Tarihin zamani na adawa tsakanin Intel da AMD a cikin kasuwar sarrafa kayan masarufi ya koma rabin na biyu na 90s. Zamanin manyan canje-canje da shiga cikin al'ada, lokacin da Intel Pentium ya kasance a matsayin mafita na duniya, kuma Intel Inside ya zama kusan taken da aka fi sani a duniya, an yi masa alama da shafuka masu haske a tarihin ba kawai blue ba, amma har ma. ja - farawa daga K6 tsara, AMD gasa gasa tare da Intel a yawancin sassan kasuwa. Duk da haka, abubuwan da suka faru na wani mataki kadan daga baya - rabin farkon shekarun XNUMX - sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fitowar almara na gine-ginen Core, wanda har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin layin sarrafawa na Intel.
Tarihi kadan, asali da juyin juya hali
Farkon shekarun 2000 yana da alaƙa da matakai da yawa a cikin haɓaka na'urori masu sarrafawa - tseren mitar 1 GHz da ake sha'awar, bayyanar na'urar sarrafa dual-core ta farko, da kuma gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya don fifiko a cikin sashin tebur na taro. Bayan da Pentium ya zama mara amfani kuma Athlon 64 X2 ya shiga kasuwa, Intel ya gabatar da na'urori masu sarrafa Core, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama wani sauyi a cikin ci gaban masana'antar.
An sanar da na'urori na farko na Core 2 Duo a ƙarshen Yuli 2006 - fiye da shekara guda bayan fitowar Athlon 64 X2. A cikin aikinsa a kan sabon ƙarni, Intel ya jagoranci da farko ta al'amurran da suka shafi inganta gine-gine, cimma mafi girma makamashi yadda ya dace Manuniya riga a farkon ƙarni na model dangane da Core gine, codenamed Conroe - sun kasance sau daya da rabi fiye da Pentium 4, kuma tare da fakitin thermal da aka ayyana na 65 W, karfe, watakila, mafi kyawun sarrafa makamashi a kasuwa a wancan lokacin. Yin aiki azaman kamawa (wanda ke faruwa sau da yawa), Intel ya aiwatar a cikin sabon ƙarni na tallafi don ayyukan 64-bit tare da gine-ginen EM64T, sabon saitin umarnin SSSE3, da kuma fakitin fakitin fasaha na tushen x86.
Core 2 Duo microprocessor mutu
Bugu da kari, daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan na'urori masu sarrafawa na Conroe shine babban cache na L2, wanda tasirinsa akan aikin gabaɗayan na'urori ya kasance sananne har ma a lokacin. Bayan yanke shawarar bambance sassan na'ura, Intel ya kashe rabin 4 MB L2 cache ga ƙananan wakilan layin (E6300 da E6400), don haka alamar sashin farko. Koyaya, fasalulluka na fasaha na Core (ƙarar ƙarancin zafi da ingantaccen ƙarfin kuzari da ke da alaƙa da yin amfani da siyar da gubar) sun ba masu amfani da ci gaba damar cimma matsaya mai girma a kan hanyoyin dabarun tsarin ci gaba - ingantattun uwayen uwa sun ba da damar overclock da bas ɗin FSB , ƙara mitar junior processor har zuwa 3 GHz da ƙari (samar da jimlar haɓakar 60%), godiya ga nasarar kwafin E6400 na iya yin gasa tare da manyan 'yan'uwansu E6600 da E6700, kodayake a farashin babban haɗarin zazzabi. . Koyaya, har ma da ƙarancin overclocking ya ba da damar samun sakamako mai mahimmanci - a cikin ma'auni, tsofaffin na'urori masu sarrafawa cikin sauƙin maye gurbin Athlon 64 X2 na ci gaba, alamar matsayin sabbin shugabanni da waɗanda mutane suka fi so.
Bugu da kari, Intel ya ƙaddamar da juyin juya hali na gaske - na'urori masu sarrafawa na quad-core na dangin Kentsfield tare da prefix Q, wanda aka gina akan nanometer 65 iri ɗaya, amma ta amfani da tsari na kwakwalwan kwamfuta na Core 2 Duo guda biyu akan madaidaicin madauri ɗaya. Bayan samun mafi girman ingancin makamashi mai yuwuwa (dandalin yana cinye adadin daidai da nau'ikan lu'ulu'u biyu da aka yi amfani da su daban), Intel a karon farko ya nuna irin ƙarfin da tsarin da zaren guda huɗu zai iya zama - a cikin aikace-aikacen multimedia, adanawa da wasanni masu nauyi waɗanda ke amfani da nauyi sosai. daidaitawa a cikin zaren da yawa (a cikin 2007, waɗannan sune Crysis mai ban sha'awa da kuma ƙarancin Gears of War), bambancin aiki tare da daidaitawar mai sarrafawa ɗaya na iya zama har zuwa 100%, wanda shine fa'ida mai ban mamaki ga kowane mai siye. tsarin tushen Quad 2 Core XNUMX.
Manne C2Ds guda biyu akan substrate ɗaya - Core 2 Quad
Kamar yadda yake tare da layin Pentium, masu sarrafawa mafi sauri an tsara su Extreme tare da prefix QX, kuma suna samuwa ga masu sha'awa da masu ginin tsarin OEM akan farashi mai girma. Kambi na ƙarni na 65-nm shine QX6850 tare da mitar 3 GHz da bas ɗin FSB mai sauri da ke aiki a mitar 1333 MHz. An sayar da wannan processor akan $999.
Tabbas, irin wannan gagarumar nasara ba za ta iya ba sai dai gamu da gasa daga AMD, amma giant ɗin ja a wancan lokacin bai riga ya ci gaba da samar da na'urori masu sarrafawa na quad-core ba, don magance sabbin samfuran daga Intel, dandalin gwaji na Quad FX. , wanda aka haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da NVidia, an gabatar da shi kuma an karɓi samfurin serial guda ɗaya kawai na ASUS L1N64 motherboard, wanda aka tsara don amfani da na'urori biyu na Athlon FX X2 da Opteron.
ASUS L1N64
Dandalin ya zama sabon fasaha mai ban sha'awa a cikin al'ada, amma yawancin tarurruka na fasaha, babban amfani da wutar lantarki da matsakaici (idan aka kwatanta da samfurin QX6700) bai ba da damar dandamali ya sami nasarar yin gasa ga babban yanki na kasuwa ba. - Intel ya sami nasara, kuma na'urori masu sarrafawa na Phenom FX masu nau'i hudu sun bayyana a cikin ja kawai a cikin Nuwamba 2007, lokacin da mai fafatawa ya shirya don ɗaukar mataki na gaba.
Layin Penryn, wanda shine ainihin abin da ake kira mutu-shrink (raguwa a girman mutu) na kwakwalwan kwamfuta na 65 nm daga 2007, an yi muhawara akan kasuwa a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2008 tare da na'urori na Wolfdale - watanni 2 kacal bayan fitowar AMD's Phenom FX . Canje-canje zuwa fasahar tsari na 45-nm ta amfani da sabbin dielectrics da kayan masana'antu sun ba mu damar fadada hangen nesa na gine-ginen Core har ma da gaba. Masu sarrafawa sun sami goyon baya ga SSE4.1, goyon baya ga sababbin fasalulluka na ceton wuta (kamar Deep Power Down, wanda kusan ba shi da amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin yanayin rashin ƙarfi akan nau'ikan na'urori masu sarrafawa), kuma ya zama mai sanyaya sosai - a wasu gwaje-gwajen bambancin. zai iya kaiwa digiri 10 idan aka kwatanta da jerin da suka gabata Conroe. Samun karuwar mitar da aiki, da kuma karɓar ƙarin cache na L2 (na Core 2 Duo ƙarar sa ya ƙaru zuwa 6 MB), sabbin na'urori na Core sun sami manyan matsayinsu a cikin ma'auni, kuma sun buɗe hanya don ƙarin zagaye na gasa mai zafi farkon sabon zamani. Zamanin nasara da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, zamanin dawwama da kwanciyar hankali. Zamanin na'urori masu sarrafawa na Core i.
Mataki daya gaba da koma baya. Farkon ƙarni na Core i7
Tuni a cikin Nuwamba 2008, Intel ya gabatar da sabon tsarin gine-ginen Nehalem, wanda ke nuna alamar sakin na'urori na farko daga jerin Core i, wanda ya saba da kowane mai amfani a yau. Ba kamar sanannen Core 2 Duo ba, ginin Nehalem da farko ya samar da muryoyin jiki guda huɗu akan guntu ɗaya, da kuma wasu fasalulluka na gine-gine da aka sani da mu daga sabbin fasahohin fasaha daga AMD - haɗaɗɗen mai sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, babban cache na matakin uku. , da QPI- interface wanda ya maye gurbin HyperTransport.
Intel Core i7-970 microprocessor mutu
Tare da mai sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka motsa a ƙarƙashin murfin mai sarrafawa, an tilasta Intel sake gina dukkan tsarin cache, rage girman cache na L2 don goyon bayan haɗin haɗin L3 cache na 8 MB. Duk da haka, wannan matakin ya ba da damar rage yawan buƙatun, da kuma rage cache na L2 zuwa 256 KB a kowace core ya zama mafita mai mahimmanci dangane da saurin aiki tare da ƙididdiga masu yawa, inda yawancin nauyin kaya. An yi magana da cache na gama gari na L3.
Baya ga sake fasalin cache, Intel ya ɗauki mataki gaba tare da Nehalem, yana ba da masu sarrafawa tare da tallafi ga DDR3 a mitoci na 800 da 1066 MHz (duk da haka, ƙa'idodin farko sun yi nisa da iyakancewa ga waɗannan na'urori masu sarrafawa), da kawar da tallafin DDR2, sabanin AMD, wanda yayi amfani da ka'idar dacewa ta baya a cikin na'urori na Phenom II, ana samun su akan duka AM2+ da sabbin kwasfa na AM3. Mai kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kanta a cikin Nehalem na iya aiki a ɗayan hanyoyi uku tare da ɗaya, biyu ko uku tashoshi na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya akan bas 64, 128 ko 192-bit, bi da bi, godiya ga abin da masana'antun motherboard suka sanya har zuwa 6 DIMM DDR3 masu haɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya akan PCB. . Dangane da ƙirar QPI, ya maye gurbin bas ɗin FSB wanda ya riga ya tsufa, yana haɓaka bandwidth na dandamali aƙalla sau biyu - wanda shine mafita mai kyau musamman daga mahangar ƙara buƙatun buƙatun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Hyper-Threading da aka manta da shi ya koma Nehalem, yana ba da muryoyin zahiri guda huɗu masu ƙarfi tare da zaren kama-da-wane guda takwas, kuma ya haifar da “waɗannan SMT.” A zahiri, an sake aiwatar da HT a cikin Pentium, amma tun lokacin Intel bai yi tunanin hakan ba har yanzu.
Fasahar Haɓaka-Tsarki
Wani fasalin fasaha na ƙarni na farko na Core i shine mitar aiki na asali na cache da masu kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tsarin da ya haɗa da canza sigogin da suka dace a cikin BIOS - Intel ya ba da shawarar ninka mitar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don mafi kyawun aiki, amma har ma da irin wannan ƙaramin abu. na iya zama matsala ga wasu masu amfani, musamman lokacin overclocking QPI bas (aka BCLK bas), saboda kawai tsada mai tsada na layin i7-965 tare da alamar Extreme Edition sun sami haɓaka mai buɗewa, yayin da 940 da 920 suna da tsayayyen mitar. tare da ninkawa na 22 da 20, bi da bi.
Nehalem ya zama mafi girma duka a jiki (girman mai sarrafawa ya karu kadan idan aka kwatanta da Core 2 Duo saboda mai kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ake motsawa a ƙarƙashin murfin) kuma kusan.
Kwatanta girman masu sarrafawa
Godiya ga saka idanu na "smart" na tsarin wutar lantarki, mai kula da PCU (Power-Control Unit), tare da yanayin Turbo, ya sa ya yiwu a sami ɗan ƙarami kaɗan (kuma, saboda haka, aiki) ko da ba tare da daidaitawar hannu ba, iyakance kawai. zuwa darajar farantin suna 130 W. Gaskiya ne, a lokuta da yawa wannan iyaka za a iya tura baya da ɗan ta hanyar canza saitunan BIOS, samun ƙarin 100-200 MHz.
Gabaɗaya, tsarin gine-ginen Nehalem yana da abubuwa da yawa don bayarwa - haɓaka mai girma cikin ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da Core 2 Duo, aikin zare da yawa, muryoyi masu ƙarfi da goyan baya ga sabbin ƙa'idodi.
Akwai rashin fahimta guda ɗaya da ke da alaƙa da ƙarni na farko na i7, wato kasancewar soket biyu LGA1366 da LGA1156 tare da iri ɗaya (a farkon kallo) Core i7. Koyaya, nau'ikan dabaru guda biyu ba su kasance saboda sha'awar kamfani mai haɗama ba, amma zuwa sauye-sauye zuwa gine-ginen Lynnfield, mataki na gaba a cikin haɓaka layin sarrafawa na Core i.
Amma ga gasa daga AMD, giant ɗin ja baya cikin sauri don canzawa zuwa sabon tsarin gine-ginen juyin juya hali, yana gaggawar ci gaba da tafiyar Intel. Yin amfani da K10 mai kyau, kamfanin ya saki Phenom II, wanda ya zama canji zuwa fasaha na 45-nm na ƙarni na farko na Phenom ba tare da wani gagarumin canje-canje na gine-gine ba.
Godiya ga raguwa a yankin mutu, AMD ya sami damar yin amfani da ƙarin sararin samaniya don ɗaukar wani cache mai ban sha'awa na L3, wanda a cikin tsarinsa (da kuma tsarin gabaɗayan abubuwa akan guntu) yayi daidai da ci gaban Intel tare da Nehalem, amma yana da. da dama rashin amfani saboda sha'awar tattalin arziki da koma baya dacewa tare da saurin tsufa AM2 dandamali.
Bayan gyara gazawar a cikin aikin Cool'n'Quiet, wanda kusan bai yi aiki a ƙarni na farko na Phenom ba, AMD ta fitar da bita biyu na Phenom II, na farkon wanda aka gabatar da shi ga masu amfani akan tsofaffin kwakwalwan kwamfuta na AM2. kuma na biyu - don sabunta AM3 dandali tare da goyan bayan ƙwaƙwalwar DDR3. Yana da sha'awar ci gaba da goyon baya ga sababbin na'urori masu sarrafawa a kan tsofaffin uwa-uba wanda ya buga mummunar wargi akan AMD (wanda, duk da haka, za a sake maimaita shi a nan gaba) - saboda fasalin dandamali a cikin hanyar jinkirin arewa gada, sabon Phenom. II X4 ba zai iya aiki a mitar da ake sa ran bas ɗin uncore (mai sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da cache L3), ya rasa wasu ƙarin ayyuka a cikin bita na farko.
Koyaya, Phenom II yana da araha kuma yana da ƙarfi isa ya nuna sakamako a matakin ƙarni na baya na Intel - wato Core 2 Quad. Tabbas, wannan yana nufin kawai AMD bai shirya yin gasa da Nehalem ba. Kwata-kwata.
Sai kuma Westmere ya iso...
Westmere Mai rahusa fiye da AMD, da sauri fiye da Nehalem
Fa'idodin Phenom II, wanda giant ɗin ja ya gabatar a matsayin madadin kasafin kuɗi zuwa Q9400, yana cikin abubuwa biyu. Na farko a bayyane yake dacewa tare da dandalin AM2, wanda ya sami yawancin magoya bayan kwamfutoci masu tsada a lokacin sakin Phenom na ƙarni na farko. Na biyu farashi ne mai daɗi, wanda ba mai tsada i7 9xx ko mafi araha (amma ba riba ba) Code 2 Quad series processors zai iya yin gasa da. AMD yana yin fare akan samun dama ga mafi girman kewayon masu amfani, yan wasa na yau da kullun da ƙwararrun masu kula da kasafin kuɗi, amma Intel ya riga ya yi shirin doke duk katunan chipmaker da hagu ɗaya.
A ainihinsa shine Westmere, ci gaban gine-gine na gaba na Nehalem (jikin Bloomfield), wanda ya tabbatar da kansa a tsakanin masu sha'awar sha'awa da waɗanda suka fi son ɗaukar mafi kyau. A wannan lokacin, Intel ya watsar da hanyoyin hadaddun masu tsada masu tsada - sabon saiti na dabaru dangane da soket na LGA1156 ya rasa mai sarrafa QPI, ya karɓi DMI mai sauƙaƙawar tsarin gine-gine, ya sami mai sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar DDR3 mai tashar dual-tashar, sannan kuma ya sake tura wasu ayyuka a ƙarƙashin murfin processor - wannan lokacin ya zama mai kula da PCI.
Duk da cewa a gani sabon Core i7-8xx da Core i5-750 suna daidai da girman Core 2 Quad, godiya ga canzawa zuwa 32 nm, kristal ya juya ya fi girma fiye da na Nehalem - sadaukarwa. ƙarin abubuwan da aka fitar na QPI da haɗa shingen daidaitattun tashoshin I / O, injiniyoyin Intel sun haɗa mai sarrafa PCI, wanda ya mamaye 25% na yanki na guntu kuma an tsara shi don rage jinkirin aiki tare da GPU, saboda ƙarin hanyoyin 16 PCI ba su taɓa wuce gona da iri ba.
A Westmere, an inganta yanayin Turbo, wanda aka gina akan ka'idar "ƙarin ƙira - ƙarancin mita", wanda Intel ke amfani dashi ya zuwa yanzu. Dangane da tunanin injiniyoyin, iyakar 95 W (wanda shine daidai adadin da aka sabunta flagship ya kamata ya cinye) ba koyaushe ake samun nasara a baya ba saboda fifikon overclocking duk mahimman bayanai a kowane yanayi. Yanayin da aka sabunta ya ba da damar yin amfani da overclocking na "smart", mitoci na yin amfani da su ta yadda lokacin da aka yi amfani da cibiya ɗaya, sauran an kashe su, suna ba da ƙarin iko don wuce abin da ke ciki. A cikin irin wannan hanya mai sauƙi, ya zama cewa lokacin overclocking guda ɗaya, mai amfani ya kai matsakaicin mitar agogo, lokacin da ya wuce biyu, yana da ƙasa, kuma idan ya wuce duk hudun, ba shi da mahimmanci. Wannan shine yadda Intel ya tabbatar da mafi girman aiki a yawancin wasanni da aikace-aikace ta amfani da zaren guda ɗaya ko biyu, yayin da yake kiyaye ƙarfin kuzari wanda AMD kawai zai iya yin mafarkin baya.
Rukunin Kula da Wutar Lantarki, wanda ke da alhakin rarraba wutar lantarki tsakanin cores da sauran kayayyaki akan guntu, shima an inganta shi sosai. Godiya ga haɓakawa a cikin tsarin fasaha da haɓaka aikin injiniya a cikin kayan, Intel ya sami damar ƙirƙirar kusan tsari mai kyau wanda mai sarrafawa, yayin da yake cikin yanayin zaman banza, zai iya cinye kusan babu ƙarfi KADAN. Abin lura ne cewa cimma irin wannan sakamakon ba a haɗa shi da sauye-sauye na gine-gine ba - ƙungiyar mai kula da PSU ta koma ƙarƙashin murfin Westmere ba tare da wani canje-canje ba, kuma kawai ƙara yawan buƙatun kayan aiki da ingancin gabaɗaya ya sa ya yiwu a rage kwararar ruwa daga ɗigon da aka cire zuwa sifili. ko kusan zuwa sifili) na'ura mai sarrafa kayan aiki da kayayyaki masu rakiyar suna cikin halin rashin aiki.
Ta hanyar musayar mai kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar tashoshi uku don tashoshi biyu, Westmere zai iya yin hasarar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, amma godiya ga ƙara yawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (1066 don babban aikin Nehalem, da 1333 don jarumi na wannan ɓangaren labarin), sabon. i7 ba kawai ya yi hasarar a cikin aikin ba, amma a wasu lokuta ya juya ya zama sauri fiye da na'urori masu sarrafawa na Nehalem. Ko da a cikin aikace-aikacen da ba sa amfani da duk nau'ikan nau'ikan guda huɗu, i7 870 ya zama kusan iri ɗaya da babban ɗan'uwansa godiya ga fa'idar a mitar DDR3.
Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayon na i7 da aka sabunta sun kusan kama da mafi kyawun mafita na ƙarni na baya - i7 975, wanda ya ninka sau biyu. A lokaci guda, ƙaramin bayani ya daidaita akan gemu tare da Phenom II X4 965 BE, wani lokacin amincewa gaba da shi, wani lokacin kuma dan kadan.
Amma farashin shine ainihin batun wanda ya rikitar da duk magoya bayan Intel - kuma mafita a cikin nau'in $ 199 mai ban mamaki ga Core i5 750 ya dace da kowa da kowa. Ee, babu yanayin SMT a nan, amma maƙallan ƙira da kyakkyawan aiki sun sa ya yiwu ba wai kawai ya ƙetare na'ura mai sarrafa AMD ta flagship ba, har ma don yin shi mai rahusa.
Waɗannan lokutan duhu ne ga Reds, amma suna da ƙarfi sama da hannun riga - sabon ƙarni na AMD FX processor yana gab da fitowa. Gaskiya, Intel bai zo da makamai ba.
Haihuwar almara da babban yaƙi. Sandy Bridge vs AMD FX
Idan aka waiwayi tarihin alakar da ke tsakanin manyan gwanayen biyu, ya zama a bayyane cewa lokacin 2010-2011 ne ke da alaƙa da mafi girman tsammanin AMD, da mafita ga Intel ba zato ba tsammani. Kodayake kamfanonin biyu sun yi kasada ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin gine-ginen gaba daya, ga Reds sanarwar na gaba na iya zama bala'i, yayin da Intel, gabaɗaya, ba shi da shakku.
Yayin da Lynnfield ya kasance babban gyaran kwaro, Sandy Bridge ya ɗauki injiniyoyi zuwa allon zane. Juyawa zuwa 32 nm alama ce ta ƙirƙira tushen monolithic, baya kama da keɓantaccen shimfidar da aka yi amfani da shi a Nehalem, inda tubalan biyu na cores biyu suka raba kristal zuwa sassa biyu, kuma na'urori na biyu suna a gefe. Dangane da gadar Sandy, Intel ya ƙirƙiri shimfidar wuri guda ɗaya, inda muryoyin ke kasancewa a cikin toshe ɗaya, ta amfani da cache na gama gari na L3. An sake fasalin bututun zartarwa wanda ke samar da bututun aiki gaba daya, kuma bas ɗin zobe mai sauri ya ba da ɗan jinkiri lokacin aiki tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma, saboda haka, mafi girman aiki a kowane ɗawainiya.
Intel Core i7-2600k microprocessor guntu
Haɗaɗɗen zane-zane kuma sun bayyana a ƙarƙashin murfin, wanda ya mamaye kashi 20% na guntu guda ɗaya a cikin yanki - a karon farko cikin shekaru da yawa, Intel ya yanke shawarar da gaske don magance ginanniyar GPU. Kuma ko da yake ta ma'auni na manyan katunan masu hankali irin wannan kari ba wani abu ba ne mai mahimmanci, mafi kyawun katunan zane na Sandy Bridge na iya zama ba dole ba. Amma duk da transistor miliyan 112 da aka ware don guntu mai hoto, a cikin Sandy Bridge injiniyoyin Intel sun dogara da haɓaka aikin aiki ba tare da haɓaka yankin mutu ba, wanda a kallon farko ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba - mutuwar ƙarni na uku kawai ya fi girma fiye da 2 mm2. Q9000 sau ɗaya yana da. Shin injiniyoyin Intel sun sami nasarar cimma abin ban mamaki? Yanzu amsar da alama a bayyane take, amma bari mu kiyaye ta mai ban sha'awa. Za mu dawo kan wannan ba da jimawa ba.
Baya ga sabon tsarin gine-gine, Sandy Bridge kuma ya zama layin na'ura mafi girma a tarihin Intel. Idan a lokacin Lynnfield blues ya gabatar da nau'ikan 18 (11 don PC na hannu da 7 don tebur), yanzu kewayon su ya karu zuwa 29 (!) SKUs na duk bayanan martaba. Kwamfutocin Desktop sun karɓi 8 daga cikinsu a lokacin fitarwa - daga i3-2100 zuwa i7-2600k. A takaice dai, an rufe dukkan sassan kasuwa. An ba da mafi arha i3 akan $117, kuma flagship ɗin ya kai $317, wanda ya yi arha mai matuƙar arha bisa ƙa'idodin al'ummomin da suka gabata.
A cikin gabatarwar tallace-tallace, Intel ya kira Sandy Bridge "ƙarni na biyu na na'urori masu sarrafawa na Core," kodayake a zahiri akwai irin waɗannan tsararraki uku a gabansa. blues sun bayyana tunaninsu ta hanyar ƙididdige adadin na'urori masu sarrafawa, inda aka kwatanta adadin bayan i * nadi da tsararraki - don haka ne mutane da yawa suka gaskata cewa Nehalem shine kawai gine-gine na ƙarni na farko i7.
Na farko a tarihin Intel, Sandy Bridge ya karbi sunan na'urori masu sarrafawa - harafin K a cikin sunan samfurin, ma'ana mai haɓaka kyauta (kamar yadda AMD ke son yi, na farko a cikin jerin na'urori na Black Edition, sannan a ko'ina). Amma, kamar yadda yake a cikin SMT, irin wannan kayan alatu yana samuwa ne kawai don ƙarin kuɗi kuma kawai akan ƴan ƙira.
Baya ga layin gargajiya, Sandy Bridge kuma yana da na'urorin sarrafawa masu lakabin T da S, waɗanda ke da nufin masu ginin kwamfuta da na'urori masu ɗaukar nauyi. A baya, Intel bai yi la'akari da wannan sashin sosai ba.
Tare da canje-canje a cikin aikin mai ninka da bas ɗin BCLK, Intel ya toshe ikon overclock model Sandy Bridge ba tare da alamar K ba, don haka rufe madaidaicin madaidaicin a Nehalem. Wani wahala dabam ga masu amfani shine tsarin "iyakance overclocking", wanda ya ba da damar saita ƙimar mitar Turbo don na'ura mai sarrafawa wanda aka hana shi jin daɗin ƙirar da ba a buɗe ba. Ka'idar aiki na overclocking daga cikin akwatin ta kasance ba ta canzawa tare da Lynnfield - lokacin amfani da cibiya ɗaya, tsarin yana samar da matsakaicin adadin (gami da sanyaya) mitar, kuma idan na'urar ta cika, to overclocking zai zama ƙasa da ƙasa sosai, amma ga duk muryoyin. .
Manual overclocking na ƙirar ƙira, akasin haka, ya shiga cikin tarihi godiya ga lambobin da Sandy Bridge ta ba da damar cimma koda an haɗa su tare da mafi sauƙin mai sanyaya. 4.5 GHz ba tare da kashe kuɗi akan sanyaya ba? Ba wanda ya taɓa yin tsalle kamar haka. Ba tare da ambaton cewa ko da 5 GHz an riga an iya cimma su daga mahangar overclocking tare da isasshen sanyaya.
Tare da sabbin kayan aikin gine-gine, Sandy Bridge yana tare da sabbin fasahohin fasaha - sabon dandamali na LGA1155 sanye take da tallafi don SATA 6 Gb/s, bayyanar UEFI interface don BIOS, da sauran ƙananan abubuwa masu daɗi. Dandalin da aka sabunta ya sami goyon baya na asali don HDMI 1.4a, Blu-Ray 3D da DTS HD-MA, godiya ga wanda, ba kamar mafitacin tebur ba dangane da Westmere (Clarkdale core), Sandy Bridge bai fuskanci matsaloli mara kyau ba yayin fitar da bidiyo zuwa TV na zamani da kunna fina-finai a firam 24, wanda babu shakka ya faranta wa magoya bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo dadi.
Duk da haka, abubuwa sun fi kyau ta hanyar ra'ayi na software, saboda tare da sakin Sandy Bridge ne Intel ya gabatar da sanannun fasahar yin rikodin bidiyo ta amfani da albarkatun CPU - Quick Sync, wanda ya zama mafi kyawun bayani lokacin aiki tare da bidiyo. . Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na Intel HD Graphics, ba shakka, bai ƙyale mu mu bayyana cewa buƙatar katunan bidiyo yanzu wani abu ne na baya ba, duk da haka, Intel da kanta ta lura da kyau cewa ga GPU da ke kashe $ 50 ko ƙasa da haka, guntu na zanen su na iya. ya zama babban fafatawa a gasa, wanda bai yi nisa da gaskiya ba - a lokacin da aka saki, Intel ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon na 2500k graphics core a matakin HD5450 - mafi araha AMD Radeon graphics katin.
Ana ɗaukar Intel Core i5 2500k watakila mafi mashahuri processor. Wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne, saboda godiya ga mai yawa da aka buɗe, mai sayarwa a ƙarƙashin murfin da ƙananan zafi mai zafi, ya zama ainihin labari a tsakanin masu overclockers.
Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na Sandy Bridge ya sake jaddada yanayin da Intel ya kafa a cikin ƙarni na baya - don ba da aikin mai amfani daidai da mafi kyawun hanyoyin Nehalem wanda ya biya $ 999. Kuma giant mai shuɗi ya yi nasara - don ƙaramin adadin sama da $ 300, mai amfani ya karɓi aikin kwatankwacin i7 980X, wanda kamar ba za a iya tunanin watanni shida da suka gabata ba. Haka ne, ba a ci nasara da sabon hangen nesa na na uku (ko na biyu?) na na'urori na Core ba, kamar yadda ya faru da Nehalem, amma raguwa mai yawa a cikin farashin manyan hanyoyin magancewa ya sa ya yiwu a zama "mutane" na gaske. zabi.
Intel Core i5-2500k
Da alama lokaci ya yi da AMD za ta fara farawa tare da sabon gine-ginen su, amma dole ne mu jira ɗan lokaci kaɗan don bayyanar ɗan takara na gaske - tare da nasarar sakin Sandy Bridge, arsenal ɗin jan giant ɗin ya haɗa da ɗan faɗaɗa Phenom kaɗan. Layin II, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar mafita dangane da muryoyin Thuban - sanannun na'urori masu sarrafawa shida-core X6 1055 da 1090T. Wadannan na'urori masu sarrafawa, duk da ƙananan canje-canje na gine-gine, suna iya yin alfahari da dawowar fasahar Turbo Core, wanda ka'idar daidaita overclocking na cores ta dawo zuwa daidaitattun kowane ɗayan su, kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin ainihin Phenom. Godiya ga wannan sassauci, duka yanayin aiki mafi tattalin arziki (tare da raguwa a cikin mitar a cikin yanayin rashin aiki zuwa 800 MHz) da bayanin martaba mai ƙarfi (overclocking cores by 500 MHz sama da mitar masana'anta) ya zama mai yiwuwa. In ba haka ba, Thuban bai bambanta da 'yan uwansa a cikin jerin ba, kuma ƙarin nau'ikan nau'ikan sa guda biyu sun yi aiki da yawa azaman tallan tallan ga AMD, yana ba da ƙarin ƙira don ƙarancin kuɗi.
Alas, mafi girman adadin cores ba kwata-kwata ba yana nufin babban aiki - a cikin gwaje-gwajen wasan caca, X6 1090T ya yi burin zuwa matakin Clarkdale mara ƙarancin ƙarfi, kawai a wasu lokuta yana ƙalubalantar aikin i5 750. Ƙananan aiki a kowane tushe, 125 W na amfani da wutar lantarki da sauran nakasassu na yau da kullun na gine-ginen Phenom II, wanda har yanzu yake a 45 nm, bai ƙyale Reds su gabatar da gasa mai wahala ga ƙarni na farko na Core da 'yan'uwansa da aka sabunta ba. Kuma tare da sakin gadar Sandy, dacewar X6 kusan ya ɓace, ya rage mai ban sha'awa kawai ga ƴan ƙwararrun masu amfani da fan.
Amsar da babbar murya ta AMD ga sabbin samfura daga Intel ta biyo baya ne kawai a cikin 2011, lokacin da aka gabatar da sabon layin na'urori na AMD FX dangane da gine-ginen Bulldozer. Tunawa da ya fi nasara jerin da na'urori masu sarrafawa, AMD bai zama masu tawali'u ba, kuma ya sake jaddada babban burinsa da tsare-tsare na gaba - sabuwar tsarar da aka yi alkawarinta, kamar yadda ta gabata, ƙarin mahimmanci ga kasuwar tebur, sabbin gine-gine, kuma, ba shakka. , aiki mai ban mamaki a cikin nau'ikan farashi-zuwa ayyuka.
Daga ra'ayi na gine-gine, Bulldozer ya yi kama da ƙarfin hali - tsarin ƙirar ƙira a cikin tubalan guda huɗu akan cache na L3 gama gari a ƙarƙashin ingantattun yanayi an tsara shi don tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki a cikin ayyuka da aikace-aikacen zaren da yawa, duk da haka, saboda sha'awar kiyaye dacewa. tare da dandali na AM2 mai saurin tsufa, AMD ta yanke shawarar riƙe murfin injin sarrafa gada ta arewa, ta haifar da ɗayan mahimman matsalolin kanta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Crystal Bulldozer
Duk da cores na jiki guda 4, masu sarrafa masu sarrafawa an ba masu amfani da su a matsayin waɗanda ke da tushe guda takwas - wannan ya faru ne saboda kasancewar masu hankali biyu a cikin ɓangarorin lissafi. Kowannen su ya yi alfahari da babban cache 2 MB L2, dikodi, buffer na koyarwa 256 KB da sashin iyo. Wannan rarrabuwar sassa na aiki ya ba da damar samar da sarrafa bayanai a cikin zaren guda takwas, yana mai da hankali kan sabon tsarin gine-gine na nan gaba. Bulldozer ya sami goyan baya ga SSE4.2 da AESNI, kuma ɗayan FPU ɗaya a kowace ainihin zahiri ya zama mai iya aiwatar da umarnin AVX 256-bit.
Abin baƙin ciki ga AMD, Intel ya riga ya gabatar da Sandy Bridge, don haka abubuwan da ake buƙata don ɓangaren sarrafawa sun karu sosai. A farashin da ke ƙasa da X6 1090T, matsakaicin mai amfani zai iya siyan i5 2500k mai girma kuma ya sami aiki daidai da mafi kyawun kyauta na ƙarshe, kuma Reds suna buƙatar yin hakan. Kaico, gaskiyar lokutan saki suna da nasu ra'ayi game da wannan batu.
Tuni 6 na tsofaffin Phenom II sun kasance rabin kyauta a mafi yawan lokuta, balle zaren AMD FX guda takwas - saboda ƙayyadaddun mafi yawan wasanni da aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da zaren 1-2, lokaci-lokaci har zuwa zaren 4, sabon samfurin. daga sansanin ja ya juya ya zama ɗan sauri kaɗan a baya Phenom II, da rashin bege ya rasa 2500k. Duk da wasu fa'idodi a cikin ayyukan ƙwararru (misali, a cikin adana bayanai), flagship FX-8150 ya zama mara ban sha'awa ga masu siye da ikon i5 2500k sun riga sun makanta. Juyin juya hali bai faru ba, kuma tarihi bai maimaita kansa ba. Yana da kyau a ambaci gwajin WinRAR na roba da aka gina a ciki, wanda aka yi da zaren da yawa, yayin da a cikin aiki na ainihi ma'ajiyar ta yi amfani da zaren guda biyu kawai.
Wata gada. Ivy Bridge ko yayin jira
Misali na AMD yana nuni da abubuwa da yawa, amma da farko ya jaddada buƙatar ƙirƙirar wani nau'i na tushen abin da za a gina ingantaccen tsarin gine-gine (a kowane fanni). Wannan shine yadda AMD ya zama mafi kyawun mafi kyau a zamanin K7/K8, kuma godiya ga irin wannan postulates da Intel ya ɗauki matsayinsu tare da sakin Sandy Bridge.
gyare-gyaren gine-gine sun zama marasa amfani lokacin da haɗin nasara-nasara ya bayyana a hannun Blues - maɗaukaki masu ƙarfi, matsakaicin TDP da ingantaccen tsarin dandamali akan bas ɗin zobe, mai saurin gaske da inganci ga kowane ɗawainiya. Yanzu duk abin da ya rage shi ne don ƙarfafa nasarar, ta amfani da duk abin da ya zo a baya - kuma wannan ita ce nasarar nasarar da Ivy Bridge na wucin gadi, na uku (kamar yadda Intel ke iƙirari) ƙarni na na'urori masu sarrafawa na Core, ya zama.
Wataƙila mafi mahimmancin canji daga ra'ayi na gine-gine shine motsi na Intel zuwa 22 nm - ba tsalle ba, amma mataki mai ƙarfi don rage girman mutu, wanda ya sake zama ƙarami fiye da wanda ya riga shi. Af, girman mutuwar processor na AMD FX-8150 tare da tsohuwar fasahar aiwatarwa na 32nm shine 315 mm2, yayin da na'urar sarrafa Intel Core i5-3570 tana da girman fiye da rabin girman: 133 mm2.
A wannan karon, Intel ya sake dogara da zane-zanen kan allo, kuma ya keɓe ƙarin sarari akan guntu don shi - kodayake kaɗan kaɗan. Sauran guntu topology ba su sami wasu canje-canje ba - guda huɗu guda huɗu na cores tare da shingen cache na L3 gama gari, mai sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da tsarin I/O mai sarrafa. Mutum zai iya cewa ƙirar ta yi kama da kamanni, amma wannan shine jigon dandamalin Ivy Bridge - kiyaye mafi kyawun Sandy, yayin ƙara ƙari ga baitulmali gabaɗaya.
Crystal Ivy Bridge
Godiya ga canzawa zuwa fasahar tsari mai zurfi, Intel ya sami damar rage yawan amfani da na'urori masu sarrafawa zuwa 77 W - daga 95 akan ƙarni na baya. Koyaya, bege na samun ƙarin sakamako na overclocking ba daidai ba ne - saboda yanayin girman gadar Ivy, cimma manyan mitoci na buƙatar ƙarfin lantarki fiye da na Sandy, don haka babu wani gaggawa na musamman don saita rikodin tare da wannan dangin na'urori masu sarrafawa. Hakanan, maye gurbin yanayin yanayin zafi tsakanin murfin rarrabawar thermal na processor da guntuwar sa daga solder zuwa manna thermal ba shine mafi kyawun overclocking ba.
Abin farin ciki ga masu mallakar Core ƙarni na baya, soket ɗin bai canza ba, kuma ana iya shigar da sabon processor cikin sauƙi a cikin mahaifiyar da ta gabata. Koyaya, sabbin kwakwalwan kwamfuta sun ba da irin wannan abubuwan jin daɗi kamar tallafi ga USB 3.0, don haka masu amfani waɗanda ke bin sabbin fasahohin ƙila sun garzaya don siyan sabon allo akan Z-chipset.
Gabaɗayan aikin Ivy Bridge bai ƙaru sosai ba don a kira shi wani juyin juya hali, amma a koyaushe. A cikin ayyukan ƙwararru, 3770k ya nuna sakamako mai kama da ƙwararrun na'urori masu sarrafa X-jerin, kuma a cikin wasanni ya kasance gaba da waɗanda aka fi so 2600k da 2700k tare da bambanci kusan 10%. Wasu na iya la'akari da wannan bai isa ba don haɓakawa, amma Sandy Bridge ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin iyalai na sarrafawa mafi dadewa a tarihi saboda dalili.
A ƙarshe, har ma mafi yawan masu amfani da wasan caca na PC sun sami damar ji a gaba - Intel HD Graphics 4000 ya zama mafi sauri fiye da ƙarni na baya, yana nuna matsakaicin haɓaka 30-40%, kuma sun sami tallafi ga DirectX 11. Yanzu yana yiwuwa a yi wasa da shahararrun wasanni a matsakaici-ƙananan saitunan, samun kyakkyawan aiki.
Don taƙaita shi, Ivy Bridge ya kasance abin maraba ga dangin Intel, yana guje wa kowane irin haɗari daga wuce gona da iri na gine-gine, da bin ka'idar kaska wanda Blues ba ta taɓa karkacewa ba. Reds sun yi ƙoƙari don aiwatar da manyan ayyuka a kan kurakurai a cikin nau'i na Piledriver - wani sabon ƙarni a cikin tsohuwar fata.
Tsohon 32 nm bai ƙyale AMD ta sake yin wani juyin juya hali ba, don haka an yi kira ga Piledriver da ya gyara kurakuran Bulldozer, yana mai da hankali ga mafi raunin sassa na gine-ginen AMD FX. Zambezi cores aka maye gurbinsu da Vishera, wanda ya hada da wasu inganta daga mafita dangane da Triniti - mobile sarrafawa na ja giant, amma TDP ya kasance ba canzawa - 125 W ga flagship model tare da 8350 index. , amma gyare-gyaren gine-gine da karuwar mita ta 400 MHz sun ba mu damar kama.
Zane-zanen talla na AMD a jajibirin fitowar Bulldozer ya yi wa masu sha'awar wannan alama alkawarin haɓaka 10-15% a cikin aiki daga tsara zuwa tsara, amma sakin Sandy Bridge da babban tsalle-tsalle bai ba da damar a kira waɗannan alkawuran masu kishi ba. - yanzu Ivy Bridge ya riga ya kasance a kan ɗakunan ajiya, yana mai da baya da babban iyakar yawan aikin kofa har ma da gaba. Don guje wa sake yin kuskure, AMD ta gabatar da Vishera a matsayin madadin sashin kasafin kuɗi na layin Ivy Bridge - 8350 ya saba wa i5-3570K, wanda ya kasance ba kawai ga taka tsantsan na Reds ba, har ma da kamfanin. manufofin farashin. Babban flagship Piledriver ya zama samuwa ga jama'a akan $ 199, wanda ya sanya shi arha fiye da mai yuwuwar fafatawa - duk da haka, ba za a iya faɗi daidai ba game da aikin.
Ayyukan ƙwararru sune wuri mafi haske don FX-8350 don bayyana yuwuwar sa - maƙallan sun yi aiki da sauri da sauri, kuma a wasu lokuta sabon samfurin daga AMD ya kasance gaba da 3770k, amma inda yawancin masu amfani suka duba (aikin wasan kwaikwayo), Mai sarrafawa ya nuna sakamako mai kama da i7-920 , kuma a mafi kyau bai yi nisa ba a bayan 2500k. Duk da haka, wannan halin da ake ciki bai ba kowa mamaki ba - 8350 ya kasance 20% mafi girma fiye da 8150 a cikin ayyuka guda ɗaya, yayin da TDP ya kasance ba canzawa. Aikin gyaran kurakurai ya yi nasara, ko da yake ba mai haske ba kamar yadda mutane da yawa za su so.
Rikodin duniya don overclocking na'urar sarrafa AMD FX 8370 ta Finnish overclocker The Stilt a watan Agusta 2014. Ya yi nasarar overclock da crystal zuwa 8722,78 MHz.
Haswell: Yayi kyau in sake zama gaskiya
Hanyar gine-ginen Intel, kamar yadda ake iya gani, ya samo ma'anarsa ta zinare - mai mannewa ga ingantaccen tsari wajen gina gine-gine mai nasara, yana ingantawa ta kowane bangare. Sandy Bridge ya zama wanda ya kafa ingantaccen tsarin gine-gine bisa bas ɗin zobe da haɗin kai mai haɗin kai, Ivy Bridge ya gyara shi ta fuskar kayan masarufi da samar da wutar lantarki, kuma Haswell ya zama wani nau'i na ci gaba na magabata, yana yin alƙawarin sabbin matakan inganci da aiki. .
Hotunan zane-zane daga gabatarwar Intel sun nuna a hankali cewa gine-ginen ba zai canza ba. Haɓakawa sun shafi wasu cikakkun bayanai ne kawai a cikin tsarin haɓakawa - an ƙara sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa don mai sarrafa ɗawainiya, an inganta ma'aunin L1 da L2, da ma'aunin TLB a ƙarshen. Ba shi yiwuwa a lura da ingantawa ga mai kula da PCB, wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da aikin a cikin nau'i daban-daban da kuma haɗin wutar lantarki. A taƙaice, a hutawa Haswell ya zama mafi tattalin arziki fiye da gadar Ivy, amma babu magana game da raguwar TDP gaba ɗaya.
Nagartattun uwayen uwa tare da goyan bayan na'urorin DDR3 masu sauri sun ba masu goyon baya da ɗan farin ciki, amma daga ra'ayi na overclocking komai ya zama abin bakin ciki - Sakamakon Haswell ya ma fi na baya-bayan nan muni, kuma wannan ya faru ne saboda sauyin yanayi. sauran thermal musaya, wanda kawai malalaci ba sa wasa a yanzu. Haɗe-haɗen zane-zane kuma sun sami fa'idodin aiki (saboda ƙarin girmamawa ga duniyar kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka), amma dangane da ƙarancin ci gaban bayyane a cikin IPC, Haswell an yi masa lakabi da "Hasfail" don haɓakar 5-10% mai ban tausayi idan aka kwatanta. zuwa zamanin da ya gabata. Wannan, haɗe da matsalolin samarwa, ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Broadwell - ƙarni na gaba na Intel - ya zama tatsuniyar da ba ta wanzu ba, saboda sakin sa akan dandamali na wayar hannu da dakatarwar na tsawon shekara guda ya yi mummunan tasiri ga fahimtar mai amfani gaba ɗaya. Don aƙalla gyara halin da ake ciki, Intel ya fitar da Haswell Refresh, wanda kuma aka sani da Iblis Canyon - duk da haka, gabaɗayan batunsa shine ƙara yawan mitoci na masu sarrafa Haswell (4770k da 4670k), don haka ba za mu keɓe wani sashe daban gare shi ba.
Broadwell-H: Har ma mafi tattali, har ma da sauri
Tsayawa mai tsawo a cikin sakin Broadwell-H ya kasance saboda matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da sauyawa zuwa sabon tsarin fasaha, duk da haka, idan muka shiga cikin nazarin gine-gine, ya zama a fili cewa aikin na'urori na Intel ya kai matakin da masu fafatawa ba za su iya isa ba. daga AMD. Amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa Reds suna ɓata lokacinsu ba - godiya ga saka hannun jari a cikin APUs, mafita dangane da Kaveri suna cikin buƙatu mai yawa, kuma tsofaffin samfuran jerin A8 na iya ba da sauƙin farawa ga kowane haɗaɗɗen zane daga Blues. A bayyane yake, Intel bai gamsu da wannan yanayin ba - don haka Iris Pro graphics core ya mamaye wuri na musamman a cikin gine-ginen Broadwell-H.
Haɗe tare da canzawa zuwa 14 nm, girman mutuwar Broadwell-H a zahiri ya kasance iri ɗaya - amma mafi ƙarancin shimfidar wuri ya ba mu damar mai da hankali kan haɓaka ƙarfin zane. Bayan haka, a kan kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci da cibiyoyin watsa labarai ne Broadwell ya sami gida na farko, don haka sabbin abubuwa kamar goyan bayan kayan aiki na HEVC (H.265) da VP9 sun fi dacewa.
Intel Core i7-5775C microprocessor guntu
Lu'ulu'un eDRAM ya cancanci ambato na musamman, ya ɗauki wani wuri daban akan madaidaicin kristal kuma ya zama nau'in buffer data mai sauri - cache L4 - don kayan aikin sarrafawa. Ayyukan da ya ba mu damar ƙidayar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin ayyukan ƙwararru waɗanda ke da mahimmanci musamman ga saurin sarrafa bayanan da aka adana. Mai sarrafa eDRAM ya ɗauki sarari akan babban guntu mai sarrafawa; injiniyoyi sun yi amfani da shi don maye gurbin sararin samaniya wanda ya zama kyauta bayan canzawa zuwa sabon tsarin fasaha.
An kuma haɗa eDRAM don haɓaka aikin zane-zanen kan jirgin, yana aiki azaman cache mai sauri - tare da ƙarfin 128 MB, ƙarfin sa na iya sauƙaƙe aikin GPU na kan jirgin. A zahiri, don girmama kristal eDRAM ne aka ƙara harafin C zuwa sunan mai sarrafawa - Intel da ake kira fasahar caching data mai sauri akan guntu Crystal Wall.
Halayen mitar sabon samfurin, abin banƙyama, ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da Haswell - tsofaffin 5775C yana da mitar tushe na 3.3 GHz, amma a lokaci guda na iya fariya da haɓakar buɗewa. Tare da raguwa a cikin mitoci, TDP kuma ya ragu - yanzu kawai 65 W, wanda ga mai sarrafa wannan matakin shine watakila mafi kyawun nasara, saboda aikin ya kasance bai canza ba.
Duk da tawali'u (ta hanyar Sandy Bridge) yuwuwar wuce gona da iri, Broadwell-H ya yi mamakin yadda ya dace da kuzarinsa, ya zama mafi kyawun tattalin arziki da kwanciyar hankali tsakanin masu fafatawa, kuma zane-zanen kan jirgin sun kasance gaba da mafita daga dangin AMD A10, nuna cewa fare a kan graphics core karkashin kaho ya wajaba.
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa Broadwell-H ya zama tsaka-tsaki wanda a cikin watanni shida an gabatar da na'urori masu sarrafawa bisa tsarin gine-ginen Skylake, wanda ya zama ƙarni na shida a cikin dangin Core.
Skylake - Lokacin juyin juya hali ya daɗe
Abin ban mamaki, al'ummomi da yawa sun shude tun Sandy Bridge, amma babu ɗayansu da ya iya girgiza jama'a da wani abu mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki, ban da, mai yiwuwa na Broadwell-H - amma akwai ƙarin game da tsalle-tsalle da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin zane-zane. da aikinsa (idan aka kwatanta da AMD's APUs), maimakon game da manyan ci gaba a cikin aiki. Kwanakin Nehalem tabbas sun tafi kuma ba za su dawo ba, amma Intel ya ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin ƙananan matakai.
A tsarin gine-gine, an sake tsara Skylake, kuma an maye gurbin tsarin na'urorin kwamfuta a kwance ta hanyar shimfidar wuri mai kyau, inda aka raba muryoyin ta hanyar cache-LLC, kuma babban zane mai ƙarfi yana gefen hagu.
Intel Core i7-6700k microprocessor guntu
Saboda fasalulluka na fasaha, mai sarrafa eDRAM yanzu yana cikin yanki na I / O mai sarrafawa azaman ƙari ga tsarin sarrafa kayan sarrafa hoto don samar da mafi kyawun watsa hoto mai inganci daga ginshiƙi mai haɗawa. Ginin mai sarrafa wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Haswell ya ɓace daga ƙarƙashin murfin, an sabunta bas ɗin DMI, kuma godiya ga ƙa'idar dacewa ta baya, na'urori na Skylake sun goyi bayan ƙwaƙwalwar DDR4 da DDR3 - sabon tsarin SO-DIMM DDR3L an haɓaka musu. , aiki a ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki.
A lokaci guda, mutum ba zai iya taimakawa ba sai dai lura da irin kulawar da Intel ke bayarwa don tallata tsararraki masu zuwa na kan jirgin - a cikin yanayin Skylake, ya riga ya kasance na shida a cikin layin shuɗi. Intel yana alfahari da haɓakar haɓakawa, wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci musamman a cikin yanayin Broadwell, amma wannan lokacin ya yi alƙawarin musamman yan wasa masu kula da kasafin kuɗi mafi girman matakin aiki da tallafi ga duk APIs na zamani, gami da DirectX 12. Tsarin tsarin zane-zane wani ɓangare ne. na abin da ake kira System on Chip (SOC), wanda Intel kuma ya inganta shi a matsayin misali na ingantaccen tsarin gine-gine. Amma idan kun tuna cewa haɗakar mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ya ɓace, kuma tsarin tsarin wutar lantarki ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan VRM na motherboard, ba shakka, Skylake bai kai cikakken SOC ba. Babu magana kwata-kwata game da haɗa guntun gadar kudu a ƙarƙashin murfin.
Duk da haka, SOC a nan yana taka rawar tsaka-tsaki, nau'in "gada" tsakanin guntu na zane-zane na Gen9, kayan aikin sarrafawa da tsarin I / O mai kula da tsarin, wanda ke da alhakin hulɗar abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da mai sarrafawa da sarrafa bayanai. A lokaci guda, Intel ya ba da fifiko mai mahimmanci kan ingancin makamashi da kuma matakan da Intel ke ɗauka a yaƙin cinye watts kaɗan - Skylake yana ba da “ƙofofin wuta” daban-daban (bari mu kira su jihohin wutar lantarki) ga kowane sashe na SOC, gami da bas ɗin zobe mai sauri, tsarin tsarin hoto da mai sarrafa kafofin watsa labarai. Tsarin sarrafa iko na zamani na tushen P-jihar da ya gabata ya samo asali ne zuwa fasahar Speed Shift, wanda ke ba da juzu'i mai ƙarfi tsakanin matakai daban-daban (alal misali, lokacin tashi daga yanayin bacci yayin aiki mai aiki ko fara wasa mai nauyi bayan hawan igiyar ruwa. ) da daidaita farashin wuta tsakanin raka'o'in CPU masu aiki don cimma mafi girman inganci a cikin TDP.
Sakamakon sake fasalin da ke da alaƙa da bacewar mai sarrafa wutar lantarki, Intel an tilasta masa matsar da Skylake zuwa sabon soket na LGA1151, wanda aka saki motherboards dangane da kwakwalwar Z170, wanda ya sami tallafi ga hanyoyin 20 PCI-E 3.0, USB 3.1 guda ɗaya. Nau'in tashar jiragen ruwa na A, ƙara yawan adadin tashoshin USB 3.0, goyan bayan eSATA da faifan M2. An bayyana ƙwaƙwalwar don tallafawa ƙirar DDR4 tare da mitoci har zuwa 3400 MHz.
Dangane da wasan kwaikwayon, sakin Skylake bai yi wani abin girgiza ba. Haɓaka aikin da ake tsammani na kashi biyar cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da Iblis Canyon ya bar magoya baya da yawa cikin ruɗani, amma a bayyane yake daga nunin nunin nunin nunin Intel cewa babban fifikon ƙarfin kuzari da sassaucin sabon dandamali, wanda zai iya dacewa da duka biyu masu tsada. -ITX tsarin da kuma don ci gaban dandamali na caca. Masu amfani waɗanda suka yi tsammanin tsalle-tsalle daga Sandy Bridge Skylake sun ji takaici; lamarin ya kasance mai tunawa da sakin Haswell; sakin sabon soket shima abin takaici ne.
Yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a yi fata ga Kaby Lake, saboda wani, kuma ya kamata ya zama ...
Kaby Lake. Fresh tabki da m ja ja
Duk da ma'anar farko na dabarun "Tick-tock", Intel, da sanin babu wata gasa daga AMD, ya yanke shawarar fadada kowane zagayowar zuwa matakai uku, wanda, bayan gabatarwar sabon gine-ginen, an warware matsalar da ake ciki a ƙarƙashin. sabon suna na shekaru biyu masu zuwa. Mataki na 14 nm shine Broadwell, wanda Skylake ya biyo baya, kuma Kaby Lake, don haka, an tsara shi don nuna mafi girman matakin fasaha idan aka kwatanta da Nebesnozersk na baya.
Babban bambanci tsakanin tafkin Kaby da Skylake shine karuwar mitoci ta 200-300 MHz - duka dangane da mitar tushe da haɓakawa. A tsarin gine-gine, sabon ƙarni ba su sami wani canje-canje ba - har ma da haɗaɗɗun zane-zane, duk da sabunta alamomin, sun kasance iri ɗaya, amma Intel ya fitar da chipset bisa sabon Z270, wanda ya ƙara 4 PCI-E 3.0 hanyoyin zuwa ayyukan da suka gabata. Sunrise Point, kazalika da goyan bayan fasahar Intel Optane Memory don manyan na'urori masu tasowa. Masu haɓaka masu zaman kansu don abubuwan haɗin jirgi da sauran fasalulluka na dandamali na baya an kiyaye su, kuma aikace-aikacen multimedia sun karɓi aikin AVX Offset, wanda ke ba da damar rage mitoci na sarrafawa lokacin sarrafa umarnin AVX don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali a manyan mitoci.
Intel Core i7-7700k microprocessor guntu
Dangane da aiki, sabbin samfuran Core na ƙarni na bakwai a karon farko sun zama kusan iri ɗaya da magabata - bayan sun sake mai da hankali kan inganta amfani da wutar lantarki, Intel gaba ɗaya ya manta da sabbin abubuwa dangane da IPC. Koyaya, ba kamar Skylake ba, sabon samfurin ya warware matsalar matsananciyar dumama a matakan wuce gona da iri, sannan kuma ya sa ya ji kusan a zamanin Sandy Bridge, yana rufe injin ɗin zuwa 4.8-4.9 GHz tare da matsakaicin wutar lantarki da ƙarancin yanayin zafi. Ma'ana, overclocking ya zama mai sauƙi, kuma na'urar ta zama mai sanyaya digiri 10-15, wanda za'a iya kiransa sakamakon wannan ingantawa sosai, zagaye na karshe.
Babu wanda zai iya tunanin cewa AMD ya riga ya shirya ainihin amsa ga yawancin shekaru na ci gaban Intel. Sunansa AMD Ryzen.
AMD Ryzen - Lokacin da kowa yayi dariya kuma babu wanda ya gaskata
Bayan sabunta Bulldozer, Piledriver gine da aka gabatar a cikin 2012, AMD gaba daya ya koma cikin sauran yankunan na processor kasuwar, saki da dama nasara APU Lines, kazalika da sauran tattalin arziki da kuma šaukuwa mafita. Koyaya, kamfanin bai manta game da sabon yaƙin neman wuri a cikin rana akan kwamfutocin tebur ba, yana nuna rauni, amma a lokaci guda yana aiki akan gine-ginen Zen - sabon sabon bayani wanda aka tsara don farfado da ruhin gasar da aka rasa a cikin CPU. kasuwa.
Don haɓaka sabon samfurin, AMD ya juya ga taimakon Jim Keller, "mahaifin nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu" wanda ƙwarewar aikinsa ya jagoranci giant ɗin ja don shahara da karɓuwa a farkon 2000s. Shi ne wanda, tare da sauran injiniyoyi, suka ɓullo da wani sabon gine-gine da aka tsara don zama mai sauri, ƙarfi da kuma sababbin abubuwa. Abin takaici, kowa ya tuna cewa Bulldozer ya dogara ne akan ka'idodin guda ɗaya - ana buƙatar wata hanya ta daban.
Jim Keller
Kuma AMD ya yi amfani da tallan, yana sanar da karuwar 52% a cikin IPC idan aka kwatanta da ƙarni na Excavator - mafi kyawun kwatancen da suka girma daga Bulldozer iri ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin idan aka kwatanta da 8150, masu sarrafawa na Zen sun yi alkawarin za su kasance fiye da 60% cikin sauri, kuma wannan ya burge kowa da kowa. Da farko, a gabatarwar AMD sun ba da lokaci kawai ga ayyukan ƙwararru, suna kwatanta sabon na'ura mai sarrafa su tare da 5930K, kuma daga baya tare da 6800K, amma bayan lokaci kuma sun fara magana game da gefen wasan na matsalar - mafi matsawa daga wurin tallace-tallace. na gani. Amma ko da a nan AMD sun kasance a shirye su yi yaƙi.
Tsarin gine-ginen Zen ya dogara ne akan sabon fasaha na tsari na 14 nm, kuma a tsarin gine-gine, sababbin samfurori ba su da kama da na zamani na 2011. Yanzu guntu ya gina manyan tubalan aiki guda biyu da ake kira CCX (Core Complex), kowannensu zai iya. suna da har zuwa nau'i-nau'i masu aiki guda hudu . Kamar yadda yake a cikin Skylake, masu kula da tsarin daban-daban suna kan guntuwar guntu, gami da 24 PCI-E 3.0 hanyoyin, tallafi har zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na USB 4 Type A na 3.1, da kuma mai sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar DDR4 mai tashar tashar dual-tashar. Yana da mahimmanci a lura da girman cache na L3 - a cikin mafitacin flagship ƙarar sa ya kai 16 MB. Kowace cibiya ta sami nata naúrar floating point (FPU), wanda ya warware ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin gine-ginen da suka gabata. Hakanan amfani da na'ura mai sarrafawa ya ragu sosai - don flagship Ryzen 7 1800X an tsara shi a 95 W idan aka kwatanta da 220 W don "mafi zafi" (a kowane ma'ana) samfuran AMD FX.
AMD Ryzen 1800X microprocessor mutu
Cikewar fasaha ya zama ba ƙasa da wadata a cikin sabbin abubuwa ba - don haka sabbin na'urori na AMD sun karɓi sabbin fasahohi a ƙarƙashin taken SenseMI, waɗanda suka haɗa da Smart Prefetch (ɗora bayanai a cikin buffer cache don hanzarta aiwatar da shirye-shiryen). Powerarfin Tsarkakewa (ainihin analog na "hankali" na sarrafa wutar lantarki na mai sarrafawa da sassansa, wanda aka aiwatar a cikin Skylake), Neural Net Prediction (algorithm wanda ke aiki akan ka'idodin hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi masu koyan kai), da kuma Tsawaita Frequency. Range (ko XFR), wanda aka ƙera don samarwa masu amfani da tsarin sanyaya ci gaba tare da ƙarin mitoci 100 MHz. A karon farko tun Piledriver, overclocking ba Turbo Core ya yi ba, amma ta Daidaitaccen Boost - fasahar da aka sabunta don haɓaka mitar ta dogara da nauyi akan muryoyin. Mun ga irin wannan fasaha daga Intel tun Sandy Bridge.
Sabuwar tsarin gine-ginen Ryzen ya dogara ne akan bas ɗin Infinity Fabric, wanda aka ƙera don haɗa haɗin haɗin kai da ɓangarorin CCX guda biyu akan guntu guntu. An ƙera ƙirar mai saurin sauri don tabbatar da mafi saurin yuwuwar hulɗa tsakanin cores da tubalan, kuma ana iya aiwatar da su akan wasu dandamali - alal misali, akan APUs na tattalin arziki har ma a cikin katunan zane na AMD VEGA, inda bas ɗin ya haɗu tare da ƙwaƙwalwar HBM2. dole ne yayi aiki tare da bandwidth na akalla 512 Gb/s
Infinity Fabric
Duk wannan yana da alaƙa da tsare-tsare masu ban sha'awa don faɗaɗa layin Zen zuwa manyan dandamali, sabobin da APUs - haɗin kan tsarin samarwa, kamar koyaushe, yana haifar da samarwa mai rahusa, kuma ƙarancin jarabawar farashin koyaushe shine ikon AMD.
Da farko, AMD ya gabatar da Ryzen 7 kawai - tsofaffin samfuran layin, wanda ke nufin mafi yawan masu amfani da masu yin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma bayan 'yan watanni Ryzen 5 da Ryzen 3 suka biyo su. Ryzen 5 ne ya juya ya zama. mafi kyawun mafita dangane da farashin farashi da wasan caca, wanda Intel, a zahiri magana, bai kasance a shirye ba. Kuma idan a matakin farko ya yi kama da Ryzen an ƙaddara shi don maimaita makomar Bulldozer (duk da cewa yana da ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo), to bayan lokaci ya bayyana a fili cewa AMD ya sake gabatar da gasar.
Babban matsalolin Ryzen shine ɓangarorin fasaha waɗanda ke rakiyar masu mallakar farkon bita a cikin 'yan watannin farko - saboda matsaloli tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, Ryzen bai yi gaggawar ba da shawarar siye ba, da dogaro da masu sarrafawa akan yawan RAM. kai tsaye nuni akan buƙatar ƙarin kashe kuɗi. Koyaya, masu amfani waɗanda suka ƙware a cikin saitunan lokaci sun gano cewa tare da ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai sauri da aka saita zuwa mafi ƙarancin lokaci, Ryzen yana iya tura har ma da 7700k, wanda ya haifar da jin daɗin gaske a sansanin fan na AMD. Amma ko da ba tare da irin wannan jin daɗin ba, dangin Ryzen 5 na masu sarrafawa sun sami nasara sosai har guguwar siyar da su ta tilasta Intel aiwatar da juyin juya hali cikin gaggawa a cikin gine-gine. Amsa ga nasarar nasarar AMD shine sakin sabbin abubuwa (a lokacin rubuce-rubuce) Gine-ginen Coffee Lake, wanda ya karɓi muryoyin 6 maimakon huɗu.
Kofi Lake. Kankara ta karye
Duk da cewa 7700k yana riƙe da taken mafi kyawun kayan wasan caca na dogon lokaci, AMD ya sami damar cimma nasara mai ban mamaki a tsakiyar layin, yana aiwatar da mafi kyawun ka'idar "ƙarin ƙira, amma mai rahusa." Ryzen 1600 yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan 6 da zaren 12, kuma 7600k har yanzu yana makale a cikin nau'ikan 4, yana ba AMD nasarar tallan mai sauƙi, musamman tare da goyan bayan masu bita da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo da yawa. Sannan Intel ya canza jadawalin sakin kuma ya gabatar da tafkin Coffee zuwa kasuwa - ba kawai wani kashi biyu da watts ba, amma ainihin ci gaba.
Gaskiya, a nan ma an yi shi tare da ajiyar kuɗi. An dade ana jira guda shida, ba tare da jin daɗin SMT ba, a zahiri sun bayyana akan Skylake iri ɗaya, wanda aka gina akan 14 nm. A cikin tafkin Kaby, an daidaita tushen sa, yana magance matsaloli tare da overclocking da zafin jiki, kuma a cikin tafkin Coffee an inganta shi don ƙara yawan adadin tubalan ta 2, kuma an inganta shi don mai sanyaya da kwanciyar hankali. Idan muka yi la'akari da gine-gine daga ra'ayi na sababbin abubuwa, to, babu wani sabon abu (ban da karuwa a cikin adadin ma'auni) ya bayyana a tafkin Kofi.
Intel Core i7-8700k microprocessor guntu
Amma akwai iyakoki na fasaha da ke da alaƙa da buƙatar sabbin motherboards dangane da Z370. Waɗannan hane-hane suna da alaƙa da haɓaka buƙatun wutar lantarki, tun da ƙari na cores shida da sake fasalin tsarin tare da la’akari da haɓakar gluttony na kristal da ake buƙata yana haɓaka mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki. Kamar yadda muke tunawa daga tarihin Broadwell, Intel yana ƙoƙari a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don yin akasin haka - don rage tashin hankali a kowane bangare, amma yanzu wannan dabarar ta kai ga ƙarshe. A fasaha, LGA1151 ya kasance iri ɗaya, duk da haka, saboda haɗarin lalata mai sarrafa VRM, Intel ya iyakance dacewa da na'urar sarrafawa tare da uwayen uwa da suka gabata, don haka yana kare kansa daga zagi mai yuwuwa (kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance tare da RX480 da AMD's konewar PCI). - masu haɗin E). Z370 da aka sabunta baya goyan bayan ƙwaƙwalwar DDR3L da ta gabata, amma babu wanda ya yi tsammanin irin wannan dacewa.
Intel da kansu suna shirya sabon sigar dandamali tare da tallafi don USB 3.1 na ƙarni na biyu, katunan ƙwaƙwalwar SDXC da ginanniyar Wi-Fi 802.11 mai sarrafawa, don haka saurin sakin tare da Z370 ya zama ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru. ya ba da damar yanke hukunci game da bayyanar dandali. Koyaya, akwai abubuwan ban mamaki da yawa a cikin Tekun Kofi - kuma wani ɓangare na su ya mai da hankali kan overclocking.
Intel ya mai da hankali sosai game da shi, yana mai da hankali kan aikin da aka yi don inganta tsarin overclocking - alal misali, a cikin tafkin Coffee ya zama mai yiwuwa a saita saitattun matakan overclocking da yawa don yanayi daban-daban na lodawa, ikon canza ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ƙarfi. lokuta ba tare da barin tsarin aiki ba, goyan baya ga kowane, har ma mafi ƙarancin DDR4 masu haɓakawa (an bayyana goyon bayan mitoci har zuwa 8400 MHz), da kuma ingantaccen tsarin wutar lantarki wanda aka tsara don matsakaicin nauyi. Koyaya, a zahiri, overclocking 8700k ya kasance nesa da mafi girman abin mamaki - saboda rashin amfani da keɓancewar yanayin zafi da aka yi amfani da shi ba tare da rarrabuwa ba, yawancin na'urar tana iyakance zuwa 4.7-4.8 GHz, yana kai matsananciyar yanayin zafi, amma tare da canji a cikin dubawa zai iya. nuna sabon rikodin a cikin salon 5.2 ko ma 5.3 GHz. Koyaya, yawancin masu amfani ba su da sha'awar wannan, don haka ana iya kiran yuwuwar wuce gona da iri na tafkin Coffee guda shida. Ee, eh, har yanzu ba a manta da Sandy ba.
Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na Lake Coffee bai nuna wani mu'ujiza na musamman ba - duk da bayyanar nau'ikan muryoyin jiki guda biyu da zaren guda huɗu, 8700k a lokacin sakin yana da kusan matakin aiwatarwa iri ɗaya na 5-10% akan tutar da ta gabata. Ee, Ryzen ba zai iya yin gasa tare da shi a cikin niche na caca ba, amma daga ra'ayi na haɓakar gine-gine, ya zama cewa Kogin Coffee wani ɗan gajeren lokaci ne "na yanzu", amma ba "kas" ba, wanda Sandy Bridge ya kasance a cikin 2011. .
An yi sa'a ga magoya bayan AMD, bayan fitowar Ryzen, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci don soket na AM4 da ci gaban gine-ginen Zen har zuwa 2020 - kuma bayan Lake Coffee ya dawo da hankali ga sashin tsakiyar tsakiyar Intel, lokaci ya yi. don Ryzen 2 - bayan haka. AMD dole ne ya sami nasa "yanzu".
Gaskiyar rashin tausayiBa za mu ga Intel kamar yadda yake a yau ba idan ba ta yi amfani da gasa mara kyau ba don tallata samfuran ta. Don haka a cikin watan Mayun 2009, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ci tarar kamfanin dala biliyan 1,5 saboda cin hanci da rashawa ga masana'antun na'ura mai kwakwalwa da kuma wani kamfani na kasuwanci don zabar na'urori daga Intel. Daga nan sai hukumomin Intel suka ce babu masu amfani da kwamfuta da za su iya siyan kwamfutoci a kan farashi mai rahusa ko kuma adalci ba za su amfana da shawarar shigar da kara ba.
Intel kuma yana da tsofaffi kuma mafi inganci hanyar gasa. Ta haɗa da umarnin CPUID a karon farko, farawa da na'urori masu sarrafawa na i486, kuma ta hanyar ƙirƙira da rarraba na'urar tarawa kyauta, Intel ya tabbatar da nasararsa na shekaru masu zuwa. Wannan mai tarawa yana samar da mafi kyawun lambar don masu sarrafa Intel da lambar matsakaici don duk sauran masu sarrafawa. Don haka, ko da na'ura mai ƙarfi na fasaha daga masu fafatawa "ya bi ta" rassan shirye-shiryen mara kyau. Wannan ya rage aikin ƙarshe a cikin aikace-aikacen kuma bai ƙyale shi ya nuna kusan matakin aiki ɗaya kamar na'ura mai sarrafa Intel tare da halaye iri ɗaya ba.
A cikin irin wannan yanayin gasa, VIA ba za ta iya jure gasar ba, tare da rage yawan siyar da na'urori. Nano mai sarrafa kuzarinsa ya yi ƙasa da sabon Intel Atom processor na lokacin. Komai zai yi kyau idan ƙwararren mai bincike Agner Fog, ya gaza canza CPUID akan na'urar sarrafa Nano. Kamar yadda aka zata, yawan aiki ya karu kuma ya wuce na mai fafatawa. Amma labarin bai haifar da tasirin bam din ba.
Gasa tare da AMD (mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na x86 / x64 microprocessors a duniya) shima bai tafi daidai ba ga na ƙarshe; a cikin 2008, saboda matsalolin kuɗi, AMD ta rabu da nata masana'anta na haɗin gwiwar semiconductor, GlobalFoundries. AMD, a yakin da yake yi da Intel, ya dogara da nau'i-nau'i masu yawa, yana ba da na'urori masu araha tare da nau'i-nau'i masu yawa, yayin da Intel zai iya amsawa a cikin wannan nau'in samfurin tare da na'urori masu sarrafawa tare da ƙananan nau'i, amma tare da fasahar Hyper-Threading.
Shekaru da yawa, Intel yana haɓaka kason sa na kasuwa a cikin na'urori masu sarrafa wayoyin hannu da na tebur, yana kawar da abokin hamayyarsa. An riga an kusan kama kasuwar sarrafa uwar garken. Kuma kwanan nan lamarin ya fara canzawa. Sakin na'urori masu sarrafawa na AMD Ryzen ya tilasta Intel canza ainihin dabarunsa na haɓaka mitoci kaɗan na masu sarrafawa. Kodayake fakitin gwajin sun taimaka wa Intel kada su sake damuwa. Misali, a cikin gwaje-gwajen SYSMark na roba, bambanci tsakanin tsararraki na shida da na bakwai na na'urorin sarrafa tebur na Core i7 bai yi daidai da haɓakar mitoci tare da halaye iri ɗaya ba.
Amma yanzu Intel ma ya fara ƙara yawan adadin ma'auni don masu sarrafa tebur, sannan kuma ya sake sake fasalin ƙirar ƙirar da ke akwai. Wannan mataki ne mai kyau ga masu amfani da shi su zama masu ilimin fasaha.
Marubucin labarin shine Pavel Chudinov.
2019 - Blue Point na Babu Komawa ko Juyin Juya Halin Chiplet
Bayan tsararraki biyu masu nasara na masu sarrafa Ryzen, AMD ya shirya don ɗaukar matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba ba kawai a cikin aiki ba, har ma a cikin sabbin fasahohin masana'antu - motsawa zuwa fasahar aiwatar da 7nm, yana ba da haɓakar 25% a cikin aiki yayin da ke riƙe fakitin thermal akai-akai. , Haɗe tare da haɓakar haɓakar gine-gine da haɓakawa da yawa sun ba da damar ɗaukar dandamali na AM4 zuwa sabon matakin, samar da duk masu mallakar tsarin "sanantattun" da suka gabata tare da haɓaka mara zafi tare da sabunta BIOS na farko.
Kuma alamar 4 GHz mai mahimmanci na tunani, wanda a cikin hanyoyi da yawa ya kasance abin tuntuɓe a kan hanyar zuwa gasa mai tsanani tare da Intel, masu sha'awar damuwa ta wata hanya daban - tun lokacin da jita-jita ta farko ta bayyana, mutane da yawa sun lura da kyau cewa karuwa a cikin Ryzen 3000. Iyali ba zai iya zama sama da 20% ba, amma babu wanda zai iya daina yin mafarki game da 5 GHz da Intel ya faɗo. Yawancin “leaks” kuma sun haifar da sha'awa, da kuma cikakkun layukan sarrafawa da cikakkun bayanai masu ban mamaki, waɗanda yawancinsu sun yi nisa da gaskiya. Amma a cikin gaskiya, yana da kyau a lura cewa wasu leaks sun yi daidai da sakamakon da aka gani - ba shakka, tare da wasu sharuɗɗa.
A zahiri, tsarin gine-ginen Zen 2 ya sami bambance-bambance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga wanda ya riga shi, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙarni biyu na farko na Ryzen. Bambanci mai mahimmanci shine tsarin tsarin na'ura, yanzu yana kunshe da lu'ulu'u daban-daban guda uku, biyu daga cikinsu suna dauke da tubalan cores, kuma na uku, mafi ban sha'awa a girman, ya haɗa da toshe na masu sarrafawa da tashoshin sadarwa (I / O). Duk da fa'idodi da yawa na ingantaccen tsarin 7nm mai ƙarfi da ci gaba, AMD ba zai iya taimakawa ba face fuskantar hauhawar farashin samarwa, saboda har yanzu ba a gwada tsarin 7nm ba kuma an kawo madaidaicin rabo na kwakwalwan kwamfuta mara kyau don tsaftacewa. Koyaya, akwai wani dalili - gamammen haɗin kai na samarwa, wanda ke ba da damar haɗa layin samarwa daban-daban zuwa ɗayan, kuma zaɓi lu'ulu'u don Ryzen 5 mai araha da EPYC mai ban mamaki. Wannan ingantaccen bayani mai tsada ya ba AMD damar kiyaye farashin a matakin guda, kuma yana da kyau a faranta wa magoya baya farin ciki tare da sakin Ryzen 3000.
Tsarin tsari na chiplets
Rarraba guntuwar na'ura zuwa ƙananan sassa uku ya ba da damar ci gaba mai mahimmanci wajen magance mafi mahimmancin ayyuka da ke fuskantar injiniyoyin AMD - rage jinkirin Infinity Fabric, jinkirin samun damar cache da musayar bayanai daga daban-daban tubalan CCX. Yanzu girman cache ya ninka aƙalla (32 MB L3 don 3600 da 16 MB don 2600 na bara), an inganta hanyoyin yin aiki tare da shi, kuma mitar Infinity Fabric yana da nasa FCLK multiplier, wanda ke ba da damar amfani da RAM har zuwa 3733 MHz tare da sakamako mafi kyau (jinkiri a cikin wannan yanayin bai wuce 65-70 nanoseconds ba). Koyaya, Ryzen 3000 har yanzu yana kula da lokutan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma sanduna masu ƙarancin ƙarancin tsada na iya kawo masu sabbin kayan aikin har zuwa 30% ko ƙari haɓaka aikin - musamman a wasu yanayi da wasanni.
Kunshin thermal na masu sarrafawa ya kasance iri ɗaya, amma mitoci sun ƙaru kamar yadda ake tsammani - daga 4,2 a cikin haɓakawa akan 3600 zuwa 4,7 a cikin 3950X. Bayan shiga kasuwa, masu amfani da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar "rashin lafiya", lokacin da na'urar ba ta nuna mitar da masana'anta suka bayyana ba ko da a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi - "ja" dole ne ya aiwatar da bita na musamman na BIOS (1.0.0.3ABBA). a cikin abin da aka samu nasarar gyara matsalar, kuma wata daya da ta gabata an saki Global 1.0.0.4, wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da ɗari da rabi gyarawa da ingantawa - ga wasu masu amfani, bayan sabuntawa, mitar mai sarrafawa ya karu har zuwa 75 MHz, kuma daidaitattun. ƙarfin lantarki ya ragu sosai. Koyaya, wannan bai shafi yuwuwar overclocking ta kowace hanya ba - Ryzen 3000, kamar magabatansa, yana aiki sosai daga akwatin, kuma ba zai iya ba da damar wuce gona da iri fiye da haɓakar alama - wannan yana sa ya zama mai ban sha'awa ga masu sha'awar, amma da yawa. na murna ga waɗanda Me ya sa ba ya so ya taɓa saitunan a cikin BIOS?
Zen 2 ya sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin aikin kowane-core (har zuwa 15% a cikin aikace-aikace daban-daban), ya ba AMD damar haɓaka ƙarfi sosai a duk sassan kasuwa, kuma a karon farko a cikin shekarun da suka gabata yana jujjuya yanayin cikin tagomashi. Me ya sa hakan ya yiwu? Mu duba a tsanake.
Ryzen 3 - Fantasy Fasaha
Mutane da yawa waɗanda suka bi leaks game da tsarar Zen 2 sun kasance masu sha'awar sabon Ryzen 3. Na'urori masu sarrafawa da ke samuwa an yi musu alkawarin 6, zane-zane mai karfi da kuma farashi mai ban dariya. Abin takaici, magajin da ake tsammanin zuwa Ryzen 3, wanda AMD ya samar da ƙaramin ɓangaren dandamali tare da shi a cikin 2017, bai taɓa ganin hasken rana ba. Madadin haka, Reds sun ci gaba da yin amfani da alamar Ryzen 3 azaman alamar ƙarancin ƙarewa, gami da ingantaccen farashi guda biyu masu inganci da mafita na APU mai sauƙi - ɗan ƙaramin rufewa (idan aka kwatanta da wanda ya riga shi) 3200G tare da haɗe-haɗen zane-zane na Vega 8 wanda ke iya ɗaukar nauyin tsarin yau da kullun. da wasanni tare da ƙuduri na 720p, da kuma babban ɗan'uwansa 3400G, wanda ya karɓi ainihin bidiyo mai sauri tare da zane-zane na Vega 11, da kuma SMT + ƙara yawan mitoci a kowane fanni. Wannan bayani zai iya isa ga wasanni masu sauƙi a 1080p, amma waɗannan matakan-shigarwa an ambaci su a nan ba don wannan dalili ba, amma saboda rashin daidaituwa tare da leaks wanda ya annabta Ryzen 3 ba kawai 6 cores ba, har ma yana kula da farashi mai ban dariya (kusan $ 120). -150). Duk da haka, kada mu manta game da ainihin matsayi na APU - har yanzu suna amfani da Zen + cores, kuma a gaskiya wakilan 3000 jerin ne kawai bisa ka'ida.
Koyaya, idan muka yi magana game da ƙimar sabbin ƙarni gabaɗaya, AMD ta tabbatar da tabbatar da matsayinta na jagorancin da ba a saba da shi ba a cikin ɓangarorin da yawa - ya sami nasara ta musamman a cikin nau'ikan masu sarrafawa na tsakiya.
Ryzen 5 3600 - Gwarzon jama'a ba tare da ajiyar zuciya ba
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fasalulluka na gine-ginen na'ura mai sarrafawa na Zen 2 shine sauyi daga tsarin ƙirar guntu guda ɗaya zuwa ƙirƙirar ƙirar "modular" - AMD ta aiwatar da nata ikon mallakar "chiplets", ƙananan lu'ulu'u tare da na'urar sarrafawa ta hanyar Infinity. Bus ɗin masana'anta. Don haka, "ja" ba kawai ya shiga kasuwa tare da sababbin sababbin abubuwa ba, amma kuma ya gudanar da aiki mai tsanani a kan daya daga cikin matsalolin da suka fi dacewa na al'ummomin da suka gabata - manyan latencies duka lokacin aiki tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kuma lokacin musayar bayanai tsakanin cores daga daban-daban. CCX tubalan.
Kuma wannan gabatarwar ta kasance a nan don dalili - Ryzen 3600, sarkin da ba a san shi ba na tsakiyar yanki, ya sami nasara marar iyaka daidai godiya ga sababbin abubuwan da AMD ta aiwatar a cikin sabon ƙarni. Haɓakawa mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin kowane-core da ikon yin aiki tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sauri fiye da 3200 MHz (wanda galibi shine ingantaccen rufin ƙarni na baya) ya sa ya yiwu a sauƙaƙe ɗaga mashaya zuwa tsayin da ba a taɓa gani ba, da nufin ba kawai a i5-9600K mafi sauri, amma kuma akan i7-9700 flagship.
Idan aka kwatanta da wanda ya gabace shi, Ryzen 2600, sabon mai shigowa ya sami ba kawai ci gaba da yawa a fagen gine-gine ba, har ma da ƙarancin ƙima (3600 da gaske yana zafi ƙasa kaɗan, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa AMD ta sami damar adanawa akan mai sanyaya. ta hanyar cire tushen jan karfe), sanyin kai da iyawar rashin jin kunya. Me yasa? Yana da sauƙi - 3600 ba su da su, ko da yake wannan yana da alama maras kyau. Alƙali da kanka - mafi girman mitar ya karu da 200 MHz, farantin suna 65 W baya son rai, kuma 6 cores sun yi daidai da (ko ma sun zarce!) Na'urorin Intel na yanzu a cikin tafkin Coffee. Kuma duk wannan an ba da shi ga magoya baya don $ 199 na yau da kullun, wanda aka ɗanɗana tare da dacewa da baya tare da yawancin uwayen uwa na AM4. An ƙaddara Ryzen 3600 don nasara - kuma tallace-tallace a duk faɗin duniya ya nuna hakan a fili ga wata na uku a jere. A wasu yankuna da suka dade suna biyayya ga Intel, yanayin kasuwa ya canza cikin dare, kuma ƙasashen Turai (har ma da Rasha!) Ya kawo sabon jarumin tallace-tallace na kasa zuwa babban nasara. A cikin sararin ƙasarmu, mai sarrafa na'ura ya mamaye kashi 10% na kasuwa don duk tallace-tallacen CPU a cikin ƙasar, gaba da i7-9700K da i9-9900K a hade. Kuma idan wani ya yi tunanin cewa duk game da farashi mai dadi ne, to, duk abin da ba haka ba ne mai sauƙi: Ryzen 2600, don kwatanta, a cikin lokaci guda bayan shigar da kasuwa ya mamaye ba fiye da 3%. Sirrin nasara ya kwanta a wani wuri - AMD ta doke Intel a cikin mafi cunkoson jama'a na kasuwar sarrafawa, kuma ta bayyana hakan a fili yayin gabatarwa yayin gabatar da na'urori a CES2019. Kuma farashi mai daɗi, daɗaɗɗen daidaituwa da mai sanyaya haɗawa kawai sun ƙarfafa jagorancin da ba a yi jayayya ba.
Don haka me yasa aka buƙaci babban ɗan'uwa, 3600X,? Hakazalika a cikin dukkan halaye, wannan na'ura mai sarrafawa ya yi sauri ta wani 200 MHz (kuma yana da mitar haɓakawa na 4.4 GHz), kuma ya ba mu damar samun fa'ida ta gaske a kan ƙaramin processor, wanda bai yi kama da cikakkiyar gamsuwa ba ga bayanan mahimmanci. ya karu ($229). Koyaya, tsohuwar ƙirar har yanzu tana da wasu fa'idodi - wannan shine rashin buƙatar jujjuya silsilai a cikin BIOS don neman mitoci sama da tushe, da Madaidaicin Boost 2.0, wanda zai iya jujjuya mai sarrafawa a cikin yanayi mai wahala, kuma yana da nauyi. mai sanyaya (Wraith Spire maimakon Wraith Stealth). Idan duk wannan yayi kama da shawara mai ban sha'awa, 3600X kyakkyawan gem ne daga sabon layin AMD. Idan overpaying ba shine zaɓinku ba, kuma bambancin aikin 2-3% bai yi kama da mahimmanci ba, jin daɗin zaɓin 3600 - ba za ku yi nadama ba.
Ryzen 7 3700X - Tsohon Sabon Tuta
AMD ta shirya wanda zai maye gurbin tsohon shugaban ba tare da hanyoyi masu yawa ba - kowa ya fahimci cewa idan aka kwatanta da masu fafatawa a yanzu, 2700X ya yi kama da ƙaranci, kuma babban ci gaba (kamar yadda yake a cikin 3600) ya kasance a bayyane kuma ana tsammanin. Ba tare da canza ma'auni na ma'auni na ma'auni da zaren ba, "ja" ya gabatar da nau'i-nau'i na masu sarrafawa zuwa kasuwa, ba tare da wani bambance-bambance na musamman ba, amma ya bambanta da farashi.
An gabatar da 3700X a matsayin maye gurbin kai tsaye ga alamar da ta gabata - don farashin da aka ba da shawarar na $ 329, AMD ta gabatar da cikakken mai fafatawa ga i7-9700K, yana mai da hankali ga kowane fa'idodinsa, kamar ƙarin hanyoyin fasahar fasaha da kuma kasancewar nau'ikan da yawa. -threading, wanda Intel ya yanke shawarar ajiyewa kawai don masu sarrafa "sarauta" na mafi girman rukuni. A lokaci guda, AMD kuma ya gabatar da 3800X, wanda, a zahiri, ya kasance ɗan sauri kaɗan (300 MHz a cikin tushe da 100 a haɓakawa), kuma ya kasa bambanta kansa ta kowace hanya daga ƙaramin danginsa. Koyaya, ga mutanen da har yanzu suna jin tsoro game da kalmar “overclocking manual”, wannan zaɓin yayi kyau sosai, amma dole ne ku biya da yawa ƙarin don irin waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa - kusan dala 70 a saman.
Ryzen 9 3900X da 3950X - Nuna Ƙarfi
Koyaya, mafi mahimmanci (kuma magana ta gaskiya, dole!) Alamar nasarar Zen 2 shine tsoffin mafita daga dangin Ryzen 9 - 12-core 3900X da zakaran 16-core a cikin nau'in 3950X. Waɗannan na'urori masu sarrafawa, suna da ƙafa ɗaya a cikin ƙasa na hanyoyin HEDT, sun kasance masu gaskiya ga dabaru na dandamali na AM4, suna da tarin albarkatu masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya ba da mamaki har ma da magoya bayan Threadripper na bara.
3900X, ba shakka, an yi niyya ne da farko don haɓaka layin Ryzen 3000 a kan almara wasan caca na yanzu - 9900K, kuma a wannan batun injin ɗin ya zama mai kyau sosai. Tare da haɓakar 4.5 GHz a kowace mahimmanci da 4.3 ga duk waɗanda ke akwai, 3900X ya ɗauki babban mataki zuwa ga daidaiton da aka daɗe ana jira tare da Intel a cikin wasan caca, kuma a lokaci guda ƙarfin ban tsoro a cikin kowane ɗawainiya - ma'ana, ƙididdigewa, aiki tare da archives, da dai sauransu. Zaren 24 sun ba da izinin 3900X don cim ma ƙaramin stringripper a cikin kyakkyawan aiki, kuma a lokaci guda ba a sha wahala daga matsanancin rashin ƙarfi a kowace mahimmanci (kamar yadda lamarin yake tare da 2700X) ko aibi na yawancin hanyoyin aiki (kuma sanannen Yanayin Wasan, wanda ya kashe rabin muryoyin a cikin na'urori na AMD HEDT). AMD ta taka leda ba tare da sasantawa ba, kuma yayin da kambi na mai sarrafa wasan caca mafi sauri har yanzu ya kasance a hannun Intel (wanda kwanan nan ya buɗe 9900KS, mai iyakantaccen mai sarrafa juzu'i don masu tarawa), Reds sun sami damar isar da mafi girman ƙarshen ƙarshen. gem a halin yanzu a kasuwa. Amma ba mafi ƙarfi ba - kuma duk godiya ga 3950X.
3950X ya zama filin gwaji don AMD - hada ikon albarkatun HEDT da taken "na'urar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko ta 16-core a duniya" ana iya kiranta caca mai tsafta, amma a zahiri "ja" kusan ba karya bane. Mafi girma haɓaka haɓakar haɓaka a cikin hanyar 4.7 GHZ (tare da kaya a kan 1 Core), ikon sarrafa launuka na gaba ɗaya, yana ba ku damar yin sabon dodo har ma ya fi tattalin arziki fiye da ɗan'uwansa 16-core saboda rage ƙarfin aiki. Gaskiya ne, zaɓin sanyaya wannan lokacin ya kasance a kan lamiri na mai siye - AMD bai sayar da na'ura tare da mai sanyaya ba, yana iyakance kansa ga kawai shawarar siyan mai sanyaya 4.4 ko 12 mm.
A yawancin lokuta, 3950X yana nuna wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayon a matakin 12-core bayani, wanda yake da kyau sosai, yana tunawa da labarin bakin ciki na yadda Threadripper ya kasance. Koyaya, a cikin wasannin da aka rage yawan amfani da zaren (alal misali, a cikin GTA V), ƙirar ba ta farantawa ido rai ba - amma wannan shine ban da ka'ida.
Sabuwar 16-core processor yana nuna kanta ta wata hanya ta daban a cikin ayyukan ƙwararru - ba don komai ba ne cewa yawancin leaks sun ce AMD ta canza fifikon ta a cikin sashin mabukaci har sabon 3950X yana jin kwarin gwiwa ko da a kan analogues masu tsada kamar i9. -9960X, yana nuna haɓaka mai girma a cikin aiki a cikin Blender , POV Mark, Premiere da sauran aikace-aikace masu ƙarfi. Ranar da ta gabata, Threadripper ya riga ya yi alƙawarin babban nuni na ikon sarrafa kwamfuta, amma har ma da 3950X ya nuna cewa ɓangaren mabukaci na iya bambanta gaba ɗaya - har ma da ƙwararrun ƙwararru. Tunawa da nasarorin 16-core flagship na AM4, wanda ba zai iya taimakawa ba sai dai tuna yadda Intel ya amsa harin zuwa HEDT.
Intel 10xxxX - Yin sulhu akan sulhu
Ko da a jajibirin fitowar sabon ƙarni na Threadripper, bayanan rikice-rikice sun bayyana nan da can game da layin HEDT mai zuwa daga Intel. Yawancin rikice-rikice yana da alaƙa da sunayen sabbin samfuran - bayan fitowar abubuwan da ke haifar da cece-kuce, amma har yanzu sabbin na'urori masu sarrafa wayar hannu daga layin Ice Lake akan fasahar aiwatar da nm 10, masu sha'awar da yawa sun yi imanin cewa Intel ya yanke shawarar haɓaka samfuran akan sha'awar. 10 nm a cikin ƙananan matakai, ba tare da mamaye mafi yawan niches ba. Daga ra'ayi na kasuwar kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, sakin Ice Lake bai haifar da wani tashin hankali na musamman ba - giant blue ya dade yana sarrafa kasuwar na'urorin hannu, kuma har yanzu AMD bai sami damar yin gasa tare da babbar injin OEM da mai ba. kwangilar kamfanonin da suka yi aiki tare da Intel tun farkon shekarun XNUMX. Duk da haka, a cikin yanayin sashin tsarin aiki mai girma, komai ya juya ya bambanta.
Mun san komai game da layin i9-99xxX - bayan tsararraki biyu na Threadripper, AMD ta riga ta ayyana kanta a matsayin mai fafutuka a cikin kasuwar tsarin HEDT, amma rinjayen kasuwa na shuɗi ya kasance mara girgiza. Abin baƙin ciki ga Intel, Reds ba su tsaya a nasarorin da suka samu a baya ba - kuma bayan halarta na farko na Zen 2, ya bayyana a fili cewa ba da daɗewa ba tsarin aiki mai girma daga AMD zai haɓaka mashawarcin wasan kwaikwayon, wanda Intel ya kasa amsawa, saboda Giant blue yana da sabbin hanyoyin magance shi ba ƙaramin abu bane.
Da farko, Intel ya ɗauki matakin da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba - don rage farashin da sau 2, wanda bai taɓa faruwa ba a cikin shekaru masu yawa na gasa tare da AMD. Yanzu flagship i9-10980XE tare da 18 cores a kan jirgin farashin kawai $979 maimakon $1999 ga wanda ya gabace shi, kuma sauran mafita sun faɗi cikin farashi a daidai gwargwado. Koyaya, da yawa sun riga sun fahimci abin da za su jira daga fitowar biyun da kuma wanda zai yi nasara, don haka Intel ya ɗauki tsauraran matakai ta hanyar ɗage takunkumin buga bita na sabbin samfuran sa'o'i 6 kafin ranar da aka tsara.
Kuma sake dubawa ya fara bayyana. Hatta manyan tashoshi da albarkatu sun kasance cikin rashin jin daɗi da sabon layin - duk da canjin canji a cikin manufofin farashi, sabon layin 109xx ya zama mai sauƙi "aiki akan kwari" na ƙarni na baya - mitoci sun canza kaɗan, ƙarin PCI. -E hanyoyin sun bayyana, kuma kunshin thermal yana da kyakkyawar damar overclocking bai bar dama ba har ma ga magoya bayan hardcore tare da manyan SVOs - a kololuwar 10980X na iya cinye sama da 500 W, yana alfahari ba kawai kyakkyawan aiki a cikin ma'auni ba, amma kuma yana nuna a sarari cewa akwai Ba wani abu ba ne kawai don matsi daga cikin 14 nm na kakan kakan.
Bai taimaka Intel ba cewa na'urori masu sarrafawa sun dace da dandamali na HEDT na ƙarni na baya - ƙananan ƙirar sabon layin sun ɓace zuwa 3950X ta hanyar zabtarewar ƙasa, yana barin yawancin magoya bayan Intel cikin rudani. Amma mafi munin har yanzu yana zuwa.
stringripper 3000 - 3960X, 3970X. Dodanni na duniyar kwamfuta.
Duk da farko da ƙwararrun adadin adadin cores (24 da 32 Cores bai haifar da irin wannan abin mamaki ba, a bayyane yake cewa Amd ba zai kawo mafita ga kasuwa ba "don nuna" - babban haɓakar aiki don Sakamakon haɓakawa da yawa na Zen 2 da ingantaccen ingantaccen kayan aikin Infinity, ya yi alƙawarin aiwatar da aikin da ba a gani a baya akan dandamali na Semi-pro - kuma ba muna magana ne game da 10-20% ba, amma wani abu mai ban tsoro da gaske. . Kuma lokacin da aka ɗage takunkumin, kowa ya ga cewa ba a fitar da manyan farashin sabon Threadripper daga cikin iska mai iska ba, kuma ba daga sha'awar AMD ba ta lalata magoya baya.
Daga yanayin ceton farashi, Threadripper 3000 shine apocalypse don walat ɗin ku. Na'urori masu tsada sun yi ƙaura zuwa sabon gabaɗaya, mafi haɓaka fasahar fasaha da hadaddun dandamali na TRx40, suna samar da har zuwa 88 PCI-e 4.0 hanyoyin, kuma ta haka suna ba da tallafi ga hadaddun tsararrun RAID daga sabbin SSDs ko tarin katunan bidiyo na ƙwararru. Mai kula da ƙwaƙwalwar tashar tashoshi huɗu da ƙananan tsarin wutar lantarki mai ban mamaki an tsara su ba kawai don samfuran yanzu ba, har ma don flagship na gaba na layin - 64-core 3990X, wanda yayi alƙawarin fitowa bayan Sabuwar Shekara.
Amma ko da yake farashi na iya zama kamar babbar matsala, dangane da aikin AMD bai bar wani dutse ba daga sabbin samfuran Intel - a cikin adadin aikace-aikacen da aka gabatar, Threadripper da aka gabatar ya ninka saurin flagship 10980XE, kuma matsakaicin haɓaka aikin ya kusan 70. %. Kuma wannan duk da cewa sha'awar 3960X da 3970X sun fi matsakaici - duka na'urori masu sarrafawa ba su cinye fiye da ƙimar 280 W ba, kuma tare da matsakaicin overclock na 4.3 GHz akan duk muryoyin sun kasance 20% mafi tattalin arziki fiye da ja- zafi mai zafi daga Intel.
Don haka, AMD ya sami damar a karon farko a cikin tarihi don ba wa kasuwa samfurin ƙima mai ƙima wanda ke ba da haɓakar haɓaka ba kawai a cikin aiki ba, amma kuma ba shi da wani babban lahani - sai dai watakila farashin, amma, kamar yadda suke faɗa. dole ne ku biya ƙarin don mafi kyau. Kuma Intel, kamar yadda yake da alama, ya zama madadin tattalin arziƙi, wanda, duk da haka, baya da kwarin gwiwa akan bayanan $ 3950 750X akan dandamali mafi araha.
Athlon 3000G - Ceto don kyakkyawan dinari
AMD bai manta ba game da ɓangaren kasafin kuɗi na masu sarrafawa masu ƙarancin ƙarfi tare da zane na yau da kullun akan jirgin - anan sabon (amma kuma tsohon) Athlon 5400G yana gaggawar ceto waɗanda suka kalli Pentium G3000 tare da babban raini. 2 cores da 4 zaren, 3.5 GHz mitar tushe da kuma sanannen Vega 3 ainihin bidiyo (karkatar da shi zuwa 100 MHz) tare da TDP na 35 W - kuma duk wannan don $49 abin ban dariya. Har ila yau, Reds sun ba da kulawa ta musamman ga yiwuwar overclocking na'ura mai sarrafawa, yana samar da akalla 30% na aikin a mitar 3.9 GHz. A lokaci guda, ba lallai ne ku kashe kuɗi akan mai sanyaya mai tsada a cikin ginin kasafin kuɗi ba - 3000G yana zuwa tare da kyakkyawan sanyaya wanda aka tsara don 65 W na zafi - wannan ya isa har ma da wuce gona da iri.
A cikin gabatarwar, AMD ta kwatanta Athlon 3000G tare da mai fafatawa na yanzu daga Intel - Pentium G5400, wanda ya zama mafi tsada (farashin da aka ba da shawarar - $ 73), wanda aka sayar ba tare da mai sanyaya ba, kuma yana da ƙasa sosai a cikin aikin zuwa sabon samfurin. . Har ila yau, abin ban dariya ne cewa 3000G ba a gina shi a kan gine-ginen Zen 2 - ya dogara ne akan tsohuwar Zen + a 12 nm, wanda ya ba mu damar kiran sabon samfurin wani ɗan wartsake na Athlon 2xx GE na bara.
Sakamakon juyin juya halin "ja".
Sakin Zen 2 ya yi tasiri mai yawa akan kasuwar sarrafa kayan aiki - watakila ba a taɓa ganin irin waɗannan canje-canje masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba a cikin tarihin CPUs na zamani. Za mu iya tunawa da cin nasara na AMD 64 FX, za mu iya ambaton nasarar Athlon a tsakiyar shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma ba za mu iya ba da kwatankwacin abin da ya gabata na giant "ja", inda komai ya canza da sauri. kuma nasarorin sun kasance masu ban mamaki kawai. A cikin shekaru 2 kawai, AMD ya sami nasarar gabatar da mafita na uwar garken EPYC mai ban mamaki, ya karɓi kwangiloli masu yawa daga kamfanonin IT na duniya, sun koma wasan a cikin sashin mabukaci na masu sarrafa caca tare da Ryzen, har ma sun kori Intel daga kasuwar HEDT tare da taimakon stringripper mara misaltuwa. Kuma idan a baya ya zama kamar cewa kawai kyakkyawan ra'ayi na Jim Keller ya kasance bayan duk nasarar, sa'an nan tare da sakin gine-ginen Zen 2 a kasuwa, ya bayyana a fili cewa ci gaban ra'ayi ya riga ya wuce gaba. makirci na asali - mun sami kyakkyawan mafita na kasafin kuɗi (Ryzen 3600 ya zama mashahurin mai sarrafawa a duniya - kuma har yanzu yana nan), mafita na duniya mai ƙarfi (3900X na iya gasa tare da 9900K, kuma yana mamakin nasararsa a cikin ayyukan ƙwararru), gwaje-gwaje masu ban tsoro (3950X) !), Har ma da matsananciyar tattalin arziki don ayyukan yau da kullun mafi sauƙi (Athlon 3000G). Kuma AMD ta ci gaba da ci gaba - shekara mai zuwa za mu sami sabbin tsararraki, sabbin nasarori da sabbin abubuwan ci gaba waɗanda tabbas za a ci nasara!
Gidan gidan NHTi "Yakin Processor" a cikin sassa 7 akan YouTube -
Marubucin labarin: Alexander Lis.
Masu amfani da rajista kawai za su iya shiga cikin binciken. don Allah.
To wanne ya fi?
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68,6%Saukewa: AMD327
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31,4%Farashin Intel150
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source: www.habr.com