Fada tsakanin yokozuna biyu

Akwai kasa da sa'o'i XNUMX kafin fara siyar da sabbin na'urori na AMD EPYC ™ Rome. A cikin wannan labarin, mun yanke shawarar tunawa da yadda tarihin hamayya tsakanin manyan masana'antun CPU biyu ya fara.

Na'urar sarrafawa ta farko mai 8-bit na kasuwanci shine Intel® i8008, wanda aka saki a cikin 1972. Mai sarrafa na'ura yana da mitar agogo na 200 kHz, an yi shi ta amfani da tsarin fasaha na 10 micron (10000 nm) kuma an yi niyya don ƙididdiga "ci gaba", tashoshi na shigarwa-fitarwa da injinan kwalba.

A cikin 1974, wannan na'ura mai sarrafawa ya zama tushen tushen microcomputer Mark-8, wanda aka nuna azaman aikin DIY akan murfin mujallar Radio-Electronics. Marubucin aikin, Jonathan Titus, ya ba kowa ɗan littafin da ya kai dala 5 da ke ɗauke da zane-zanen shuwagabannin hukumar da’ira da kwatancin yadda taron ya gudana. Ba da daɗewa ba, an haifi irin wannan aikin na Altair 8800 microcomputer na sirri, wanda MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) ya kirkira.

Farkon fafatawa

Shekaru 2 bayan ƙirƙirar i8008, Intel ya fito da sabon guntu - i8080, bisa ingantattun gine-ginen i8008 kuma an yi su ta amfani da tsarin fasaha na 6 micron (6000 nm). Wannan na'ura mai sarrafa ya kusan sau 10 sauri fiye da wanda ya riga shi (mitar agogo 2 MHz) kuma ya sami ingantaccen tsarin koyarwa.

Reverse engineering na Intel® i8080 processor ta ƙwararrun injiniyoyi uku, Sean da Kim Haley, da Jay Kumar, sun haifar da ƙirƙirar clone da aka gyara da ake kira AMD AM9080.

Da farko, an saki AMD Am9080 ba tare da lasisi ba, amma daga baya an kulla yarjejeniyar lasisi tare da Intel. Wannan ya bai wa kamfanonin biyu fa'ida a cikin kasuwannin guntu yayin da masu siye ke neman gujewa yuwuwar dogaro ga mai siyarwa guda ɗaya. Siyar da farko ta kasance mai fa'ida sosai, tunda farashin samarwa ya kai cents 50, kuma guntuwar da kansu sojoji suka siyi da gaske akan dala 700.

Bayan haka, Kim Haley ya yanke shawarar gwada hannunsa don yin jujjuya aikin injiniyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Intel® EPROM 1702. A lokacin, ita ce fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mafi ci gaba. Ra'ayin ya sami nasara kaɗan kawai - ƙirar clone da aka adana bayanan don makonni 3 kawai a zafin jiki.

Bayan ya karya kwakwalwan kwamfuta da yawa kuma bisa iliminsa na ilmin sinadarai, Kim ya kammala cewa ba tare da sanin ainihin yanayin girma na oxide ba, ba zai yuwu a cimma aikin da Intel ya bayyana ba (shekaru 10 a digiri 85). Da yake nuna gwanintar injiniyan zamantakewa, ya kira cibiyar Intel kuma ya tambayi irin zafin da tandansu ke aiki. Abin mamaki, an gaya masa ba tare da jinkiri ba ainihin adadi - digiri 830. Bingo! Tabbas, irin waɗannan dabaru ba za su iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ba.

Gwajin farko

A farkon shekarar 1981, Intel na shirin shiga kwangilar kera na’urar sarrafa kwamfuta da IBM, babbar kamfanin kera kwamfuta a duniya a lokacin. Ita kanta Intel har yanzu ba ta da isassun ƙarfin samarwa don biyan buƙatun IBM, don haka don kada a rasa kwangilar, dole ne a yi sulhu. Wannan sasantawa yarjejeniya ce ta lasisi tsakanin Intel da AMD, wanda ya ba wa na ƙarshe damar fara samar da clones na Intel® 8086, 80186 da 80286.

Shekaru 4 bayan haka, sabuwar Intel® 86 tare da saurin agogo na 80386 MHz kuma an yi ta amfani da fasahar tsari na 33 micron (1 nm) zuwa kasuwar mai sarrafa x1000. Hakanan AMD tana shirya irin wannan guntu mai suna Am386 ™ a wannan lokacin, amma sakin ya jinkirta har abada saboda ƙiyayyar ƙima na Intel don samar da bayanan fasaha a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar lasisi. Wannan ya zama dalilin zuwa kotu.

A wani bangare na karar, Intel yayi kokarin yin jayayya cewa sharuddan yarjejeniyar sun shafi al'ummomin da suka gabata na na'urori masu sarrafawa da aka saki kafin 80386. AMD, bi da bi, ya dage cewa sharuddan yarjejeniyar sun ba shi damar sake haifar da 80386, amma. Hakanan samfuran nan gaba dangane da gine-ginen x86.

Shari'ar ta ci gaba har tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma ta ƙare cikin nasara ga AMD (Intel ta biya AMD $ 1 biliyan). Dangantakar amana tsakanin kamfanonin ta zo karshe, kuma Am386™ an sake shi a cikin 1991 kawai. Koyaya, na'urar tana cikin buƙatu sosai saboda yana gudana a mitar mafi girma fiye da na asali (40 MHz da 33 MHz).

Haɓaka gasa

Na farko processor a cikin duniya dangane da matasan CISC-RISC core kuma yana da math coprocessor (FPU) kai tsaye a kan guntu guda shine Intel® 80486. FPU ta ba da damar haɓaka ayyukan bututun ruwa da gaske, cire kaya daga CPU. Wata sabuwar dabara ita ce bullo da tsarin bututun aiwatar da umarni, wanda kuma ya kara yawan aiki. Girman kashi ɗaya ya kasance daga 600 zuwa 1000 nm, kuma crystal ɗin ya ƙunshi transistor 0,9 zuwa miliyan 1,6.

AMD, bi da bi, ya gabatar da cikakken aiki analogue mai suna Am486 ta amfani da Intel® 80386 microcode da Intel® 80287 coprocessor. Wannan yanayin ya zama dalilin da yawa kararraki. Hukuncin kotu na 1992 ya tabbatar da cewa AMD ta keta haƙƙin mallaka akan microcode FPU 80287, bayan haka kamfanin ya fara haɓaka nasa microcode.

Shari'ar da ta biyo baya ta canza tsakanin tabbatarwa da karyata haƙƙin AMD don amfani da microcodes na Intel®. Kotun koli ta California ta gabatar da batu na ƙarshe a cikin waɗannan batutuwa, wanda ya bayyana ikon AMD na yin amfani da microcode 80386 ba bisa ka'ida ba. Sakamakon haka shi ne sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin kamfanonin biyu, wanda har yanzu ya ba AMD damar samarwa da sayar da na'urori masu sarrafawa dauke da microcode 80287, 80386. da 80486.

Sauran 'yan wasa a kasuwar x86, irin su Cyrix, Texas Instruments da UMC, suma sun nemi sake maimaita nasarar Intel ta hanyar fitar da analogues na guntu na 80486. Wata hanya ko wata, sun kasa. UMC ta fice daga gasar ne bayan da wata kotu ta bayar da umarnin hana siyar da Green CPU din ta a Amurka. Cyrix ya kasa samun kwangiloli masu fa'ida tare da manyan masu taruwa, kuma ya shiga cikin shari'a tare da Intel game da cin gajiyar fasahohin mallakar mallaka. Don haka, Intel da AMD kawai sun kasance shugabannin kasuwa na x86.

Ƙarfin gini

A ƙoƙarin lashe gasar, duka Intel da AMD sun yi ƙoƙarin cimma iyakar aiki da sauri. Don haka, AMD shine farkon a cikin duniya don cin nasara akan mashaya 1 GHz ta hanyar sakin Athlon ™ (transistor miliyan 37, 130 nm) akan tushen Thunderbird. A wannan matakin na tseren, Intel ya sami matsala tare da rashin kwanciyar hankali na matakin matakin na biyu na Pentium® III akan tushen Coppermine, wanda ya haifar da jinkiri a cikin sakin samfurin.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce sunan Athlon ya fito ne daga harshen Hellenanci na dā kuma ana iya fassara shi a matsayin "gasa" ko "wurin yaƙi, fagen fama."

Irin nasarorin nasara iri ɗaya ga AMD sune sakin dual-core Athlon ™ X2 processor (90 nm), da shekaru 2 bayan haka Quad-Core Opteron ™ (65 nm), inda duk nau'ikan 4 ke girma akan guntu guda, kuma suna girma. ba taro na kwakwalwan kwamfuta 2. 2 cores kowanne. A lokaci guda, Intel yana fitar da sanannen Core™ 2 Duo da Core ™ 2 Quad, wanda aka yi ta amfani da fasahar aiwatar da nm 65.

Tare da karuwa a cikin mitoci na agogo da karuwa a cikin adadin ƙididdiga, tambaya game da ƙwarewar sababbin hanyoyin fasaha, da kuma shiga wasu kasuwanni, ya zama m. Babbar yarjejeniyar AMD ita ce siyan ATI Technologies akan dala biliyan 5,4. Don haka, AMD ya shiga kasuwar haɓakar hotuna kuma ya zama babban mai fafatawa na Nvidia. Ita kuwa Intel, ta samu daya daga cikin sassan Texas Instruments, da kuma kamfanin Altera kan dala biliyan 16,7. Sakamakon ya kasance shigowa cikin kasuwa na hanyoyin haɗaɗɗun dabaru na dabaru da SoCs don kayan lantarki na mabukaci.

Gaskiya mai ban mamaki ita ce, tun daga 2009, AMD ta yi watsi da samar da nata, yana mai da hankali kawai ga ci gaba. Ana samar da na'urori na AMD na zamani a wuraren samar da GlobalFoundries da TSMC. Intel, akasin haka, yana ci gaba da haɓaka ƙarfin samar da nasa don samar da abubuwan semiconductor.

Tun daga 2018, ban da gasa kai tsaye, duka kamfanonin biyu sun haɓaka ayyukan haɗin gwiwa. Misali mai ban mamaki shi ne sakin na'urori masu sarrafawa na ƙarni na 8 na Intel® Core™ tare da haɗe-haɗen zane-zane na AMD Radeon™ RX Vega M, don haka haɗa ƙarfin kamfanonin biyu. Wannan bayani zai rage girman kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci da ƙananan kwamfutoci yayin haɓaka aiki da rayuwar baturi.

ƙarshe

A cikin tarihin kamfanonin biyu, an sami sabani da yawa na rashin jituwa da da'awar juna. An ci gaba da gwagwarmayar neman jagoranci har zuwa yau. A wannan shekara mun ga babban sabuntawa ga layin Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processors, wanda muka riga muka yi magana game da shi. a kan mu blog, kuma yanzu lokaci ya yi da AMD ya ɗauki mataki.

Ba da daɗewa ba, sabbin na'urori na AMD EPYC™ Rome za su bayyana a cikin dakin gwaje-gwajenmu. gano game da zuwansu tukuna.

source: www.habr.com