A cikin wannan labarin za mu yi magana game da hanyoyi daban-daban don tsara tsarin RAID, da kuma nuna ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da RAID na farko na hardware tare da goyon bayan NVMe.
Ana samun duk nau'ikan aikace-aikacen fasahar RAID a cikin sashin uwar garken. A cikin ɓangaren abokin ciniki, software RAID0 ko RAID1 kawai akan fayafai biyu ne ake amfani da su.
Wannan labarin zai ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da fasahar RAID, ɗan taƙaitaccen koyawa kan yadda ake ƙirƙirar tsararrun RAID ta amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban guda uku, da kwatanta aikin faifai ta amfani da kowace hanya.
Menene RAID?
yana ba da cikakkiyar ma'anar fasahar RAID:
hari (Eng. Undididdiga mai yawa na Fayafai masu zaman kansu - m tsararrun faifai masu zaman kansu (masu zaman kansu)) - fasahar sarrafa bayanai don haɗa na'urorin faifai da yawa a cikin tsarin ma'ana don ƙara haƙuri da aiki.
Tsarin tsararrun faifai da fasahohin da aka yi amfani da su sun dogara da zaɓin da aka zaɓa Babban darajar RAID. An daidaita matakan RAID a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai . Ya bayyana matakan RAID da yawa, amma mafi yawanci sune RAID0, RAID1, RAID5 da RAID6.
RAID0, ko ratsi, matakin RAID ne wanda ke haɗa abubuwan motsa jiki biyu ko sama da haka zuwa tuƙi mai ma'ana ɗaya. Girman faifan ma'ana daidai yake da jimlar juzu'i na faifai na zahiri da aka haɗa a cikin tsararru. Babu sakewa a wannan matakin RAID, kuma gazawar tuƙi ɗaya na iya haifar da asarar duk bayanan da ke cikin faifan kama-da-wane.
Mataki RAID1, ko Mirror, yana ƙirƙirar kwafin bayanai iri ɗaya akan diski biyu ko fiye. Girman faifan kama-da-wane bai wuce mafi ƙarancin girman faifai na zahiri ba. Bayanan da ke kan faifan kama-da-wane na RAID1 za su kasance idan dai aƙalla faifan jiki ɗaya daga tsararrun yana aiki. Yin amfani da RAID1 yana ƙara sakewa, amma mafita ce mai tsada, tunda a cikin tsararrun faifai biyu ko fiye ana samun damar ɗaya kawai.
Mataki RAID5 yana magance matsalar tsadar tsada. Don ƙirƙirar tsararru tare da matakin RAID5, kuna buƙatar aƙalla diski 3, kuma tsararrun tana da juriya ga gazawar faifai ɗaya. Ana adana bayanai a cikin RAID5 a cikin tubalan tare da lissafin kuɗi. Babu ƙaƙƙarfan rarrabuwa tsakanin fayafan bayanai da faifan checksum. Takaddun ƙididdiga a cikin RAID5 sakamakon aikin XOR ne da aka yi amfani da su a kan tubalan N-1, kowanne daga faifai daban-daban.
Kodayake tsararrun RAID suna ƙaruwa da sakewa kuma suna ba da rahusa, ba su dace da adana madogara ba.
Bayan ɗan taƙaitaccen balaguron balaguro cikin nau'ikan tsararrun RAID, zaku iya matsawa zuwa na'urori da shirye-shiryen da ke ba ku damar haɗawa da amfani da tsararrun faifai.
Nau'in masu kula da RAID
Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu don ƙirƙira da amfani da tsarin RAID: hardware da software. Za mu yi la'akari da mafita masu zuwa:
- Linux Software RAID.
- Intel® Virtual RAID Akan CPU.
- LSI MegaRAID 9460-8i.
Lura cewa maganin Intel® yana gudana akan kwakwalwar kwakwalwar kwamfuta, wanda ke haifar da tambayar ko kayan aikin hardware ne ko software. Misali, VMWare ESXi hypervisor yana ɗaukar software na VROC kuma baya goyan bayanta a hukumance.
Linux Software RAID
Shirye-shiryen RAID na software a cikin dangin Linux OS mafita ce ta gama gari a cikin ɓangarorin abokin ciniki da uwar garken. Duk abin da kuke buƙatar ƙirƙirar tsararru shine aikin mdadm da ƴan na'urorin toshewa. Iyakar abin da ake buƙata Linux Software RAID wurare a kan faifai da yake amfani da shi shine ya zama na'urar toshe mai isa ga tsarin.
Rashin farashin kayan aiki da software shine fa'ida a bayyane ta wannan hanyar. Linux Software RAID yana tsara tsararrun faifai akan farashin lokacin CPU. Lissafin matakan RAID masu goyan baya da matsayi na tsararrun faifai na yanzu ana iya duba su a cikin fayil mdstat, wanda ke cikin tushen procfs:
root@grindelwald:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid10]
unused devices: <none>
Ana ƙara goyan bayan matakan RAID ta haɗa tsarin kwaya mai dacewa, misali:
root@grindelwald:~# modprobe raid456
root@grindelwald:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid10] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
unused devices: <none>Dukkan ayyuka tare da tsararrun faifai ana yin su ta hanyar mai amfani da layin umarni na mdadm. An haɗa tsararrun faifai a cikin umarni ɗaya:
mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/nvme1n1 /dev/nvme2n1Bayan aiwatar da wannan umarni, na'urar block / dev/md0 za ta bayyana a cikin tsarin, wanda ke wakiltar ku azaman diski mai kama-da-wane.
Intel® Virtual RAID Akan CPU
Intel® VROC Standard Hardware Key
Intel® Virtual RAID Akan CPU (VROC) kayan masarufi ne da fasaha na software don ƙirƙirar tsararrun RAID bisa Intel® chipsets. Ana samun wannan fasaha da farko don uwayen uwa waɗanda ke goyan bayan Intel® Xeon® Scalable processors. Ta hanyar tsoho, babu VROC. Don kunna shi, dole ne ka shigar da maɓallin lasisi na VROC.
Madaidaicin lasisin VROC yana ba ku damar ƙirƙirar tsararrun faifai tare da matakan RAID 0, 1 da 10. Sigar ƙima tana faɗaɗa wannan jeri tare da tallafin RAID5.
Fasahar Intel® VROC akan uwayen uwa na zamani tana aiki tare da na'urar sarrafa ƙarar ƙarar Intel® (VMD), wanda ke ba da damar musanya mai zafi don tuƙi na NVMe.
Intel® VROC Standard lasisi Ana saita tsararraki ta hanyar Saita Utility lokacin da uwar garken tayi takalma. A kan shafin Na ci gaba Intel® Virtual RAID akan abun CPU yana bayyana, inda zaku iya saita tsararrun faifai.
Ƙirƙirar tsararrun RAID1 akan tukwici biyu
Fasahar Intel® VROC tana da nata abubuwan da ke sama. Tsarin diski da aka gina ta amfani da VROC sun dace da Linux Software RAID. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana iya lura da yanayin tsararru a /proc/mdstat kuma ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar mdadm. Wannan "fasalin" yana samun goyan bayan Intel bisa hukuma. Bayan haɗa RAID1 a cikin Setup Utility, zaku iya lura da aiki tare da tafiyarwa a cikin OS:
root@grindelwald:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md126 : active raid1 nvme2n1[1] nvme1n1[0]
1855832064 blocks super external:/md127/0 [2/2] [UU]
[>....................] resync = 1.3% (24207232/1855832064) finish=148.2min speed=205933K/sec
md127 : inactive nvme1n1[1](S) nvme2n1[0](S)
10402 blocks super external:imsm
unused devices: <none>Lura cewa ba za ku iya haɗa tsararraki akan VROC ta amfani da mdadm (haɗin da aka haɗa za su zama Linux SW RAID), amma kuna iya canza faifai a cikinsu kuma ku kwakkwance tsararrun.
LSI MegaRAID 9460-8i
Bayyanar mai sarrafa LSI MegaRAID 9460-8i
Mai sarrafa RAID shine mafita na kayan masarufi na tsaye. Mai sarrafawa yana aiki tare da faifan da aka haɗa kai tsaye zuwa gare shi. Wannan mai sarrafa RAID yana tallafawa har zuwa 24 NVMe tafiyarwa. Tallafin NVMe ne ya keɓe wannan mai sarrafa baya da sauran da yawa.
Babban menu na mai sarrafa kayan masarufi
Lokacin amfani da yanayin UEFI, ana haɗa saitunan sarrafawa cikin Saita Utility. Idan aka kwatanta da VROC, menu mai sarrafa kayan masarufi ya fi rikitarwa sosai.
Ƙirƙirar RAID1 akan faifai guda biyu
Bayanin yadda ake saita tsararrun faifai akan na'ura mai sarrafa kayan masarufi batu ne mai dabara da kyau kuma yana iya zama dalilin cikakken labarin. Anan za mu iyakance kanmu kawai don ƙirƙirar RAID0 da RAID1 tare da saitunan tsoho.
Fayilolin da aka haɗa da mai sarrafa kayan aikin ba su ganuwa ga tsarin aiki. Madadin haka, mai sarrafa "mask" duk tsararrun RAID kamar yadda SAS ke tuƙi. Motocin da aka haɗa zuwa mai sarrafawa, amma ba ɓangare na tsararrun faifai ba, OS ɗin ba za su sami damar shiga ba.
root@grindelwald:~# smartctl -i /dev/sda
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.4.0-48-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Vendor: AVAGO
Product: MR9460-8i
Revision: 5.14
Compliance: SPC-3
User Capacity: 1,999,844,147,200 bytes [1.99 TB]
Logical block size: 512 bytes
Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Logical Unit id: 0x000000000000000000000000000000
Serial number: 00000000000000000000000000000000
Device type: disk
Local Time is: Sun Oct 11 16:27:59 2020 MSK
SMART support is: Unavailable - device lacks SMART capability.Duk da zama kamar masu tafiyar SAS, NVMe arrays za su yi aiki a cikin saurin PCIe. Koyaya, wannan fasalin yana ba ku damar yin taya daga NVMe a cikin Legacy.
Gwajin tsayawa
Kowace hanya na tsara faifai arrays yana da nasa ribobi da fursunoni na zahiri. Amma akwai bambancin aiki lokacin aiki tare da tsararrun faifai?
Don cimma iyakar adalci, duk gwaje-gwaje za a gudanar akan sabar iri ɗaya. Tsarinsa:
- 2x Intel® Xeon® 6240;
- 12x DDR4-2666 16 GB;
- LSI MegaRAID 9460-8i;
- Intel® VROC Standard Hardware Key;
- 4x Intel® SSD DC P4510 U.2 2TB;
- 1x Samsung 970 EVO Plus M.2 500GB.
Na'urorin gwajin su ne P4510, rabi daga cikinsu an haɗa su da motherboard, sauran rabin kuma zuwa mai sarrafa RAID. M.2 yana gudana Ubuntu 20.04 kuma za a gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ta amfani da fio version 3.16.
Gwaji
Da farko, bari mu duba jinkiri lokacin aiki tare da faifai. Ana aiwatar da gwajin a cikin zaren guda ɗaya, girman toshe shine 4 KB. Kowane gwaji yana ɗaukar mintuna 5. Kafin farawa, an saita na'urar toshe madaidaicin zuwa babu azaman mai tsara I/O. Umurnin fio yayi kama da haka:
fio --name=test --blocksize=4k --direct=1 --buffered=0 --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=1 --loops=1000 --runtime=300 --rw=<mode> --filename=<blkdev>Daga sakamakon fio muna ɗaukar clat 99.00%. Ana nuna sakamakon a teburin da ke ƙasa.
Karatun bazuwar, μs
Rikodin bazuwar, μs
faifai
112
78
Linux SW RAID, RAID0
113
45
VROC, RAID0
112
46
LSI, RAID0
122
63
Linux SW RAID, RAID1
113
48
VROC, RAID1
113
45
LSI, RAID1
128
89
Bugu da ƙari, jinkiri lokacin samun damar bayanai, Ina so in ga aikin faifai masu kama da juna kuma in kwatanta su da aikin faifai na zahiri. Umurnin gudanar da fio:
fio --name=test --blocksize=4k --direct=1 --buffered=0 --ioengine=libaio --loops=1000 --runtime=300 --iodepth=<threads> --rw=<mode> --filename=<blkdev>Ana auna aiki bisa ga ayyukan I/O. An gabatar da sakamakon a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa.
Bazuwar karanta zaren 1, IOPS
Bazuwar rubuta zaren 1, IOPS
Bazuwar karanta zaren 128, IOPS
Bazuwar rubuta zaren 128, IOPS
faifai
11300
40700
453000
105000
Linux SW RAID, RAID0
11200
52000
429000
232000
VROC, RAID0
11200
52300
441000
162000
LSI, RAID0
10900
44200
311000
160000
Linux SW RAID, RAID1
10000
48600
395000
147000
VROC, RAID1
10000
54400
378000
244000
LSI, RAID1
11000
34300
229000
248000
Yana da sauƙi a ga cewa yin amfani da mai sarrafa kayan aiki yana haifar da ƙarar latency da aikin da aka yi idan aka kwatanta da mafita na software.
ƙarshe
Yin amfani da mafita na hardware don ƙirƙirar tsararrun faifai daga faifai guda biyu ya yi kama da rashin hankali. Koyaya, akwai ayyuka inda amfani da masu kula da RAID ya cancanta. Tare da zuwan masu sarrafawa waɗanda ke goyan bayan ƙirar NVMe, masu amfani suna da damar yin amfani da SSDs masu sauri a cikin ayyukan su.
Masu amfani da rajista kawai za su iya shiga cikin binciken. don Allah.
Kuna amfani da mafita na RAID?
-
29,6%Ee, hardware mafita32
-
50,0%Ee, software mafita54
-
16,7%No18
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3,7%Babu RAID da ake buƙata4
Masu amfani 108 sun kada kuri'a. Masu amfani 14 sun kaurace.
source: www.habr.com