Cloud4Y ya riga ya yi magana game da ban sha'awa , ci gaba a cikin USSR. Ci gaba da batun, bari mu tuna abin da wasu ayyukan ke da kyakkyawan fata, amma saboda dalilai da yawa ba a sami karɓuwa mai yawa ba ko kuma an adana su gaba ɗaya.
Tashar gas
A lokacin shirye-shiryen wasannin Olympics na 80, an yanke shawarar nuna wa kowa (da farko ga ƙasashen jari-hujja) zamani na Tarayyar Soviet. Kuma gidajen mai sun zama daya daga cikin hanyoyin nuna karfi da gogewar kasar. A Japan, da yawa (bisa ga wasu kafofin, 5 ko 8, amma adadin bai dace ba) an ba da umarnin gidajen mai, waɗanda suka bambanta da gidajen mai na yau da kullun.
An shigar da na farko a kan titin Brovarsky da ke Kyiv, tsakanin tashoshin metro na Darnitsa da Livoberezhnaya. Af, gidan mai yana aiki kuma , ko da yake ba a daina ciyar da nozzles na man fetur daga sama. Sauran kayan aikin sun daɗe ba aiki a cikin ma'ajin, kuma ko dai sun lalace ko kuma an sace su, amma sauran sun isa wani gidan mai. An sanya shi a kan babbar hanyar Kharkov.
Ba su sake yin tashoshi mai kamar haka ba. Duk da haka, akwai wasu. Alal misali, a Kuibyshev (yanzu Samara) a tsakiyar hanyar Moskovskoye Highway da Juyin Juyin Halitta akwai wani tashar mai, inda kuma aka ba da man fetur daga sama.
A kan babbar hanyar Tekun Bahar Maliya a Nizhnyaya Khobz (kusa da Sochi) akwai tashar mai. An gina tashar a cikin 1975 bisa ga tsarin asali, la'akari da yanayin ƙasa, yanayin yanayi kuma an sanye shi da kayan aikin gida.
Abin takaici ne cewa wannan shine inda aka ƙare ra'ayoyin ƙirƙira don ado gidajen mai. Kasar ba ta da lokacin yin zane, don haka kamannin gidajen mai bai canza sosai ba har yau. Haka ne, duk abin da ya zama mafi zamani kuma ya fi dacewa, amma ainihin abu ɗaya ne. Yaya al’amura ke tafiya da tsarin gidajen mai a wasu kasashe? Anan akwai ƙaramin zaɓi na kyawawan gidajen mai.
Hotunan gidajen mai da yawa
Tashar mai a kan babbar hanyar Kharkov
Tashar gas a Sochi yanzu
Ga wani sabon cikawa. Hoton yana kwanan wata 1977
Ana iya ganin tashar mai ta POPS Arcadia Route 66 a Oklahoma (Amurka) daga nesa saboda wata katuwar kwalabe mai tsayin mita 20.
Gidan mai da ke garin Zilla na Amurka ya sami wannan siffa don girmama dutsen da ke kusa da shi, wanda a cikin zurfinsa aka hako mai. Ana kiran dutsen mai suna Teapot Dome, wanda yayi kama da kalmar teapot - wato tukunyar shayi
Amma ba za mu taɓa gina bukkar mai kamar a Kanada ba. Tayi kama da wuta
Gidan mai daga garin Matushkovo na Slovak, wanda aka gina a cikin 2011, yana da ban sha'awa. Siffofin alfarwa sun yi kama da miya mai tashi
Amma wannan "tufafi na zinariya" daga Iraki zai sa ku ji kamar Sarki Midas.
Sunan mahaifi malevich
A'a, ba baki bane. Fari. Shahararren mai zane ya fito da wani nau'i na siffofi na geometric da ba a saba gani ba. Kuma game da hidimar, ya yi nasara.
Ƙirƙirar sabis ɗin ya zama mai yiwuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, masana'antar fasinja ta Imperial ta fara samar da alin wanda ya kasance "mai juyi cikin abun ciki, cikakke cikin tsari kuma maras kyau a aiwatar da fasaha." Kuma ya ja hankalin masu fasahar avant-garde don ƙirƙirar sabbin tarin abubuwa.
Sabis na Malevich, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa hudu, misali ne mai ban mamaki na aiwatar da ra'ayoyin avant-garde a cikin abubuwa masu aiki. Ana yin kofuna huɗu a cikin nau'i na sassauƙan hemispheres tare da hannaye rectangular. Kuma ana iya kwatanta kettle a matsayin nasara na ƙira akan aiki da dacewa. Siffar sa da ba a saba gani ba za ta ba ku mamaki.
Abincin Malevich ba su dace ba, amma ga mai zane ra'ayin kansa ya fi mahimmanci. Samfuran masu fasahar avant-garde ba su taɓa shiga samarwa da yawa ba, kodayake ana samar da sabis ɗin a masana'antar fasinja ta Imperial.
Karin hotuna
Lunar tushe "Zvezda"
Zane na farko daki-daki na tushe akan wata. An yi la'akari da manufar birni na wata a cikin 1960s da 70s. An shirya gudanar da tashar a duniyar wata don dalilai na kimiyya kawai, ko da yake a gaskiya ma sansanin yana da karfin soji: yana iya ɗaukar tsarin makamai masu linzami da na'urorin sa ido waɗanda ba za su iya isa ga makaman duniya ba. Shirin ya kai matakin karshe, amma saboda matsaloli da dama, masana kimiyya sun soke aikin.
A cewar aikin, wanda ya fara sauka a duniyar wata shine "jirgin lunar" tare da 'yan sama jannati 4 a cikinsa. Tare da taimakon jirgin, membobin balaguron za su gudanar da cikakken nazari kan yankin tare da fara gina ginin wucin gadi na wata. An shirya isar da kayayyaki guda 9 zuwa duniyar wata ta hanyar amfani da manyan motocin harba makamai. Kowane module yana da takamaiman manufa: dakin gwaje-gwaje, ajiya, bita, galley, ɗakin cin abinci, tashar ba da agajin gaggawa tare da dakin motsa jiki da wuraren zama uku.
Tsawon nau'ikan nau'ikan da ake iya rayuwa shine 8,6 m, diamita - 3,3 m; jimlar taro - ton 18. An isar da gunkin da bai wuce mita 4 ba ga wata a wurin. Sa'an nan, godiya ga wani karfe accordion, ya mike zuwa tsawon da ake so. A ciki ya kamata a cika da kayan da za a iya hurawa, kuma an tsara sel masu rai don mutane biyu.
An zabo ma'aikatan jirgin na Lunar, kuma an shirya tashin jirage a karshen shekarun 1980. Me ya faru? Motocin kaddamar da su sun kasa. An rufe shirin ne a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1972, lokacin da harba makamin roka na N-1 na hudu ya kare a wani hatsari. A cewar manazarta, musabbabin fashe-fashen shi ne rashin iya hada hannu wajen sarrafa adadi mai yawa na injuna. Wannan ita ce babbar gazawar S.P. Sarauniya. Bugu da ƙari, masu zanen kaya sun ƙididdige cewa balaguron balaguro, ginawa da zama na tushen wata zai buƙaci kimanin rubles biliyan 50 (dala biliyan 80). Kudi ya yi yawa. An dage ra'ayin gina tushen wata har sai daga baya.
Kallon gani da zane
OS DEMOS
Around 1982-1983 a Institute of Atomic Energy mai suna bayan. I. V. Kurchatov ya kawo rarrabawar tsarin aiki na UNIX (v6 da v7). Kasancewa kwararru daga wasu kungiyoyi a cikin aikin, masana kimiyya sun yi ƙoƙarin daidaita OS zuwa yanayin Soviet: fassara shi zuwa Rashanci kuma tabbatar da dacewa da kayan gida. Da farko, tare da motocin SM-4 da SM-1420. Cibiyar Nazarin Nazari ta Ma'aikatar Masana'antu ta Motoci ta gudanar da yankin.
Bayan hada kungiyoyin, an sanya wa aikin suna DEMOS (Dialogue Unified Mobile Operating System). Yana da ban dariya cewa ana iya kiransa UNAS, kamar dai ya bambanta gaskiyar cewa UNIX shine "nasu". Kuma ma’aikatar masana’antar kera motoci har ta kira tsarin MNOS (Machine-Independent Operating System).
Soviet OS da gaske sun haɗa nau'ikan Unix guda biyu: 16-bit DEC PDP OS da tsarin kwamfuta VAX 32-bit. DEMOS yayi aiki akan gine-ginen biyu. Kuma a lokacin da aka fara samar da CM 1700, wani analog na VAX 730 a Vilnius shuka, an riga an shigar da DEMOS OS.
A 1985, version DEMOS 2.0 da aka saki, da kuma a 1988, developers na Tarayyar Soviet OS aka bayar da Prize na Tarayyar Soviet Council ministocin Kimiyya da Fasaha. Amma a cikin 1990s an rufe aikin. Abin tausayi mana. Bayan haka, wa ya san ko ci gabanmu zai iya zarce samfurin abokan gaba daga Microsoft?
Karin hotuna
Masu haɓaka DEMOS bayan bikin bayar da lambar yabo
Akwai ko da wani littafi a kan Soviet OS. Ita ma saya!
Kamfanin, mai suna bayan OS da ya ƙirƙira, ya tsira daga USSR
Wurin aiki na Rodchenko
Alexander Rodchenko's constructivist ciki, wanda ake kira "Klub din Ma'aikata", an nuna shi a cikin USSR Pavilion a nunin kayan ado na kasa da kasa a Paris a 1925. Wannan shi ne babban baje kolin kasa da kasa na farko da Tarayyar Soviet ta halarta. Rodchenko ya ƙirƙiri sarari mai aiki da yawa wanda ke nuna manufofin sabuwar al'umma da ke neman gaba. An yi imani cewa ciki zai zama ainihin nau'i na kulake na ma'aikata, duka a cikin zane da kuma tsarawa.
Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ba kawai ɗakin da aka yi wa ado a cikin salon gine-gine ba. Wannan shi ne ainihin falsafar samar da sararin samaniya wanda ma'aikatan Soviet za su iya musayar ra'ayi, ba da jawabai, shiga cikin ilimin kai, wasa dara, da dai sauransu. Bayan canons na multifunctionality, mai zane ya haifar da ƙananan abubuwa waɗanda za a iya canza su zuwa wasu.
Misali, dandali mai nadawa kuma yana iya zama wurin gabatar da laccoci, wasan kwaikwayo, da maraice na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma don adana sarari, ana yin tebur na dara yana juyawa, ta yadda ’yan wasa za su iya canza launin guntu ba tare da barin kujerunsu ba. A cewar Rodchenko, ka'idar "wanda ke ba da damar fadada abu a cikin aikinsa a kan wani yanki mai girma, da kuma ninka shi a hankali a ƙarshen aikin."
Zane ya yi amfani da launuka hudu - launin toka, ja, baki da fari. An ba da launi mai mahimmanci - ya jaddada yanayin abubuwa da yadda ake amfani da su.
Aikin ya sami lambar azurfa, kuma bayan nunin an gabatar da shi ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Faransa, don haka ba a taba nuna shi a Rasha ba. Duk da haka, a cikin 2008, ƙwararrun Jamus sun sake gina kulob don nunin su "Daga jirgin sama zuwa sararin samaniya. Malevich da farkon zamani, "sannan kuma ya ba da kyauta ga Tretyakov Gallery.
Karin hotuna na ofishin
jirgin karkashin kasa
Labari mai ban mamaki mai cike da sha'awar ɗan leƙen asiri da fashe-fashe masu ban mamaki. A cikin 1930s, injiniya Alexander Trebelsky (a cewar wasu kafofin - Trebelev) a zahiri raving game da ra'ayin samar da "subterrine" - abin hawa iya motsi a karkashin kasa kamar tunneling garkuwa, amma a lokaci guda sauri, shiru. kuma da fa'ida mafi girma.
Da farko Trebelevsky ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙirƙira wani na'ura mai zafi - na'urar da, idan ya cancanta, za ta iya ƙona harsashi na jirgin ruwan karkashin kasa kuma ya ƙone ta cikin ƙasa mai ƙarfi. Amma daga baya ya yi watsi da wannan ra'ayi, ya ƙirƙira wani zane wanda aka aro ka'idar aiki daga wani talakawa mole. Wadannan dabbobin suna tono kasa ta hanyar juya tafin hannu da kai, sannan su tura jikinsu da kafafun bayansu. A wannan yanayin, ana tura ƙasa a cikin ganuwar ramin da aka samu.
Haka kuma an kera jirgin karkashin kasa. An yi wani atisaye mai ƙarfi a bakan, a tsakiyar akwai ƙwanƙolin da suke matse dutse a cikin bangon rijiyoyin, kuma a bayansa akwai jakuna huɗu masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke motsa na'urar gaba. Lokacin da atisayen ke juyawa a gudun 300 rpm, kwale-kwalen da ke karkashin kasa ya yi tazarar mita 10 a cikin sa'a guda, da alama hakan ya yi nasara. Sai ya zama kamar.
A 1933, Trebelevsky aka kama da NKVD, saboda a lokacin tafiya zuwa Jamus ya sadu da wani injiniya da kuma kawo zane daga can. Ya juya cewa Trebelevsky ya ari ra'ayin jirgin karkashin kasa daga Horner von Wern kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya tuna da shi. Hotunan sun ƙare a wani wuri a cikin NKVD. Kamar shi kansa injiniyan.
An sake tunawa da tawadar ƙarfe a cikin 60s: Nikita Khrushchev a fili ya yi alkawarin "samo masu mulkin mallaka ba kawai a sararin samaniya ba, har ma a karkashin kasa." Jagoran zukatan Tarayyar Soviet sun shiga cikin aikin sabon jirgin ruwa: Farfesa na Leningrad Babaev har ma da masanin kimiyya Sakharov. Sakamakon aikin da aka yi mai zafi shine motar da ke da injin sarrafa makamashin nukiliya, wanda ma'aikatan jirgin 5 ke sarrafawa da kuma iya jigilar bama-bamai da sojoji 15. Mun gwada jirgin karkashin kasa a cikin faduwar 1964 a cikin Urals kusa da Dutsen Blagodat. Sunan jirgin ruwan karkashin kasa "Battle Mole".
Na'urar ta kutsa cikin kasa cikin saurin tafiya, ta yi tafiya kusan kilomita 15 kuma ta lalata makin da ke karkashin kasa na makiya. Sojoji da masana kimiyya sun yi mamakin sakamakon gwajin. Sun yanke shawarar maimaita gwajin, amma tawadar yaƙin ya fashe a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ya kashe duk mutanen da ke cikin jirgin kuma ya makale har abada a cikin zurfin tsaunukan Ural. Ba a san ainihin abin da ya haifar da fashewar ba, saboda duk abubuwan da ke faruwa akan wannan lamarin har yanzu ana rarraba su a matsayin "babban sirri." Mafi mahimmanci, injin nukiliya na shigarwa ya fashe. Bayan gaggawar, an dage yanke shawarar ci gaba da amfani da jirgin karkashin kasa, sannan aka yi watsi da ita gaba daya.
Karin hotuna
Ga yadda jirgin karkashin kasa zai yi kama
Kayan aikin ma'aikata
Haka dutsen da aka yi gwaje-gwaje
Menene ban sha'awa, amma ba ayyukan "daukarwa" kuke tunawa ba?
Me kuma za ku iya karantawa akan blog?
→
→
→
→
→
Kuyi subscribing din mu - tashar, don kada ku rasa labarin na gaba! Ba mu rubuta fiye da sau biyu a mako ba kuma akan kasuwanci kawai.
source: www.habr.com