Lokacin gina hanyoyin sadarwa na Ethernet, ana amfani da nau'o'in kayan aiki daban-daban. Na dabam, yana da daraja nuna alamar sauyawar da ba a sarrafa ba - na'urori masu sauƙi waɗanda ke ba ka damar sauri da kuma yadda ya dace don tsara aikin karamin cibiyar sadarwa na Ethernet. Wannan labarin yana ba da cikakken bayyani na matakan shigarwar masana'anta mara sarrafa na jerin EKI-2000.
Gabatarwar
Ethernet ya daɗe ya zama wani sashe mai mahimmanci na kowace cibiyar sadarwa na masana'antu. Wannan ma'auni, wanda ya fito daga masana'antar IT, ya ba da damar matsawa zuwa sabon matakin ƙungiyar cibiyar sadarwa. Gudun gudu sun karu, dogaro ya karu, kuma yuwuwar gudanar da ayyukan cibiyar sadarwa ya bayyana. Ba a tilasta masu ƙirƙirar ka'idojin canja wurin bayanai su jira dogon lokaci ba. Kusan dukkanin manyan ka'idojin masana'antu, kamar Modbus TCP, EtherNet/IP, IEC 60870-5-104, PROFINET, DNP3, da dai sauransu, suna amfani da samfurin OSI iri ɗaya ko makamancin haka. Ana sanya nauyin kuɗin a cikin firam kuma ana watsa shi ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Ethernet. Kusan kowane mai sarrafawa na zamani, firikwensin firikwensin hankali ko panel afareta sanye take da hanyar sadarwa ta Ethernet don haɗi zuwa cibiyar sadarwa mai suna iri ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin cewa, a ka'idar, cibiyar sadarwar masana'antu na iya amfani da daidaitattun na'urorin Ethernet waɗanda za'a iya samuwa a cikin kamfani, ofis, ko ma cibiyar sadarwar gida. Koyaya, a aikace, an daɗe da ƙirƙirar babban nau'in na'urori waɗanda aka tsara don yin aiki musamman tare da cibiyoyin sadarwa kamar Ethernet na masana'antu. Ya haɗa da na'urorin sadarwar da aka daidaita don aiki musamman a cikin yanayin masana'antu, tabbatar da aminci, ƙananan matakan jinkiri, da kuma saduwa da ma'auni na masana'antu daban-daban da ake buƙata ta musamman masana'antu. A wannan yanayin, babban sashin "yakin", a matsayin mai mulkin, shine maɓalli na Ethernet na masana'antu. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa sauyawa shine na'urar da ke ba da izini don abin dogara kuma, mafi mahimmanci, saurin hulɗa tsakanin sassa da nodes na cibiyar sadarwa na masana'antu.
Sauyawa - mafita mafi kyau ga cibiyar sadarwar masana'antu
Canjin masana'antu, ko sauyawa, shine babban na'urar da ake amfani da ita don gina cibiyar sadarwa na masana'antu. Me yasa canji? Bayan haka, akwai wasu na'urori na cibiyar sadarwa, misali cibiyar sadarwa (hub) ko na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa (router). Yana da duka game da sauri da aiki. Na'urar mafi sauri da aka jera ita ce cibiya, wani lokaci da ya gabata irin wannan na'urar ta shahara sosai saboda ƙarancin farashi. A zahiri, cibiya ce mai maimaitawa ta multiport; tana aiki a matakin jiki bisa ga tsarin hanyar sadarwa na OSI da relays da aka karɓi bayanai zuwa duk tashoshin jiragen ruwa da aka haɗa.
A gefe guda, wannan makirci yana ba da damar jinkiri kaɗan a cikin hanyar sadarwa, amma a gefe guda, nauyin da ke kan hanyar sadarwa yana ƙaruwa, tun lokacin da watsa shirye-shirye tare da wannan aiwatarwa ya zama watsawa. Wannan yakan haifar da raguwar aikin cibiyar sadarwa. Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, na'ura ce da ke aiki a matakin cibiyar sadarwa bisa ga tsarin OSI kuma yana da wadataccen aiki wanda ke ba da damar gina hanyoyin watsa zirga-zirga. Irin wannan aikin yana buƙatar aikin na'ura mafi girma, tun da ana nazarin fakitin bayanin farawa daga kan matakin 3rd na ƙirar OSI kuma mafi girma. A sakamakon haka, jinkirin ya zama tsayi, tun da aiwatarwa a kan masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa shine a mafi yawan lokuta software, farashin ya fi girma, kuma irin wannan aikin yana buƙatar a matakin cibiyar sadarwa.
Sakamakon haka, masu sauyawa na matakai daban-daban da ayyuka sun zama mafi yaɗuwa a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa na Ethernet na masana'antu. Maɓalli shine na'ura mafi wayo fiye da cibiya da sauri fiye da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa saboda yana aiki a layin haɗin gwiwa bisa ga ƙirar OSI. Ana rarraba zirga-zirga a fili kuma an aika kai tsaye zuwa ga mai karɓa, wanda ke kawar da nauyin da ba dole ba a kan kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa, yana ba da damar sauran sassan ba su aiwatar da bayanan da ba a yi nufin su ba. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar nazarin adiresoshin MAC mai aikawa da inda ake nufi da ke cikin kowane firam ɗin bayanan da aka watsa. Wannan sauyawa yana ba ku damar cimma ƙarancin jinkiri a cikin rarraba zirga-zirga yayin kiyaye matakin farashi mai karɓuwa.
A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarsa, maɓallin yana ƙunshe da tebur (CAM-tebur), wanda ke nuna ma'amala tsakanin adireshin MAC na mai watsa shiri da tashar tashar jiki ta maɓalli, wanda daidai yake rage nauyin da ke kan hanyar sadarwa, tunda mai kunnawa ya san ainihin tashar jiragen ruwa. don tura fakitin bayanan zuwa. Duk da haka, yana da daraja la'akari da cewa lokacin da aka kunna ko sake kunnawa, yana aiki a cikin yanayin horo, tun da tebur ɗin ba komai bane. A cikin wannan yanayin, ana aika bayanan da ke zuwa wurin sauyawa zuwa duk sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa, kuma mai sauya yana bincika kuma ya shigar da adireshin MAC na mai aikawa a cikin tebur. A tsawon lokaci, zirga-zirgar yana cikin gida yayin da mai sauyawa ke tattara cikakken tebur taswirar adireshin MAC don duk tashar jiragen ruwa.
Yanzu yawancin masana'antun kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa don cibiyoyin sadarwar masana'antu suna ba da masu sauyawa azaman na'urori don tabbatar da hulɗa tsakanin nodes na cibiyar sadarwa. Fayil ɗin ya haɗa da maɓalli na ayyuka daban-daban; a matsayin mai mulki, akwai matakan da ba a sarrafa ba, sarrafawa da matakan L3. Kuma idan ana amfani da maɓallan L3 a matsayin madadin masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa a matakin cibiyar sadarwa kuma kawai batutuwa na musamman suna da alaƙa da zaɓin su, to zaɓin tsakanin maɓallin sarrafawa da wanda ba a sarrafa shi ya sauko zuwa ma'anar ma'anar ayyukan da na'urar cibiyar sadarwa dole ne. warware. Na gaba, za mu duba ainihin bambance-bambance tsakanin maɓallan sarrafawa da waɗanda ba a sarrafa su ba.
Sauye-sauye da ba a sarrafa ba
Maɓallan sarrafawa da waɗanda ba a sarrafa su ainihin na'urori ne daban-daban guda biyu waɗanda ke aiki a matakin L2 na ƙirar OSI. An ƙirƙira maɓalli mara sarrafa don rarraba sauri ta atomatik da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga a ko'ina cikin duk mahalarta cibiyar sadarwa. Wannan shine mafi kyawun bayani don cibiyoyin sadarwa tare da ƙaramin adadin na'urorin ƙarshe; fa'idodin sun haɗa da:
- tabbatar da babban kayan aiki na hanyar sadarwar Ethernet;
- gajeren lokacin amsawa;
- Sauƙin sarrafawa;
- samuwan ƙarin ayyuka don sarrafa kwararar bayanai.
Canjin da aka sarrafa yana da farashi mafi girma, ana amfani da shi don manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa kuma yana da ikon sarrafa cikakken zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar, saurin gudu, kuma yana da ƙarin damar gudanarwa. A zahiri, wannan shine mafi kyawun bayani don sassan cibiyar sadarwa inda ake buƙatar ƙarin ayyuka don rarrabuwa, sakewa, tsaro bayanai, da sauransu. Ba kamar canjin da ba a sarrafa ba, dole ne a daidaita canjin da ake sarrafawa ta hanyar ƙididdige ƙarin ƙarin saituna na wajibi.
Maɓallan da ba a sarrafa ba su ne toshewa da na'urori masu kunnawa waɗanda basa buƙatar haɗaɗɗiyar tsari ko zurfin ilimi. Suna ba ku damar tsara musanya da sauri tsakanin kayan aiki akan hanyar sadarwar Ethernet ba tare da ƙarin saitunan ba. Waɗannan maɓallan suna ba da damar na'urorin Ethernet don sadarwa tare da juna (kamar PLCs da HMIs), samar da haɗin kai zuwa cibiyar sadarwa da aika bayanai zuwa wurin da aka nufa daga mai aikawa. Sun zo tare da ƙayyadadden tsari kuma ba sa barin kowane canje-canje ga saitunan, don haka babu buƙatar ba da fifiko ga firam ko yin ƙarin tsari.
Ana amfani da maɓallan da ba a sarrafa su da farko don haɗa na'urorin da ke kewaye da su zuwa cibiyar sadarwa ko a cikin ƙaramin cibiyar sadarwa mai zaman kanta tare da abubuwa da yawa. A cikin mahallin masana'antu, wajibi ne a yi amfani da maɓalli waɗanda aka keɓance da takamaiman buƙatu.
Ana haɓaka maɓallan masana'antu don aikace-aikacen masana'antu daban-daban kamar samar da wutar lantarki, mai da iskar gas, jigilar jirgin ƙasa da ababen more rayuwa, da sauransu. An tsara su musamman don yin aiki a cikin yanayin zafi da yawa, girgizawa da girgizawa da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa mai aminci mai tsada da aminci.
Advantech jerin sauyawa
Maɓallin masana'antu Advantech jerin sune na'urori masu matakin shigarwa kuma an tsara su don tsara hulɗar na'urori da sauri ta hanyar ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta Ethernet. A halin yanzu a cikin jerin Fiye da na'urori 25 sun haɗa, teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna raguwar lambar tsari.
A wannan yanayin, masu sauyawa za a iya sanye su da duka tashoshin RJ-45 da tashoshin gani na gani don watsa bayanai akan yanayin guda ɗaya da fiber multimode, matsakaicin saurin zai iya kaiwa 1 Gbit/s.
Aiki na jerin masu sauyawa
Ayyukan masu sauyawa marasa sarrafawa gabaɗaya ba wani abu bane na ban mamaki. Duk da haka, bari mu gano abin da ayyuka har yanzu samuwa a kan Advantech jerin sauya .
Gano atomatik nau'in haɗin MDI/MDI-X
Wannan fasalin yana ba ku damar haɗa kowane nau'in na'urar Ethernet zuwa masu sauyawa ba tare da damuwa game da nau'in kebul ba: madaidaiciya ko crossover.
Yawanci, ana amfani da kebul na “madaidaiciya ta hanyar” don haɗa adaftar cibiyar sadarwa zuwa kayan sadarwar L2 (cibiya ko sauyawa). Don haɗa na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa iri ɗaya guda biyu zuwa juna ko, alal misali, adaftar cibiyar sadarwa zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, ana ba da shawarar amfani da kebul na crossover. Kasancewar aikin MDI/MDI-X yana ba ku damar amfani da kowane nau'in kebul tare da sauyawa.
Gano nau'in cibiyar sadarwa ta atomatik (Tattaunawa ta atomatik)
Wannan aikin, yana bin MDI/MDI-X, yana cikin Plug and Play kuma yana ba ku damar ƙayyade nau'in hanyar sadarwa da saurin watsawa ta atomatik wanda ma'aunin Ethernet ya bayar. A aikace, wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman, tunda cibiyar sadarwar da ke akwai na iya amfani da kayan aiki tare da halayen saurin gudu daban-daban, daga 10 Mbit/s zuwa 1 Gbit/s. Tattaunawa ta atomatik yana sauƙaƙe rayuwa ga masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa. Na'urar da kanta za ta "yi shawarwari" da sauri tare da iyakar "makwabcin Ethernet".
Kariyar Guguwar Watsa Labarai
Kariyar guguwar watsa shirye-shirye kuma abu ne mai fa'ida sosai ga masu sauyawa. Guguwar watsa shirye-shirye yawanci ana haifar da madaukai a cikin hanyar sadarwa na gida ko halin da ba daidai ba na ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta cibiyar sadarwa. A irin waɗannan lokuta, cibiyar sadarwar za ta cika da ɗimbin firam marasa amfani, wanda zai shafi saurin sa.
Siffar kariyar guguwar watsa shirye-shiryen canjin tana tace firam ɗin watsa shirye-shirye ta atomatik. Kuma lokacin da zirga-zirgar watsa shirye-shirye ta wuce wani kofa, cibiyar sadarwar har yanzu tana ci gaba da aiki saboda sauyawa ta atomatik tana adana bandwidth don watsa firam na yau da kullun.
Siffar kariyar guguwar watsa shirye-shirye akan maɓallan da ba a sarrafa su ba kunna ta tsohuwa. Cikakkun bayanai game da ƙimar kofa na kowane samfuri dole ne a fayyace akan gidan yanar gizon masana'anta.
P-Fail relay
Bari mu fara da gaskiyar cewa yawancin samfura a cikin jerin an ƙera shi don kewayon shigar da wutar lantarki na 12…48 V DC. An kwafi shigarwar kuma ana kiyaye shi daga jujjuyawar polarity, da kuma a kan wuce gona da iri ta hanyar fuse mai sake saitawa. Akwai na'urar kwatanta irin ƙarfin lantarki a wurin shigarwar, kuma idan aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki a kan abubuwan da aka haɗa guda biyu, mai kwatanta ta atomatik zai zaɓi mafi girma kuma ya sanya wannan shigarwa ta zama babba. Lokacin da ƙarfin lantarki a ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan shigarwa ya gaza ko lokacin da matakinsa ya faɗi ƙasa da 12 V, mai kunnawa yana canzawa ta atomatik zuwa tashoshi na biyu kuma yana rufe P-Fail relay. Wannan aikin yana ba ku damar saka idanu kan yanayin cibiyar sadarwar samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sigina da rashin aiki da sauri.
LED nuni
Wannan fasalin yana ba ku damar tantance yanayin canjin ta hanyar duba shi ta gani. Kowane tashar tashar bayanai na jerin sauyawa yana da LEDs guda biyu don nuna saurin watsawa, matsayin haɗin kai da yiwuwar haɗuwa. Har ila yau, akwai LEDs waɗanda ke kwafin P-Fail relays, waɗanda ake kunna su lokaci guda lokacin da ɗayan wutar lantarki ya karye.
PoE (Power-over-Ethernet)
A kan adadin maɓallan da ba a sarrafa ba a cikin jerin An aiwatar da aikin Power-over-Ethernet. Yana ba ku damar samar da wutar lantarki zuwa na'urori masu nisa bisa ga ka'idodin IEEE 802.3af da IEEE 802.3at (PoE+), inda ake amfani da layin watsa mai murdaɗi-biyu na nau'in 5e da mafi girma azaman layin wutar lantarki. Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da ƙimar ƙima na 53...57 VDC azaman hanyar sadarwar samar da waɗannan maɓalli don gujewa raguwar ƙarfin lantarki akan layi.
Ginin EMI da Kariyar ESD
Juya jerin da ginannen tsarin tacewa don karewa daga tsangwama na lantarki da ƙarfin lantarki. Ta hanyar layin wutar lantarki, maɓalli na iya samar da aiki yayin hayaniya na ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da amplitude har zuwa 3000 V DC, haka kuma yayin fitar da wutar lantarki akan tashoshin RJ-45 har zuwa 4000 V.
Mai ginawa
Lallai duk masu sauyawa a cikin jerin suna da gidaje masu ɗorewa na ƙarfe tare da matakin kariya IP30. Tsarin tsari za a iya yin shi a cikin nau'i biyu, wannan ko dai nau'i ne don hawa kan dogo na DIN ko don hawa a cikin 19 'rack. Ana haɗa duk abubuwan hawan da ake buƙata a cikin kit ɗin. Har ila yau, ana iya shigar da maɓallan da aka ƙera don a ɗaura su a kan dogo na DIN a kan panel; ana ba da dutsen.
ƙarshe
Maɓallai marasa sarrafa masana'antu na'urori ne da aka daidaita don aiki musamman a cikin yanayin masana'antu. Suna samar da amintaccen haɗin gwiwa da sauri tsakanin nodes Ethernet, kuma basa buƙatar ƙarin saituna da daidaitawa. A halin yanzu, canjin da ba a sarrafa shi ba shine na'urar cibiyar sadarwa mai sauƙi mai sauƙi wanda zai iya magance adadi mai yawa na ayyuka na yau da kullun da suka danganci tsara musayar akan hanyar sadarwar Ethernet. Ba a buƙatar saiti; kawai kuna buƙatar cire mai sauya daga akwatin kuma haɗa duk masu haɗin da ake buƙata.
Advantech Unmanged Switch Series , na cikin nau'ikan na'urori da aka kwatanta, suna tallafawa nau'ikan ayyuka masu mahimmanci da mahimmanci, irin su ganowa ta atomatik na nau'in haɗin MDI / MDI-X, ganowa ta atomatik na nau'in cibiyar sadarwa (Auto-Negotiation), kariyar hadari na watsa shirye-shirye, PoE, kariya. a kan tsangwama na lantarki da matakan lantarki, da dai sauransu. Haɗe tare, duk waɗannan ayyukan suna ba ku damar amfani da su don magance matsalolin asali na tsara hulɗa tsakanin cibiyar sadarwa da ƙarshen nodes.
Misalin aikace-aikacen
Ɗaya daga cikin abokan cinikin Advantech shine . Don haɓaka damar sadarwar bayanai yayin rage farashin haɗin gwiwa, CNPC ta zaɓi hanyar sa ido da kulawar filin mai na Advantech. Ana watsa bayanai ta hanyar sadarwar salula daga filin zuwa cibiyar sarrafawa. Masu ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa an shigar da masu sauyawa a cikin akwatunan da ke kusa da famfunan famfo, samar da haɗin yanar gizo don kayan aikin filin kamar kyamarori, PLCs, RTUs da sauran na'urori.
Litattafai
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Marubucin ma'aikacin kamfani ne
source: www.habr.com