A ƙarshen XNUMX na karni na ƙarshe, wanda ya ƙirƙiri slat, Gustav Lachmann, ya ba da shawarar samar da wutsiya mara nauyi tare da reshe mai shawagi da aka sanya a gaban reshe. Wannan reshe an sanye shi da servo-rudder, tare da taimakon wanda aka tsara ƙarfin ɗagawa. Ya yi aiki don rama ƙarin lokacin nutsewar fuka-fuki wanda ke faruwa a lokacin da aka saki faifan. Tun da Lachmann ma'aikaci ne na kamfanin Handley-Page, shi ne mai mallakar takardar shaidar wannan bayani na fasaha kuma a ƙarƙashin wannan alamar an ambaci ra'ayin a cikin wallafe-wallafen fasaha. Amma har yanzu babu aiwatar da wannan ra'ayin a aikace! Menene dalili?
Daidaita asarar
Reshen jirgin sama, wanda ke ƙirƙira ɗagawa, yana da rakiyar, wanda za a iya cewa, samfuri mara kyau a cikin yanayin lokacin nutsewa wanda ke ƙoƙarin sanya jirgin cikin nutsewa. Don hana jirgin sama daga nutsewa, akwai karamin reshe a kan wutsiya - mai daidaitawa, wanda ya hana wannan nutsewa, haifar da ƙasa, wato, mummunan, ƙarfin ɗagawa. Wannan ƙirar aerodynamic na jirgin ana kiransa "al'ada". Saboda dagawar na'urar ba ta da kyau, yana ƙara wa jirgin nauyi, kuma reshe dole ne ya kasance yana da ɗaga sama da nauyi.
Bambancin da ke tsakanin waɗannan sojojin ana kiransa daidaita asarar, wanda zai iya kaiwa zuwa 20%.
Amma jirgin farko na tashi na Wright Brothers bai sami irin wannan asarar ba, saboda ƙananan reshe - mai hana ruwa - an sanya shi ba a bayan reshe ba, amma a gabansa. Ana kiran wannan ƙirar aerodynamic na jirgin sama "canard". Kuma don hana jirgin daga nutsewa, dole ne mai lalata ya haifar da sama, wato, tabbatacce, ƙarfin ɗagawa. Ana ƙara shi zuwa ɗaga reshe, kuma wannan adadin daidai yake da nauyin jirgin. A sakamakon haka, reshe dole ne ya samar da ƙarfin ɗagawa wanda bai kai ƙarfin nauyi ba. Kuma babu asara don daidaitawa!
Stabilizer da destabilizer an haɗa su cikin kalma ɗaya - wutsiya a kwance ko GO.
Duk da haka, tare da gagarumin ci gaban da takeoff da saukowa injiniyoyi a farkon talatin na karni na karshe, "duck" rasa wannan amfani. Babban abin da ke cikin injina shine kifaye - sashin baya na reshe wanda aka karkata zuwa ƙasa. Yana kusan ninka ƙarfin ɗagawa na reshe, saboda wanda zai yuwu a rage saurin gudu yayin saukowa da tashiwa, ta haka ne adanawa akan nauyin chassis. Amma samfurin da aka samu a cikin nau'in nutsewa lokacin da aka saki faifan yana ƙaruwa har ta yadda mai lalata ba zai iya jurewa ba, amma stabilizer ba zai iya jurewa ba. Karyewa ba gini ba ne, a cikin wannan yanayin yana da ƙarfi mai kyau.
Domin reshe ya haifar da ɗagawa, dole ne a daidaita shi a wani kusurwa zuwa alkiblar iskar da ke zuwa. Ana kiran wannan kusurwar kusurwar hari, kuma tare da girma, ƙarfin ɗagawa kuma yana girma, amma ba iyaka ba, amma har zuwa kusurwa mai mahimmanci, wanda ke cikin kewayon daga 15 zuwa 25 digiri. Don haka, jimlar ƙarfin sararin sama ba a karkata zuwa sama kawai ba, amma yana karkata zuwa wutsiyar jirgin. Kuma ana iya bazuwa zuwa wani bangaren da aka tsara shi sosai zuwa sama - ƙarfin ɗagawa, da kuma mayar da shi baya - ƙarfin ja da iska. Ana amfani da rabon ƙarfin ɗagawa zuwa ƙarfin ja don yin hukunci akan ingancin jirgin sama, wanda zai iya kaiwa daga 7 zuwa 25.
Abun da ke aiki a cikin ni'imar makirci na al'ada shine bevel na iska mai gudana a bayan reshe, wanda ya ƙunshi a cikin ƙasa mai jujjuyawa na shugabanci na kwarara, mafi girma mafi girma daga cikin reshe. Sabili da haka, lokacin da aka karkatar da kullun, saboda yanayin iska, ainihin mummunan kusurwar harin na stabilizer yana ƙaruwa ta atomatik kuma, saboda haka, ƙarfin ɗagawa mara kyau.
Bugu da ƙari, irin wannan yanayi kamar tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na tsawon lokaci na jirgin sama yana aiki a cikin goyon baya ga tsarin "al'ada" idan aka kwatanta da "canard". kusurwar harin jirgin sama na iya samun sauye-sauye sakamakon motsin iska na tsaye. An kera jiragen sama da wannan al'amari a zuciya kuma suna ƙoƙarin jure hargitsi. Kowane saman jirgin yana da aerodynamic mayar da hankali - batu na aikace-aikace na karuwa a cikin dagawa lokacin da kusurwar hari ya canza. Idan muka yi la'akari da sakamakon reshe da GO increments, da jirgin kuma yana da mayar da hankali. Idan hankalin jirgin yana bayan tsakiyar taro, to tare da haɓaka bazuwar a kusurwar harin, haɓakar haɓaka yana ƙoƙarin karkatar da jirgin ta yadda kusurwar harin ta ragu. Kuma jirgin ya koma yanayin tafiyarsa na baya. A wannan yanayin, a cikin tsari na "al'ada", reshe yana haifar da lokacin lalata (don ƙara kusurwar hari), kuma mai daidaitawa yana haifar da lokacin kwanciyar hankali (don rage kusurwar harin), kuma na ƙarshe yana rinjaye kusan 10% . A cikin canard, lokacin da aka lalata shi ne ya haifar da rashin zaman lafiya, kuma lokacin daidaitawa, wanda shine kusan 10% mafi girma, an halicce shi ta reshe. Sabili da haka, karuwa a cikin yanki da kafada na wutsiya a kwance yana haifar da karuwa a cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin ƙirar al'ada da kuma raguwa a cikin "canard". Duk lokuta suna aiki kuma ana ƙididdige su dangane da tsakiyar adadin jirgin (duba siffa 1).
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Idan hankalin jirgin ya kasance gaba da tsakiyar taro, to tare da ƙananan ƙananan haɓaka a kusurwar harin yana ƙaruwa kuma jirgin zai kasance maras tabbas. Ana amfani da wannan matsayi na dangi na mayar da hankali da cibiyar taro a cikin mayakan zamani don ɗaukar nauyin stabilizer kuma karɓar ba mummunan ba, amma haɓaka mai kyau akan shi. Kuma jirgin na jirgin yana ba da shi ba ta hanyar aerodynamics ba, amma ta hanyar tsarin atomatik mai ninki hudu na kwanciyar hankali na wucin gadi, wanda "taxi" lokacin da jirgin ya bar kusurwar da ake bukata. Lokacin da aka kashe ta atomatik, jirgin ya fara juya wutsiya gaba, wannan shine tushen siffar Pugachev Cobra, wanda matukin jirgin ya kashe da gangan kuma, lokacin da aka kai kusurwar wutsiya da ake buƙata, ya harba roka a cikin jirgin. rear hemisphere, sannan ya sake kunna aiki da kai.
A cikin abin da ke biyo baya, muna la'akari da jirage masu tsayin daka kawai, tun da irin wannan jirgin ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi a cikin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama.
Matsayin dangi na mayar da hankali na jirgin da kuma tsakiyar taro yana kwatanta manufar "tsakiya."
Tun da mayar da hankali yana bayan tsakiyar taro, ba tare da la'akari da tsarin ba, nisa tsakanin su, wanda ake kira alamar kwanciyar hankali, yana ƙara hannun GO a cikin al'ada na al'ada kuma ya rage shi a cikin "canard".
Matsakaicin kafadu na reshe da GO a cikin "duck" shine irin wannan ƙarfin ɗagawa na destabilizer tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin lif yana amfani da cikakken lokacin da aka kawo jirgin zuwa manyan kusurwoyi na kai hari. Kuma za a rasa lokacin da aka saki flaps. Saboda haka, duk "ducks" na sanannen mai zanen Amurka Rutan ba su da wani injiniya. Jirginsa na Voyager shi ne na farko a duniya da ya yi shawagi a duniya ba tare da saukarsa da man fetur ba a shekarar 1986.
Banda shi ne Beechcraft Starship, amma a can, saboda manufar yin amfani da flaps, an yi amfani da wani tsari mai sarkakiya tare da madaidaicin juzu'i na lalata, wanda ba za a iya kawo shi cikin yanayin da za a iya maimaitawa ba, shi ya sa aka rufe aikin.
Hannun reshe ya dogara da nawa ƙarfin ɗagawar na'urar ta daɗa ƙarfi lokacin da kusurwar harinsa ya ƙaru da digiri ɗaya; wannan siga ana kiransa da abin da aka samo asali dangane da kusurwar kai hari na ma'aunin ɗagawa ko kuma kawai abin da aka samu na mai lalata. Kuma, ƙarami wannan abin da aka samo, mafi kusa da reshe tsakiyar taro na jirgin sama za a iya sanya shi, sabili da haka, ƙananan hannun reshe zai kasance. Don rage wannan abin da aka samo asali, marubucin a cikin 1992 ya ba da shawarar aiwatar da nakasa bisa tsarin tsarin biplane (2). Wannan ya sa ya yiwu a rage kafadar reshe sosai don ya kawar da cikas ga yin amfani da kullun akan shi. Duk da haka, sakamako na gefe yana faruwa a cikin nau'i na karuwa a cikin juriya na GO saboda biplane. Bugu da ƙari, akwai matsala a cikin ƙirar jirgin, tun da yake wajibi ne a yi GO guda biyu, kuma ba daya ba.
Abokan aiki sun nuna cewa fasalin "biplane destabilizer" ya kasance a kan jirgin Wright Brothers, amma a cikin abubuwan da aka kirkiro ba kawai wani sabon fasalin da aka ba da izini ba, har ma da sabon tsarin fasali. Wrights ba su da siffar “lafa”. Bugu da ƙari, idan an san saitin fasalin sabon ƙirƙira, to don gane wannan ƙirƙira, dole ne a yi amfani da aƙalla fasali ɗaya don sababbin dalilai. A cikin Wrights, an yi amfani da biplaneness don rage nauyin tsarin, kuma a cikin ƙirƙirar da aka kwatanta, don rage abin da aka samo asali.
"Weathervane Duck"
Kusan shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, mun tuna da ra'ayin "vane duck" da aka ambata a farkon labarin.
Yana amfani da wutsiya ta kwancen yanayi (FGO) a matsayin mai hanawa, wanda ya ƙunshi na'urar da kanta, wanda aka sanya shi a kan axis daidai gwargwado ga fuselage, kuma an haɗa shi da na'urar lalata rudder servo. Wani nau'in jirgin sama na ƙirar al'ada, inda reshe na jirgin shine FGO destabilizer, kuma na'urar stabilizer na jirgin shine FGO servo. Kuma wannan jirgin ba ya tashi, amma an sanya shi a kan gatari, kuma shi da kansa yana kan hanyarsa dangane da kwararar da ke tafe. Ta hanyar canza mummunan kusurwar kai hari na servo tuƙi, muna canza kusurwar harin na destabilizer dangane da kwarara kuma, sabili da haka, ƙarfin ɗagawa na FGO yayin sarrafa farar.
Lokacin da matsayi na sitiyarin servo ya kasance ba canzawa dangane da mai lalata, FGO ba ta amsawa ga gusts na iska a tsaye, watau. zuwa canje-canje a kusurwar harin jirgin. Don haka asalinsa sifili ne. Dangane da tattaunawar da muka yi a baya, wannan kyakkyawan zaɓi ne.
Lokacin gwada jirgin farko na ƙirar "vane canard" wanda A. Yurkonenko (3) ya tsara tare da FGO mai kayatarwa mai inganci, an aiwatar da hanyoyin samun nasara fiye da dozin biyu. A lokaci guda, an gano alamun rashin kwanciyar hankali na jirgin sama (4).
"Super Resilience"
Paradoxical kamar yadda ake iya gani, rashin zaman lafiyar "van duck" shine sakamakon "kwanciyar kwanciyar hankali". Lokacin daidaitawa na kyandir na gargajiya tare da kafaffen GO an samo shi daga lokacin daidaitawar reshe da lokacin da GO ke fuskantar sa. A cikin duck na weathervaned, FGO ba ya shiga cikin samuwar lokacin daidaitawa, kuma an kafa shi ne kawai daga lokacin daidaitawa na reshe. Don haka, lokacin kwanciyar hankali na "van duck" ya kai kusan sau goma fiye da na al'ada. Idan kusurwar harin da gangan ya karu, jirgin sama, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wani lokaci mai ƙarfi na reshe, ba ya komawa yanayin da ya gabata, amma "ya wuce gona da iri". Bayan "overshoot", jirgin sama ya sami raguwar kusurwar kai hari idan aka kwatanta da yanayin da ya gabata, don haka lokacin daidaitawa na wata alama ta daban ya taso, kuma ya wuce kima, don haka tashin hankali ya tashi, wanda matukin jirgin ba zai iya kashewa ba.
Ɗaya daga cikin sharuɗɗan kwanciyar hankali shine ikon jirgin don kawar da sakamakon da ke haifar da rikice-rikice na yanayi. Sabili da haka, idan babu tashin hankali, jirgin mai gamsarwa na jirgin sama mara kyau yana yiwuwa. Wannan ya bayyana nasarar hanyoyin jirgin YuAN-1. A cikin kuruciyata mai nisa, marubucin ya sami matsala lokacin da sabon samfurin glider ya tashi da maraice a cikin yanayi natsuwa na tsawon aƙalla mintuna 45, yana nuna tashin jirage masu gamsarwa kuma ya nuna rashin kwanciyar hankali - yin wasa tare da nutsewa a cikin jirgin na farko a cikin iska. yanayi. Muddin yanayin ya kwanta kuma babu wata damuwa, mai tuƙi ya nuna gamsuwa da jirgin, amma daidaitawarsa ba ta da ƙarfi. Babu kawai wani dalili na nuna wannan rashin kwanciyar hankali.
CSF da aka bayyana za a iya, bisa manufa, za a iya amfani da su a cikin "duck-duck". Irin wannan jirgin sama shine ainihin ƙirar "wutsiya" kuma yana da daidaitattun daidaito. Kuma FGO ɗinsa ana amfani da shi ne kawai don rama ƙarin lokacin nutsewar reshe da ke faruwa lokacin da aka saki injiniyoyi. A cikin tsarin cruising babu wani kaya akan FGO. Don haka, FGO a zahiri ba ya aiki a cikin babban yanayin jirgin sama, sabili da haka amfani da shi a cikin wannan yanayin ba shi da amfani.
"KRASNOV-DUCK"
Za'a iya kawar da "fiye da kwanciyar hankali" ta hanyar haɓaka abin da aka samu na CSF daga sifili zuwa matakin yarda. An cimma wannan buri ne saboda kasancewar kusurwar jujjuyawar hukumar ta FGO ta yi kasa da kusurwar jujjuyawar servo rudder sakamakon sauyi a kusurwar harin jirgin (5). Don wannan dalili, ana amfani da tsari mai sauƙi, wanda aka nuna a cikin siffa. 2. FGO 1 da servo steering wheel 3 suna rataye akan axis OO1. Sanduna 4 da 6, ta hanyar hinges 5,7, 9,10, haɗa FGO 1 da servo steering wheel 3 tare da rocker 8. Clutch 12 yana aiki don canza tsayin sanda 6 ta matukin jirgi don manufar sarrafa farar. Jujjuyawar FGO 1 ba a aiwatar da shi ta hanyar duk kusurwar jujjuyawar sitiyarin servo 3 dangane da jirgin sama lokacin da yanayin canjin mai zuwa ya canza, amma ta hanyar daidaitaccen sashi. Idan ma'auni yana daidai da rabi, to, a ƙarƙashin aikin hawan hawan sama, wanda zai haifar da karuwa a kusurwar harin jirgin sama da digiri 2, ainihin kusurwar harin FGO zai karu da digiri 1 kawai. Saboda haka, abin da aka samu na FGO zai zama ƙasa da sau biyu idan aka kwatanta da ƙayyadaddun GO. Layukan da aka yanke suna nuna matsayin FGO 1 da servo rudder 3 bayan sun canza kusurwar harin jirgin. Canza ma'auni kuma, ta haka, ana iya aiwatar da ƙimar ƙimar abin da aka samo asali ta hanyar zabar nisan da suka dace na hinges 5 da 7 zuwa axis OO1.
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Rage abin da aka samo asali na GO saboda gashin fuka-fuka yana ba ku damar sanya hankali a cikin kowane iyaka, kuma a bayansa tsakiyar yawan jirgin sama. Wannan ita ce manufar rashin daidaituwa ta aerodynamic. Don haka, an cire duk hane-hane akan amfani da injinan fikafikan zamani a cikin tsarin canard yayin da ake samun kwanciyar hankali.
"KRASNOV-FLUGER"
Komai yana da kyau! Amma akwai drawback. Domin ingantaccen ƙarfin ɗagawa ya faru akan FGO 1, ƙarfin ɗagawa mara kyau dole ne yayi aiki akan sitiyarin servo 3. Misalin shi ne tsarin al'ada na jirgin sama. Wato, akwai hasara don daidaitawa, a cikin wannan yanayin daidaitawar CSF. Saboda haka, hanyar da za a kawar da wannan koma baya shine makircin "duck". Muna sanya sitiyarin servo a gaban FGO, kamar yadda aka nuna a Fig. 3.
FGO tana aiki kamar haka (6). Sakamakon aikin sojojin da ke sama a kan FGO 1 da kuma sitiyarin servo 4, an shigar da FGO 1 ba tare da bata lokaci ba a wani kusurwa na kai hari zuwa alkibla mai zuwa. Kusurwoyin harin FGO 1 da servo rudder 4 suna da alama iri ɗaya, saboda haka, ƙarfin ɗagawa na waɗannan saman za su kasance suna da alkibla iri ɗaya. Wato karfin iska na servo rudder 4 baya ragewa, sai dai yana kara karfin dagawa da FGO 1. Don kara kusurwar harin jirgin, matukin jirgin ya matsar da 6 gaba, sakamakon haka servo. rudder 4 akan hinge 5 yana jujjuya agogo baya kuma kusurwar harin servo rudder 4 yana ƙaruwa. Wannan yana haifar da karuwa a kusurwar harin FGO 1, watau karuwar karfinta.
Baya ga sarrafa fira, haɗin da aka yi ta hanyar turawa 7 yana tabbatar da haɓaka daga sifili zuwa ƙimar da ake buƙata na abin da aka samu na FGO.
Bari mu ɗauka cewa jirgin ya shiga updraft kuma kusurwar harin ya karu. A wannan yanayin, katako na 2 yana jujjuya agogo baya counterclockwise kuma hinges 9 da 8, in babu juzu'i 7, dole ne a matsa kusa tare. Rod 7 yana hana kusanci kuma yana juya sitiyarin servo 4 agogon agogo kuma ta haka yana ƙara kusurwar hari.
Don haka, lokacin da alkiblar kwarara mai zuwa ta canza, kusurwar harin steering wheel 4 ta canza, kuma FGO 1 ba da jimawa ba ta saita a wani kusurwa daban dangane da kwararar kuma ta haifar da ƙarfin ɗagawa daban. A wannan yanayin, ƙimar wannan abin da aka samo asali ya dogara da nisa tsakanin hinges 8 da 3, da kuma tazarar tsakanin hinges 9 da 5.
An gwada CSF ɗin da aka tsara akan ƙirar igiyar wutar lantarki na da'irar "duck", yayin da abin da aka samo asali ya ragu da rabi idan aka kwatanta da kafaffen CSF. Nauyin da ke kan FGO shine kashi 68% na wancan na reshe. Ayyukan rajistan ba shine don samun daidaitattun kaya ba, amma don samun daidaitaccen nauyin CSF idan aka kwatanta da reshe, tun da idan kun samu, to ba zai yi wuya a samu daidai ba. A cikin "ducks" tare da ƙayyadaddun GO, ƙaddamar da plumage yawanci shine 20 - 30% mafi girma fiye da nauyin reshe.
"Aideal jirgin sama"
Idan jimillar lambobi biyu ƙima ce ta dindindin, to jimlar murabba'insu zai zama mafi ƙanƙanta idan waɗannan lambobin sun daidaita. Tun da inductive ja na wani dagawa saman ya yi daidai da murabba'in na dagawa coefficient, mafi ƙanƙanta iyakar ja jirgin sama zai kasance a cikin yanayin a lokacin da wadannan coefficients na biyu dagawa saman su yi daidai da juna a lokacin cruising jirgin. Irin wannan jirgin ya kamata a yi la'akari da "madaidaici". Ƙirƙirar "Krasnov-duck" da "Krasnov-weather vane" sun sa ya yiwu a gane ainihin manufar "jirgin sama mai kyau" ba tare da yin amfani da kayan aiki na wucin gadi ba ta hanyar tsarin atomatik.
Kwatanta "jirgin da ya dace" tare da jirgin sama na zamani na ƙirar al'ada ya nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a sami 33% riba a cikin kaya na kasuwanci yayin da ake ajiye 23% akan man fetur a lokaci guda.
FGO yana ƙirƙira matsakaicin ɗagawa a kusurwoyi na kai hari kusa da mahimmanci, kuma wannan yanayin ya saba da lokacin saukar jirgin. A wannan yanayin, kwararar ƙwayoyin iska a kusa da saman mai ɗaukar kaya yana kusa da iyaka tsakanin al'ada da rumbun. Rushewar kwarara daga saman GO yana tare da hasara mai kaifi akansa kuma, a sakamakon haka, raguwa mai tsanani na hancin jirgin, abin da ake kira "fiti." Alamar alama ta “peck” ita ce bala’in Tu-144 a Le Bourget, lokacin da ya ruguje kan fitowa daga nitsewa daidai bayan nitsewar. Amfani da shirin CSF yana ba da damar magance wannan matsala cikin sauƙi. Don yin wannan, kawai wajibi ne don iyakance kusurwar juyawa na servo tuƙi dangane da FGO. A wannan yanayin, ainihin kusurwar harin FGO za a iyakance kuma ba zai taɓa zama daidai da mai mahimmanci ba.
"Weathervane stabilizer"
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Tambayar amfani da FGO a cikin tsari na al'ada yana da ban sha'awa. Idan ba ku rage ba, amma akasin haka, ƙara kusurwar juyawa na FGO idan aka kwatanta da motar servo, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa. 4, to, abin da aka samu na FGO zai kasance mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da kafaffen stabilizer (7).
Wannan yana ba da damar mayar da hankali na jirgin da tsakiyar taro don matsawa baya sosai. Sakamakon haka, nauyin tafiye-tafiye na FGO stabilizer ya zama ba mara kyau ba, amma tabbatacce. Bugu da kari, idan cibiyar taro na jirgin sama aka matsa sama da mayar da hankali tare da m karkata kwana (ma'anar aikace-aikace na increment a daga saboda kada karkatarwa), sa'an nan gashin tsuntsu stabilizer ya haifar da tabbatacce dagawa ƙarfi a cikin saukowa sanyi. .
Amma duk wannan yana iya zama gaskiya idan dai ba mu yi la'akari da tasirin birki da magudanar ruwa daga saman gaban da ke ɗauke da shi zuwa na baya ba. A bayyane yake cewa a cikin yanayin "duck" rawar da wannan tasirin ya fi ƙasa. A gefe guda, idan mai daidaitawa ya "ɗauka" a kan mayakan soja, to me yasa zai daina "ɗauka" a kan jirgin sama na farar hula?
"Krasnov-plan" ko "pseudo-vane duck"
Ƙunƙarar hawan na'urar hanawa, ko da yake ba a tsatsauran ra'ayi ba, har yanzu yana dagula ƙirar jirgin. Ya bayyana cewa rage abin da aka samu na destabilizer za a iya samu ta hanyoyi masu rahusa.
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A cikin siffa. Hoto na 4 yana nuna rashin ƙarfi na 1 na jirgin da aka tsara wanda aka haɗa tare da fuselage (ba a nuna a cikin zane ba). An sanye shi da hanyar canza ƙarfin ɗagawa a cikin nau'i na sitiya 2, wanda, ta yin amfani da hinge 3, an ɗora shi a kan madaidaicin 4, da wuya a haɗa shi da mai lalata 1. A kan wannan sashi na 4, ta yin amfani da hinge. 5, akwai sanda 6, a ƙarshen baya wanda sitiyarin servo 7 ke haɗe da ƙarfi A gaban ƙarshen sandar 6, kusa da hinge 5, lever 8 yana daidaitawa da ƙarfi, babban ƙarshensa yana tsaye. an haɗa shi da sandar 9 ta hanyar hinge 10. A ƙarshen sandar 10 akwai maɗauri 11 da ke haɗa shi da lever 12 na trimmer 13 na lif 2. A wannan yanayin, an ɗora trimmer 13 akan ɓangaren baya na sitiyarin 14 ta amfani da hinge 2. Clutch 15 yana canza tsayin turawa 10 ƙarƙashin ikon matukin jirgi don sarrafa farar.
Mai lalata da aka gabatar yana aiki kamar haka. Idan an sami karuwa mai haɗari a kusurwar harin jirgin sama, misali, lokacin da ya shiga haɓakawa, servo 7 yana karkata zuwa sama, wanda ya haɗa da matsawa na tura 10 zuwa hagu, watau. gaba kuma yana sa trimmer 13 ya karkata zuwa ƙasa, sakamakon haka lif 2 yana karkata zuwa sama. Matsayin sitiyarin 2, servo steering wheel 7 da trimmer 13 a cikin yanayin da aka kwatanta ana wakilta a cikin zane ta hanyar layukan da aka lalata.
Sakamakon haka, haɓakar ƙarfin ɗagawa na na'urar tashe tashen hankula 1 saboda haɓakar kusurwar harin zai kasance zuwa wani ɗan lokaci ta hanyar jujjuyawar lif 2 zuwa sama. Matsayin wannan matakin ya dogara da rabon kusurwoyi na karkatar da sitiyarin servo 7 da sitiya 2. Kuma an saita wannan rabo ta tsawon levers 8 da 12. Lokacin da kusurwar harin ta ragu, an karkatar da lif 2 zuwa ƙasa, kuma ƙarfin ɗagawa na destabilizer 1 yana ƙaruwa, yana daidaita raguwar kusurwar harin.
Ta wannan hanyar, an sami raguwa a cikin abin da aka samo asali na destabilizer idan aka kwatanta da "duck" na gargajiya.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa servo steering 7 da trimmer 13 suna da alaƙa da juna, suna daidaita juna. Idan wannan ma'auni bai isa ba, to lallai ya zama dole a haɗa nauyin ma'auni a cikin ƙira, wanda dole ne a sanya shi ko dai a cikin motar servo 7 ko a kan tsawo na sanda 6 a gaban hinge 5. Dole ne a yi amfani da lif 2. kuma a daidaita.
Tunda abin da aka ƙera dangane da kusurwar kai hari na farfajiyar da ke ɗauke da ita kusan sau biyu ne na abin da aka ƙera dangane da kusurwar karkatar da murɗa, sannan tare da wuce gona da iri na kusurwar rudder 2 idan aka kwatanta da kusurwar karkata. servo 7, yana yiwuwa a cimma darajar abin da aka samu na destabilizer kusa da sifili.
Servo rudder 7 daidai yake a cikin yanki don datsa 13 na rudder 2 tsayi. Wato ƙari ga ƙirar jirgin yana da ƙanƙanta sosai kuma yana dagula shi cikin sakaci.
Don haka, yana yiwuwa a sami sakamako iri ɗaya kamar "canard canard" ta amfani da fasahar samar da jiragen sama na gargajiya kawai. Saboda haka, jirgin sama mai irin wannan nakasa ana iya kiransa da "pseudo-vane duck." An karɓi patent don wannan ƙirƙira tare da sunan "Krasnov-plan" (8).
"Jirgin da ya yi watsi da tashin hankali"
Yana da kyau a ƙirƙira jirgin sama wanda gaba da baya na ɗagawa suna da jimlar abin da aka samu daidai da sifili.
Irin wannan jirgin kusan zai yi watsi da kwararar iska a tsaye, kuma fasinjojinsa ba za su ji “haɗari” ba har ma da tashin hankali a cikin yanayi. Kuma, tun da yake kwararar iska ta tsaye ba ta haifar da wuce gona da iri na jirgin ba, ana iya lasafta shi da samun raguwar nauyin aiki sosai, wanda zai yi tasiri mai kyau kan nauyin tsarinsa. Saboda kasancewar jirgin ba ya fuskantar cunkoson ababen hawa a lokacin tashin jirgin, tsarin jirginsa ba ya gajiyawa.
Ana samun raguwar abin da aka samo asali na reshe na irin wannan jirgin sama kamar yadda na destabilizer a cikin "pseudo-vane duck". Amma servo ba ya aiki a kan lif, amma a kan flaperons reshe. Flaperon wani yanki ne na reshe wanda ke aiki kamar aileron da harsashi. A wannan yanayin, sakamakon canjin bazuwar a kusurwar hari na reshe, ƙarfin ɗagawa yana ƙaruwa a cikin mayar da hankali tare da kusurwar harin. Kuma mummunan haɓakawa a cikin ƙarfin ɗaga reshe sakamakon karkatar da flaperon ta hanyar servo rudder yana faruwa a wurin mai da hankali tare da kusurwar karkatar da flaperon. Kuma tazarar dake tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan da ake buƙata ta kusan daidai da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na matsakaicin maɗaurin iska na reshe. A sakamakon aikin wannan nau'i na nau'i-nau'i masu yawa, an kafa wani lokaci mai tayar da hankali, wanda dole ne a biya shi ta lokacin da aka lalata. A wannan yanayin, mai lalata ya kamata ya kasance yana da ƙaramin ƙima mara kyau, kuma ƙimar ƙirar reshe ya kamata ya zama ɗan girma fiye da sifili. RF lamban kira No. 2710955 an karɓa don irin wannan jirgin sama.
Saitin abubuwan ƙirƙiro da aka gabatar suna wakiltar, ƙila, tushen bayanan da ba a yi amfani da su ba na ƙarshe don haɓaka ingancin tattalin arziƙin jirgin sama na subsonic da kashi uku ko fiye.
Yuri Krasnov
LITATTAFAI
- D. Sobolev. Tarihin karni na "reshe mai tashi", Moscow, Rusavia, 1988, shafi na 100.
- Yu. Krasnov. Farashin RF No. 2000251.
- A. Yurkonenko. Madadin "duck". Fasaha - matasa 2009-08. Shafi 6-11
- V. Lapin. Yaushe ne weathervane zai tashi? Babban jirgin sama. 2011. Na 8. Shafi 38-41.
- Yu. Krasnov. Farashin RF No. 2609644.
- Yu. Krasnov. Farashin RF No. 2651959.
- Yu. Krasnov. Farashin RF No. 2609620.
- Yu. Krasnov. Farashin RF No. 2666094.
source: www.habr.com