TON: Telegram Open Network. Sashe na 1: Gabatarwa, Layer cibiyar sadarwa, ADNL, DHT, cibiyoyin sadarwa masu rufi

Makonni biyu yanzu, Runet yana yin hayaniya game da Telegram da halin da ake ciki tare da toshewar rashin hankali da rashin tausayi ta hanyar Roskomnadzor. Ricochet ya ɓata wa mutane da yawa rai, amma duk waɗannan batutuwa ne don posts akan Geektimes. Wani abu ya ba ni mamaki - Har yanzu ban ga ko wani bincike ba akan Habré na cibiyar sadarwar TON da aka shirya don fitarwa ta hanyar Telegram - Telegram Open Network. Na so in gyara wannan rashi, saboda akwai abin da zan yi nazari a can - duk da rashin bayanan hukuma game da shi.

Bari in tunatar da ku cewa akwai jita-jita cewa Telegram ya ƙaddamar da wani babban sikelin rufaffiyar ICO, wanda ya riga ya tattara makudan kuɗi masu ban mamaki. Ana sa ran za a ƙaddamar da cryptocurrency na Gram a wannan shekara - kuma kowane mai amfani da Telegram zai sami walat ta atomatik, wanda a cikin kansa yana haifar da fa'ida mai mahimmanci akan sauran cryptocurrencies.

Abin baƙin ciki, tun da babu wasu bayanai na hukuma, Zan iya ci gaba kawai daga daftarin da ba a san asalinsa ba, wanda nan take na gargade ku akai. Tabbas, yana iya zama mai fasaha na karya, amma kuma yana yiwuwa cewa wannan shine ainihin takarda na tsarin nan gaba, wanda Nikolai Durov ya rubuta (kuma leaked, mai yiwuwa, daya daga cikin masu zuba jari). Amma ko da karya ne, babu wanda zai hana mu yin nazari mu tattauna shi, ko?

Menene wannan takarda ta ce? Zan yi ƙoƙari in sake bayyana shi a cikin kalmomi na, kusa da rubutun, amma a cikin Rashanci da ɗan adam da ɗan adam (mai yiwuwa Nikolai ya gafarta mani da halinsa na shiga cikin ilimin lissafi). Ka tuna cewa ko da wannan na gaske ne, wannan daftarin bayanin tsarin kuma zai iya canzawa sosai a lokacin ƙaddamar da jama'a.

Mun koyi cewa ban da cryptocurrency, akwai abubuwa da yawa da ake sa ran. Mu dauke shi cikin tsari.

• TON Blockchain. Wannan shi ne tushen dukan tsarin. Idan baku san menene ba toshewa - Ina ba da shawarar ganowa, saboda za a sami blockchain da yawa a nan. Gida a cikin juna, kusan rarrabuwa har ma da "tsaye" blockchain a cikin tubalan sauran blockchain. Hakanan za'a sami wasu kalmomi masu sanyi kamar Hanyar Hypercube kai tsaye и Tsarin Sharding mara iyaka, amma fiye da haka daga baya. Kuma, ba shakka, tabbaci-na-gungumi da wayo kwangiloli.
• TON P2P Network. Tsari-da-tsara cibiyar sadarwa a kan tushen da tsarin za a gina. Za a fara tattauna ta a wannan sashin labarin.
• TON Storage. Ma'ajiyar fayil, wanda, ba tare da la'akari da blockchain ba, za'a gina shi akan hanyar sadarwar tsara-zuwa-tsara da aka ambata a sama. Za a iya kwatanta shi da rafuffuka.
• TON Proxy. Wannan sabis ɗin ne wanda manufarsa shine ƙara ɓoye sunan mahalarta cibiyar sadarwa. Ba za a iya aika kowane fakiti ba kai tsaye ba, amma ta hanyar ramukan tsaka-tsaki tare da ƙarin ɓoyewa - kamar I2P ko TOR.
• TON DHT. Teburin zanta da aka rarraba don adana ƙimar sabani. Ana kuma gina shi a sama TON Network (amma a lokaci guda yana amfani da shi) kuma yana taimakawa TON Storage nemo nodes "rabawa", da TON Proxy - matsakaici masu maimaitawa. Amma ya kamata a lura cewa, ba kamar blockchain ba, wannan tebur ɗin hash ba amintaccen ma'ajiya ba ne - ba za ku iya adana mahimman bayanai a ciki ba.
• Ayyukan TON. Dandalin sabis na al'ada. A zahiri, wannan sabon Intanet ne akan duk abin da aka kwatanta a sama. Musayar bayanai - ta hanyar TON Network/TON Proxy, kuma dabaru yana cikin kwangiloli masu kaifin basira na TON Blockchain. Kuma keɓancewa tare da sanannun URLs.
• TON DNS. Tun da muna magana ne game da sanannun URLs, muna kuma buƙatar mai canzawa daga gare su zuwa adiresoshin 256-bit - asusu, kwangiloli, ayyuka da nodes.
• TON Biyan kuɗi. Kuma a nan ne batun kudi ya shiga wasa. Kuma ba kawai zai kasance ba gram - kamar yadda yake tare da ether, kowane "alamu" zai yiwu; Grams zai zama kawai kudin "tsoho" a nan.

Wannan shi ne kashi na farko da ke bayyana ma'anar "ƙasa" na TON - ɓangaren cibiyar sadarwarsa, wanda aka gina a saman ka'idojin gargajiya. A bangare na gaba za mu yi magana game da "laushi" - blockchain, wanda tsarin da aka bayyana a kasa zai goyi bayan. Don haka, umarni na na sake ba da labari ya ɗan bambanta da wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin takaddar da aka ambata a sama (wanda ke farawa nan da nan a matakin ƙididdiga).

Mahimman ra'ayi

TL (Nau'in Harshe). Sigar binary ce mai ƙima don tsarin bayanan sabani. Ana amfani da shi a cikin tsarin Telegram kuma za a yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin TON. Idan kuna son saninsa dalla-dalla - ga bayaninsa.

Hash (zanta). Ayyukan da ke yin jujjuyawar tsarin bayanai na sabani zuwa lamba ɗaya na tsayayyen tsayi. Duk cikin takardun muna magana game da aikin SHA-256.

Kullin hanyar sadarwa (kumburi). Kumburi shine software wanda zai tabbatar da tsarin yana aiki. Musamman, ana ɗauka cewa kowane aikace-aikacen abokin ciniki na Telegram zai haɗa da kumburin TON. A ƙaramin matakin, nodes suna da adiresoshin IPv4/IPv6 kuma suna sadarwa ta amfani da ka'idar UDP; a matakin mafi girma, suna da abstract adiresoshin da aiwatar da ka'idar ADNL (game da adiresoshin abstract da ADNL - duba ƙasa). Idan ya zo ga gaskiyar cewa wasu sassan tsarin suna yin wani abu ko adana wasu bayanai, an fahimci cewa ana yin hakan ta hanyar nodes na cibiyar sadarwa.

Abstract address (ko kuma kawai adireshin, adireshin). Adireshin kumburi yana ƙayyade ta maɓallin jama'a. Mafi mahimmanci, shi ne hash 256-bit (SHA256) na tsarin bayanan da ke ɗauke da maɓallin jama'a (ba a ƙayyade ƙayyadadden ƙayyadadden algorithm ba - elliptical curves da RSA-2048 an ba su a matsayin misalai). Domin wani kumburi ya yi magana da wani, yana buƙatar sanin ba kawai adireshin wannan ba, har ma da wannan tsarin bayanai. A ka'idar, kumburin jiki ɗaya na iya ƙirƙirar kowane adadin adireshi (daidai da maɓallai daban-daban).

Bugu da ari, kawai irin wannan hanyar haɗin yanar gizon yawanci ana amfani da ita: "samfurin" a cikin nau'i na tsarin TL (wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kowane bayanai), da kuma 256-bit hash daga gare ta, wanda ake amfani dashi don magancewa.

Blockchain (blockchain). Blockchain shine tsarin bayanai, abubuwa (tubalan) wanda aka yi oda a cikin "sarkar", kuma kowane shingen sarkar na gaba yana dauke da zanta na baya. Ta wannan hanyar, ana samun mutunci - ana iya yin canje-canje ta hanyar ƙara sabbin tubalan.

sabis (sabis). Ayyuka a cikin TON na iya zama nau'i daban-daban, dangane da ko suna amfani da blockchain ko a'a. Misali, daya (ko da yawa) nodes na cibiyar sadarwa na iya aiwatar da wasu buƙatun RPC ta amfani da ka'idar ADNL da aka bayyana a ƙasa, ba tare da ƙirƙirar kowane bayanai a cikin blockchain ba - kamar sabar gidan yanar gizo na gargajiya. Ciki har da yuwuwar aiwatar da HTTP akan ADNL, da kuma canjin manzo da kansa zuwa wannan yarjejeniya. Ta hanyar kwatankwacin TOR ko I2P, wannan zai sa ya zama mai juriya ga toshewa daban-daban.

A lokaci guda, ayyuka da yawa sun haɗa da hulɗa tare da blockchain da buƙatun sarrafa waje. Misali, don Ajiye TON - ajiyar fayil - ba daidai ba ne a adana fayilolin kansu akan blockchain. Zai ƙunshi hashes fayil kawai (tare da wasu bayanan meta game da su), kuma ƙwararrun hanyoyin sadarwa za su yi aiki azaman “sabar fayil”, shirye don aika su zuwa wasu nodes ta ADNL.

Sabis na hazo (hazo sabis). Muna magana ne game da wasu ayyuka waɗanda ke nuna rarrabuwar kawuna da buɗe hannu a cikinsu. Misali, TON Proxy sabis ne wanda kowane ɗan takara zai iya tallafawa wanda ke son samar da kumburin su azaman fakitin turawa (wakili) tsakanin sauran nodes. Idan ana so, zai iya cajin kuɗin da ya sanya don wannan - ta amfani da tsarin biyan kuɗi na TON don biyan kuɗi kaɗan (wanda, bi da bi, sabis ɗin hazo ne).

ADNL: Abstract Datagram Network Layer

A matakin mafi ƙasƙanci, za a gudanar da sadarwa tsakanin nodes ta amfani da ka'idar UDP (ko da yake wasu zaɓuɓɓukan suna da karɓa).

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, don wani kumburi ya aika fakiti zuwa wani, dole ne ya san ɗaya daga cikin maɓallan jama'a (don haka adireshin da ya bayyana). Yana ɓoye fakitin tare da wannan maɓalli kuma yana ƙara adireshin madaidaicin 256-bit zuwa farkon fakitin - tunda kumburi ɗaya na iya samun da yawa daga cikin waɗannan adireshi, wannan zai ba shi damar tantance maɓallan da za a yi amfani da shi don yankewa.

Bugu da ƙari, maimakon adireshin mai karɓa, farkon fakitin bayanai na iya ƙunsar abin da ake kira. mai ganowa tashar. A wannan yanayin, sarrafa fakitin ya riga ya dogara da takamaiman yarjejeniyoyin tsakanin nodes - alal misali, bayanan da aka aika zuwa wani tashar na iya yin nufin wani kumburi kuma dole ne a tura shi zuwa gare shi (wannan shine sabis ɗin. TON Proxy). Wani lamari na musamman na iya kasancewa hulɗa kai tsaye tsakanin nodes, amma tare da ɓoyewa ta amfani da maɓalli guda ɗaya don wannan tashar (an riga an ƙirƙira ta amfani da ka'idar Diffie-Hellman).

A ƙarshe, wani lamari na musamman shine tashar "null" - idan kumburi bai riga ya san maɓallan jama'a na "maƙwabta ba," yana iya aika fakiti ba tare da ɓoyewa ba. Ana yin wannan don farawa kawai - da zarar nodes ɗin sun aika bayanai game da makullin su, yakamata a yi amfani da su don ƙarin sadarwa.

Ƙa'idar da aka kwatanta a sama (256 bits na mai gano tashar + abubuwan fakiti) ana kiranta ADNL. Takaddun sun ambaci yuwuwar aiwatar da analog na TCP a samansa ko nasa add-on - RLDP (Large Large Datagram Protocol), amma bai shiga cikakkun bayanai game da aiwatar da su ba.

TON DHT: Teburin Hash Rarraba

Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran tsarin rarrabawa, TON ya ƙunshi aiwatar da DHT - tebur zanta rarraba. More musamman, tebur ne Kademlia-kamar. Idan ba ku saba da wannan nau'in tebur na zanta ba, kada ku damu, a ƙasa zan kwatanta yadda suke aiki sosai.

A cikin ma'ana, DHT taswirar maɓallan 256-bit zuwa ƙimar binary tsayin sabani. A wannan yanayin, maɓallan da ke cikin tebur ɗin hashes ne daga wani tsarin TL (tsarin da kansu kuma ana adana su tare da DHT). Wannan yayi kama da samuwar adiresoshin kumburi - kuma tabbas suna iya kasancewa a cikin DHT (misali, ta amfani da irin wannan maɓalli adireshin IP na kumburin da ke daidai da abin da aka bayar. abstract address, idan bai boye ba). Amma a cikin yanayin gabaɗaya, “samfurin maɓallan” (su kwatanci, mabuɗin bayanin) metadata ne da ke nuna “mai shi” na shigarwa a cikin tebur ɗin hash (wato, maɓallin jama'a na wasu kumburi), nau'in ƙimar da aka adana, da ƙa'idodin da za a iya canza wannan shigarwar daga baya. Misali, doka na iya ƙyale mai shi kaɗai ya canza ƙima, ko hana canza ƙimar ƙasa (don kare kai daga harin sake kunnawa).

Baya ga maɓallan 256-bit, an ƙaddamar da manufar adireshin DHT. Bambanci tare da adiresoshin baƙi na yau da kullun shine cewa adireshin DHT dole ne ya ɗaure zuwa adireshin IP. Idan kumburi bai ɓoye IP ɗin sa ba, zai iya amfani da adireshin yau da kullun don DHT. Amma sau da yawa, za a ƙirƙiri wani keɓantaccen, adireshin “semi-permanent” don bukatun DHT.

An gabatar da manufar nisa a sama da maɓalli da adiresoshin DHT - a cikin wannan duk abin da ya dace da tebur kademlia - nisa tsakanin maɓallan daidai yake da XOR (bitwise keɓaɓɓen OR) nasu. Kamar a cikin tebur na Kademlia, ƙimar da ta yi daidai da wani maɓalli dole ne a adana shi s nodes waɗanda ke da mafi ƙarancin tazara zuwa wannan maɓalli (s ga kadan kadan).

Domin kullin DHT don sadarwa tare da wasu nau'ikan nodes, yana riƙe da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya Teburin tuƙi na DHT - DHT da adiresoshin IP na nodes waɗanda suke hulɗa da su a baya, an haɗa su ta nisa zuwa gare su. Akwai 256 irin wadannan kungiyoyin (sun dace da mafi muhimmanci bit saita a cikin nisa darajar - wato, nodes a nesa daga 0 zuwa 255 za su fada cikin daya rukuni, daga 256 zuwa 65535 - a cikin na gaba, da dai sauransu). A cikin kowane rukuni, ana adana iyakataccen adadin nodes na "mafi kyau" (cikin sharuddan ping zuwa gare su).

Kowane kumburi dole ne ya goyi bayan ayyuka da yawa: adana ƙima don maɓalli, binciken kumburi и bincika dabi'u. Neman nodes ya haɗa da bayarwa, bisa maɓalli da aka ba, nodes mafi kusa da shi daga tebur mai tuƙi; duba dabi'u iri ɗaya ne, sai dai lokacin da kumburi ya san ƙimar maɓalli (sai kawai ya mayar da shi). Saboda haka, idan kumburi yana so ya sami ƙima ta maɓalli a cikin DHT, yana aika buƙatun zuwa ƙaramin adadin nodes mafi kusa da wannan maɓalli daga tebur ɗin sa. Idan darajar da ake buƙata ba ta cikin martanin su, amma akwai wasu adiresoshin kumburi, to ana maimaita buƙatar zuwa gare su.

Ana iya amfani da TON DHT don dalilai daban-daban, alal misali, don aiwatar da maajiyar fayil mai kama da torrent (duba. TON Storage); don ƙayyade adiresoshin nodes waɗanda ke aiwatar da wasu ayyuka; don adana bayanai game da masu asusun a kan blockchain. Amma mafi mahimmancin aikace-aikacen shine gano nodes ta hanyar adiresoshin su. Don yin wannan, ana amfani da adireshin azaman maɓalli wanda ake buƙatar samun ƙimarsa. Sakamakon buƙatun, ko dai za'a sami kullin kanta (idan adireshin da aka nema shine adireshin DHT na dindindin), ko ƙimar zata zama adireshin IP da tashar jiragen ruwa don haɗi - ko wani adireshin da yakamata ayi amfani dashi azaman rami mai tsaka-tsaki.

Rufe hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin TON

Ka'idar ADNL da aka kwatanta a sama tana nuna ikon kowane nodes don musayar bayanai da juna - kodayake ba lallai ba ne ta hanyoyi masu kyau. Zamu iya cewa godiya ga ADNL, duk nodes suna samar da hoto na TON na duniya (wanda aka haɗa da kyau). Amma kuma yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙira cibiyoyin sadarwa mai rufi - ƙananan bayanai a cikin wannan jadawali.

A cikin irin wannan hanyar sadarwa, ana yin hulɗa kai tsaye kawai - ta hanyar haɗin da aka riga aka yi tsakanin nodes masu shiga cikin hanyar sadarwa (ta hanyar tashoshin ADNL da aka bayyana a sama). Samar da irin wannan haɗin kai tsakanin maƙwabta, neman maƙwabta kansu, wani tsari ne na atomatik wanda ke neman kiyaye haɗin haɗin yanar gizo mai rufi da kuma rage jinkirin musayar bayanai a cikinsa.

Bugu da ƙari, akwai hanyar da za a yi sauri don rarraba manyan sabuntawar watsa shirye-shirye a cikin hanyar sadarwa - an rushe su guda ɗaya, an haɗa su tare da lambar gyara kuskure, kuma duk waɗannan sassan ana aika su daga ɗayan mahalarta zuwa wani. Don haka, ba dole ba ne mai shiga ya sami cikakken dukkan sassan kafin aika su gaba tare da hanyar sadarwa.

Cibiyoyin sadarwa masu rufi na iya zama na jama'a ko na sirri. Kasancewa memba na cibiyar sadarwar jama'a ba shi da wahala - kuna buƙatar nemo tsarin TL wanda ya bayyana shi (zai iya zama na jama'a ko samun dama ta wani maɓalli a DHT). A cikin yanayin cibiyar sadarwa mai zaman kansa, dole ne a san wannan tsarin ga kumburin gaba.

Don ci gaba

Na yanke shawarar raba bitar TON zuwa labarai da yawa. Wannan shi ne inda wannan bangare ya ƙare, kuma a gaba Na ci gaba da yin la'akari da tsarin blockchain (mafi daidai, blockchains) wanda TON zai ƙunshi.

source: www.habr.com