na Hawley 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 735
Sittig, M. Littafin Jagora na Sinadarai masu guba da haɗari da Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 510
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Ƙamus ɗin Sinadaran Ƙunƙasa na Hawley 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 735
Tarin mafi mahimmancin kayan aikin hukuma akan al'amuran disinfection, sterilization, disinfestation, deratization: A cikin kundin 5 / Sanarwa.-ed. cibiyar kwamitin kula da tsaftar muhalli da cututtuka na Jiha Ros. Federation, Cibiyar Rigakafin Bincike. toxicology da disinfection; Karkashin jimla ed. M.G. Shandaly - M .: LLP "Rarog", 1994
Kuma na kusan manta, gargadi ga 'yan'uwan da ba su da alhaki 🙂
Disclaimer: Duk bayanan da ke cikin labarin an tanadar su ne don dalilai na bayanai kawai kuma ba kiran aiki kai tsaye ba ne. Kuna aiwatar da duk magudi tare da reagents na sinadarai da kayan aiki a cikin haɗarin ku da haɗarin ku. Marubucin ba ya da wani alhaki na rikon sakainar kashi na mugun nufi, jahilci, rashin ilimin asali na makaranta, da sauransu. Idan ba ku da kwarin gwiwa wajen fahimtar abin da aka rubuta, tambayi dangi / aboki / aminin da ke da ilimi na musamman don sarrafa ayyukanku. Kuma tabbatar da amfani da PPE tare da mafi girman yiwuwar tsaro na tsaro.
source: www.habr.com