Tambayar da aka fi so game da kowane tsarin da aka rarraba daga wanda ba fasaha ba shine "Tps nawa ne akan blockchain ku?" Koyaya, lambar da aka bayar don amsa yawanci ba ta da alaƙa da abin da mai tambaya zai so ji. A gaskiya ma, ya so ya tambayi "Shin blockchain ku zai dace da bukatun kasuwanci na," kuma waɗannan buƙatun ba lamba ɗaya ba ne, amma yawancin yanayi - a nan akwai haƙuri da kuskuren hanyar sadarwa, bukatun ƙarshe, girma, yanayin ma'amaloli da sauran sigogi da yawa. Don haka amsar tambayar "nawa tps" ba shi yiwuwa ya zama mai sauƙi, kuma kusan ba zai cika ba. Tsarin da aka rarraba tare da dubun ko ɗaruruwan nodes waɗanda ke yin ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu yawa na iya kasancewa cikin adadi mai yawa na jihohi daban-daban dangane da yanayin hanyar sadarwar, abubuwan da ke cikin blockchain, gazawar fasaha, matsalolin tattalin arziki, hare-hare kan hanyar sadarwa da sauran dalilai da yawa. . Matakan da matsalolin aiki zasu yiwu sun bambanta da sabis na gargajiya, kuma sabar cibiyar sadarwa ta blockchain sabis ne na cibiyar sadarwa wanda ya haɗu da ayyuka na bayanan bayanai, sabar yanar gizo da abokin ciniki torrent, wanda ya sa ya zama mai rikitarwa sosai dangane da bayanin martaba akan duk tsarin tsarin. : processor, memory, network, ajiya

Don haka ya faru cewa cibiyoyin sadarwa da blockchain suna da takamaiman takamaiman software kuma sabon abu don masu haɓaka software na tsakiya. Don haka, ina so in ba da haske game da muhimman al'amura na aiki da dorewar cibiyoyin sadarwar da aka raba, hanyoyin auna su da kuma gano ƙuƙumma. Za mu kalli batutuwan aiki daban-daban waɗanda ke iyakance saurin samar da sabis ga masu amfani da blockchain kuma mu lura da fasalin fasalin wannan nau'in software.

Matakan buƙatun sabis na abokin ciniki na blockchain

Domin yin magana da gaskiya game da ingancin kowane ƙarin ko žasa hadaddun sabis, kana buƙatar la'akari ba kawai matsakaicin dabi'u ba, har ma matsakaicin / mafi ƙarancin, matsakaici, kashi. A ka'ida, za mu iya magana game da 1000 tps a wasu blockchain, amma idan 900 ma'amaloli da aka kammala tare da babban gudun, kuma 100 aka "manne" na 'yan seconds, sa'an nan matsakaicin lokacin da aka tattara a kan duk ma'amaloli ba cikakken gaskiya awo ga abokin ciniki. wanda na kasa kammala cinikin cikin yan dakiku kadan. “Ramuka” na ɗan lokaci da aka rasa sakamakon zagayen yarjejeniya da aka rasa ko rarrabuwar hanyar sadarwa na iya lalata sabis ɗin da ya nuna kyakkyawan aiki akan benci na gwaji.

Don gano irin waɗannan ƙullun, ya zama dole a sami kyakkyawar fahimtar matakan da ainihin blockchain zai iya samun wahalar hidimar masu amfani. Bari mu yi bayanin yadda ake zagayowar isarwa da sarrafa ma'amala, da kuma samun sabon yanayin blockchain, wanda daga ciki abokin ciniki zai iya tabbatar da cewa an sarrafa kasuwancinsa kuma an ƙididdige shi.

an kafa ma'amala akan abokin ciniki
an sanya hannu kan ma'amala akan abokin ciniki
abokin ciniki ya zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin nodes kuma ya aika ma'amalarsa zuwa gare ta
abokin ciniki yana biyan kuɗi zuwa sabuntawa zuwa bayanan bayanan jihar na kumburi, yana jiran sakamakon ma'amalarsa ya bayyana
kumburi yana rarraba ma'amala akan hanyar sadarwar p2p
da yawa ko ɗaya BP (block producer) tafiyar matakai tara ma'amaloli, sabunta bayanan jihar
BP ya kafa sabon toshe bayan sarrafa adadin da ake buƙata na ma'amaloli
BP yana rarraba sabon toshe akan hanyar sadarwar p2p
ana isar da sabon toshe zuwa kumburin da abokin ciniki ke shiga
node updates jihar database
kumburi yana ganin sabuntawa game da abokin ciniki kuma ya aika masa da sanarwar ma'amala

Yanzu bari mu dubi waɗannan matakan kuma mu bayyana abubuwan da za a iya yi a kowane mataki. Ba kamar tsarin tsakiya ba, za mu kuma yi la'akari da aiwatar da code akan abokan cinikin hanyar sadarwa. Sau da yawa, lokacin aunawa TPS, ana tattara lokacin sarrafa ma'amala daga nodes, kuma ba daga abokin ciniki ba - wannan ba cikakke bane. Abokin ciniki bai damu da saurin kullin ya sarrafa ma'amalarsa ba; abu mafi mahimmanci a gare shi shine lokacin da ingantaccen bayani game da wannan ma'amala da ke cikin blockchain ya sami samuwa gare shi. Wannan awo shine ainihin lokacin aiwatar da ciniki. Wannan yana nufin cewa abokan ciniki daban-daban, har ma da aika ma'amala iri ɗaya, na iya karɓar lokuta daban-daban, wanda ya dogara da tashar, kaya da kusancin kumburi, da sauransu. Don haka yana da matukar mahimmanci don auna wannan lokacin akan abokan ciniki, tunda wannan shine siga da yakamata a inganta.

Ana shirya ma'amala a gefen abokin ciniki

Bari mu fara da maki biyu na farko: an kafa ma'amala kuma abokin ciniki ya sanya hannu. Abin ban mamaki, wannan kuma na iya zama ƙulli na aikin blockchain daga ra'ayi na abokin ciniki. Wannan sabon abu ne ga ayyuka na tsakiya, waɗanda ke ɗaukar duk ƙididdiga da ayyuka tare da bayanai, kuma abokin ciniki kawai yana shirya gajeriyar buƙatun da za ta iya buƙatar adadin bayanai ko ƙididdiga masu yawa, samun sakamakon da aka shirya. A cikin blockchain, lambar abokin ciniki tana ƙaruwa da ƙarfi, kuma tushen blockchain yana ƙara nauyi, kuma yawancin ayyukan kwamfuta ana tura su zuwa software na abokin ciniki. A cikin blockchains, akwai abokan ciniki waɗanda za su iya shirya ma'amala ɗaya na dogon lokaci (Ina magana ne game da hujjoji daban-daban na merkle, takaitattun hujjoji, sa hannun bakin kofa da sauran hadaddun ayyuka a gefen abokin ciniki). Kyakkyawan misali na tabbatarwa akan sarkar mai sauƙi da kuma shiri mai nauyi na ma'amala akan abokin ciniki shine tabbacin zama memba a cikin jerin da ya danganci itacen Merkle, anan. labarin.

Har ila yau, kar ka manta cewa lambar abokin ciniki ba kawai aika ma'amaloli zuwa blockchain ba, amma da farko yana tambayar yanayin blockchain - kuma wannan aikin na iya rinjayar cunkoso na hanyar sadarwa da kuma nodes na blockchain. Don haka, lokacin ɗaukar ma'auni, zai zama ma'ana a yi koyi da halayen lambar abokin ciniki gaba ɗaya gwargwadon yiwuwa. Ko da a cikin blockchain ɗin ku akwai abokan cinikin haske na yau da kullun waɗanda ke sanya sa hannu na dijital na yau da kullun akan mafi sauƙi ma'amala don canja wurin wasu kadara, kowace shekara har yanzu akwai ƙarin ƙididdige ƙididdiga akan abokin ciniki, algorithms na crypto suna samun ƙarfi, kuma wannan ɓangaren sarrafa na iya yin ƙarfi. juya zuwa wani gagarumin ƙugiya a nan gaba. Sabili da haka, yi hankali kuma kada ku rasa halin da ake ciki lokacin da, a cikin ma'amala mai dorewa 3.5s, an kashe 2.5s don shiryawa da sanya hannu kan ma'amala, da 1.0s akan aika shi zuwa hanyar sadarwar da jiran amsa. Don tantance haɗarin wannan kwalbar, kuna buƙatar tattara ma'auni daga injunan abokin ciniki, ba kawai daga nodes na blockchain ba.

Aika ciniki da lura da matsayinta

Mataki na gaba shine aika ma'amala zuwa kullin blockchain da aka zaɓa kuma karɓar matsayin karɓar ta cikin tafkin ma'amala. Wannan matakin yayi kama da samun damar bayanai na yau da kullun; kumburi dole ne ya yi rikodin ma'amala a cikin tafkin kuma ya fara rarraba bayanai game da shi ta hanyar hanyar sadarwar p2p. Hanyar tantance aikin a nan yana kama da tantance ayyukan microservices na gidan yanar gizo na API na gargajiya, kuma ana iya sabunta ma'amaloli da kansu a cikin blockchain kuma suna canza matsayinsu sosai. Gabaɗaya, sabunta bayanan ma'amala akan wasu blockchain na iya faruwa sau da yawa, misali lokacin canzawa tsakanin cokali mai yatsu ko lokacin da BPs suka sanar da aniyarsu ta haɗa ma'amala a cikin toshe. Iyaka akan girman wannan tafkin da adadin ma'amaloli a cikinsa na iya shafar aikin blockchain. Idan tafkin ma'amala ya cika zuwa matsakaicin girman yuwuwar, ko bai dace da RAM ba, aikin cibiyar sadarwa na iya faduwa sosai. Blockchains ba su da hanyar kariya daga ambaliya na saƙonnin takarce, kuma idan blockchain yana goyan bayan ma'amaloli masu girma da ƙananan kudade, wannan na iya haifar da ma'amalar ma'amala ta cika-wani yuwuwar cikas.

A cikin blockchain, abokin ciniki yana aika ma'amala zuwa kowane kullin blockchain da yake so, hash ɗin ciniki galibi ana sanin abokin ciniki kafin aikawa, don haka abin da kawai yake buƙata shine cimma haɗin gwiwa kuma, bayan watsawa, jira blockchain ya canza. halinsa, yana ba da damar kasuwancinsa. Lura cewa ta hanyar auna "tps" za ku iya samun sakamako daban-daban don hanyoyi daban-daban na haɗawa zuwa kumburin blockchain. Wannan na iya zama RPC na yau da kullun na HTTP ko WebSocket wanda ke ba ku damar aiwatar da tsarin “subscribe”. A cikin akwati na biyu, abokin ciniki zai karɓi sanarwa a baya, kuma kumburin zai kashe ƙasa da albarkatun (yawanci ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da zirga-zirga) akan martani game da matsayin ma'amala. Don haka lokacin auna "tps" ya zama dole a la'akari da yadda abokan ciniki ke haɗa su zuwa nodes. Don haka, don tantance haɗarin wannan ƙulli, blockchain na ma'auni dole ne ya iya yin koyi da abokan ciniki tare da buƙatun WebSocket da HTTP RPC, gwargwadon gwargwadon hanyoyin sadarwa na gaske, da kuma canza yanayin ma'amaloli da girman su.

Don tantance haɗarin wannan kwalbar, kuna buƙatar tattara ma'auni daga injunan abokin ciniki, ba kawai daga nodes na blockchain ba.

Isar da ma'amaloli da toshe ta hanyar hanyar sadarwar p2p

A cikin blockchains, ana amfani da sadarwar peer-to-peer (p2p) don canja wurin ma'amaloli da tubalan tsakanin mahalarta. Ma'amaloli sun bazu ko'ina cikin hanyar sadarwa, suna farawa daga ɗaya daga cikin nodes, har sai sun isa ga masu kera toshe, waɗanda ke tattara ma'amaloli zuwa tubalan kuma, ta amfani da p2p iri ɗaya, suna rarraba sabbin tubalan zuwa duk nodes ɗin cibiyar sadarwa. Tushen mafi yawan hanyoyin sadarwar p2p na zamani shine gyare-gyare daban-daban na ƙa'idar Kademlia. a nan kyakkyawan taƙaitaccen bayanin wannan yarjejeniya, kuma ga shi - labarin da ke da ma'auni daban-daban a cikin hanyar sadarwar BitTorrent, wanda mutum zai iya fahimtar cewa wannan nau'in hanyar sadarwa ta fi rikitarwa kuma ba ta da tabbas fiye da tsayayyen hanyar sadarwa na sabis na tsakiya. Hakanan, ga shi labarin game da auna ma'auni daban-daban masu ban sha'awa don nodes Ethereum.

A taƙaice, kowane takwarorinsu a cikin irin waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa suna riƙe da nasa jerin gwano na sauran takwarorinsu daga inda yake neman tubalan bayanan da abun ciki ke magana. Lokacin da takwarorinsu ya karɓi buƙatu, ko dai ya ba da bayanan da suka dace ko kuma ya ba da buƙatun ga ɗan ƙera na gaba na bazuwar daga jerin, kuma ya sami amsa, ya mika shi ga mai buƙatun ya adana shi na ɗan lokaci, yana ba da wannan. toshe bayanai a farkon lokaci na gaba. Don haka, sanannen bayanin yana ƙarewa a cikin babban adadin cache na yawan abokan aiki, kuma a hankali ana maye gurbin bayanan da ba a so. Abokan takwarorinsu suna adana bayanan wanene ya aika nawa bayanai zuwa ga wane, kuma hanyar sadarwar tana ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa masu rarrabawa masu aiki ta hanyar haɓaka ƙimar su da samar musu da babban matakin sabis, tana kawar da mahalarta marasa aiki kai tsaye daga jerin takwarorinsu.

Don haka, ciniki a yanzu yana buƙatar rarraba a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta yadda masu yin block-producers su iya gani da kuma haɗa shi a cikin toshe. Kullin yana rayayye "rarraba" sabon ma'amala ga kowa da kowa kuma yana sauraron hanyar sadarwa, yana jiran toshe a cikin ma'aunin abin da ma'amalar da ake buƙata zata bayyana don sanar da abokin ciniki mai jira. Lokacin da ake ɗauka don hanyar sadarwa don canja wurin bayanai ga juna game da sababbin ma'amaloli da toshewa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar p2p ya dogara da adadi mai yawa na dalilai: adadin nodes masu gaskiya da ke aiki a kusa (daga hanyar sadarwa), "warm- up" daga cikin caches na wadannan nodes, girman tubalan, ma'amaloli, yanayin canje-canje , cibiyar sadarwa labarin kasa, adadin nodes da yawa wasu dalilai. Ma'auni masu rikitarwa na ma'aunin aiki a cikin irin waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa abu ne mai rikitarwa; wajibi ne a yi la'akari da lokacin sarrafa buƙatun a lokaci guda akan abokan ciniki da takwarorinsu (nodes blockchain). Matsaloli a cikin kowane nau'i na p2p, fitar da bayanan da ba daidai ba da caching, rashin tasiri na jerin sunayen abokan aiki, da wasu dalilai masu yawa na iya haifar da jinkirin da ke shafar ingancin dukkanin hanyar sadarwa gaba ɗaya, kuma wannan ƙugiya ita ce mafi wuyar nazari. , gwaji da fassarar sakamako.

Blockchain sarrafawa da sabunta bayanan jihar

Mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren blockchain shine algorithm yarjejeniya, aikace-aikacen sa zuwa sababbin tubalan da aka karɓa daga hanyar sadarwa da sarrafa ma'amaloli tare da rikodin sakamakon a cikin bayanan jihar. Ƙara sabon toshe zuwa sarkar sannan zaɓin babban sarkar ya kamata yayi aiki da sauri. Duk da haka, a cikin rayuwa ta ainihi, "ya kamata" ba yana nufin "ayyukan" ba, kuma wanda zai iya, alal misali, tunanin halin da ake ciki inda sarƙoƙi masu tsayi guda biyu suna ci gaba da canzawa tsakanin su, canza metadata na dubban ma'amaloli a cikin tafkin a kowane canji. , kuma akai-akai mirgina baya da jihar database. Wannan mataki, dangane da ma'anar ƙulli, ya fi sauƙi fiye da layin hanyar sadarwa na p2p, saboda aiwatar da aiwatar da ma'amala da yarjejeniya algorithm suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙima, kuma yana da sauƙin auna wani abu anan.
Babban abu shine kada ku dame lalatawar bazuwar a cikin aikin wannan mataki tare da matsalolin cibiyar sadarwa - nodes suna da hankali a cikin isar da tubalan da bayanai game da babban sarkar, kuma ga abokin ciniki na waje wannan na iya zama kamar jinkirin hanyar sadarwa, kodayake matsalar tana cikin wuri dabam dabam.

Don inganta aikin a wannan mataki, yana da amfani don tattarawa da saka idanu akan ma'auni daga nodes da kansu, kuma sun haɗa da su waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sabunta bayanan jihar: adadin tubalan da aka sarrafa akan kumburi, girman su, adadin ma'amaloli, Adadin masu canzawa tsakanin sarkar cokali mai yatsu, adadin tubalan da ba daidai ba, lokacin aiki na injin kama-da-wane, ƙaddamar da lokacin bayanai, da sauransu. Wannan zai hana matsalolin cibiyar sadarwa daga rikicewa tare da kurakurai a cikin algorithms sarrafa sarkar.

Ma'amalar sarrafa injin kama-da-wane na iya zama tushen bayanai mai amfani wanda zai iya inganta aikin blockchain. Yawan adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, adadin umarnin karantawa / rubutawa, da sauran ma'auni masu alaƙa da tasiri na aiwatar da lambar kwangila na iya samar da bayanai masu yawa ga masu haɓakawa. A lokaci guda, kwangiloli masu wayo shirye-shirye ne, wanda ke nufin a cikin ka'idar za su iya cinye kowane albarkatun: cpu / ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya / cibiyar sadarwa / ajiya, don haka sarrafa ma'amala shine matakin da ba shi da tabbas, wanda, ƙari, yana canzawa sosai lokacin motsi tsakanin sigogin. da kuma lokacin canza lambobin kwangila. Sabili da haka, ana kuma buƙatar ma'auni masu alaƙa da sarrafa ma'amala don haɓaka aikin blockchain yadda ya kamata.

Karɓar abokin ciniki na sanarwa game da haɗa ma'amala a cikin blockchain

Wannan shine mataki na ƙarshe na abokin ciniki na blockchain yana karɓar sabis ɗin; idan aka kwatanta da sauran matakan, babu babban farashin sama, amma har yanzu yana da daraja la'akari da yuwuwar abokin ciniki ya sami amsa mai ƙarfi daga kumburi (misali, kwangila mai wayo. dawo da tsararrun bayanai). A kowane hali, wannan batu shine mafi mahimmanci ga wanda ya tambayi tambaya "Tps nawa ne a cikin blockchain ku?", Domin A wannan lokacin, ana yin rikodin lokacin karɓar sabis ɗin.

A wannan wuri, koyaushe ana aika cikakken lokacin da abokin ciniki ya kashe yana jiran amsa daga blockchain; wannan lokacin ne mai amfani zai jira tabbatarwa a cikin aikace-aikacen sa, kuma shine inganta shi shine babban aiki na masu haɓakawa.

ƙarshe

A sakamakon haka, zamu iya bayyana nau'ikan ayyukan da aka yi akan blockchain kuma mu raba su zuwa rukuni da yawa:

sauye-sauyen bayanan sirri, ginin hujja
hanyar sadarwar tsara-da-tsara, ciniki da toshe kwafi
sarrafa ma'amala, aiwatar da kwangilar wayo
amfani da canje-canje a cikin blockchain zuwa bayanan jihar, sabunta bayanai akan ma'amaloli da tubalan
buƙatun karantawa-kawai zuwa bayanan bayanan jihar, API ɗin blockchain node, sabis na biyan kuɗi

Gabaɗaya, buƙatun fasaha don nodes na blockchain na zamani suna da matuƙar mahimmanci - CPUs masu sauri don cryptography, babban adadin RAM don adanawa da sauri shiga cikin bayanan jihar, hulɗar cibiyar sadarwa ta amfani da babban adadin haɗin buɗe lokaci guda, da manyan ajiya. Irin waɗannan buƙatu masu girma da kuma yawan nau'ikan ayyuka daban-daban babu makawa suna haifar da gaskiyar cewa nodes ɗin bazai da isassun albarkatu, sannan kowane matakan da aka tattauna a sama na iya zama wani ƙulli don aikin cibiyar sadarwa gabaɗaya.

Lokacin zayyanawa da kimanta ayyukan blockchain, dole ne ku yi la'akari da duk waɗannan abubuwan. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar tattarawa da kuma nazarin ma'auni a lokaci guda daga abokan ciniki da nodes na cibiyar sadarwa, bincika alaƙa tsakanin su, ƙididdige lokacin da ake ɗauka don samar da sabis ga abokan ciniki, la'akari da duk manyan albarkatun: cpu / memory / cibiyar sadarwa / ajiya. , ku fahimci yadda ake amfani da su da kuma rinjayar juna. Duk wannan yana sa kwatanta saurin blockchain daban-daban a cikin nau'in "TPS nawa" wani aiki ne mara godiya, tunda akwai adadi mai yawa na jeri da jihohi daban-daban. A cikin manyan tsarin tsakiya, gungu na ɗaruruwan sabobin, waɗannan matsalolin kuma suna da rikitarwa kuma suna buƙatar tarin adadi mai yawa na ma'auni daban-daban, amma a cikin blockchain, saboda hanyoyin sadarwar p2p, kwangilar sarrafa injin injin, tattalin arziƙin ciki, adadin digiri. 'yanci ya fi girma, wanda ke yin gwajin har ma a kan sabobin da yawa, ba alama ba ne kuma yana nuna ƙima sosai kawai waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da gaskiya.

Don haka, lokacin haɓakawa a cikin tushen blockchain, don kimanta aikin da amsa tambayar “Shin ya inganta idan aka kwatanta da na ƙarshe?” muna amfani da software mai rikitarwa wanda ke tsara ƙaddamar da blockchain tare da ɗimbin nodes kuma ta atomatik ƙaddamar da ma'auni kuma ta tattara awo. Ba tare da wannan bayanin yana da matukar wahala a cire ƙa'idodin da ke aiki tare da mahalarta da yawa.

Don haka, lokacin da kuka karɓi tambayar “TPS nawa ne ke cikin blockchain ɗin ku?”, ba wa mai magana da ku shayi kuma ku tambaye shi idan a shirye yake ya kalli jadawali goma sha biyu kuma ku saurari duk kwalaye uku na matsalolin aikin blockchain da shawarwarinku don warware su...

source: www.habr.com

TPS nawa ne akan blockchain ku?