A yau za mu fara nazarin hanyoyin sadarwa. Idan kun kammala karatuna na bidiyo daga farko zuwa darasi na 17, to kun riga kun koyi tushen sauya fasalin. Yanzu za mu matsa zuwa na'urar ta gaba - na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Kamar yadda kuka sani a darasin bidiyo da ya gabata, daya daga cikin batutuwan kwas din CCNA ana kiransa Cisco Switching & Routing.
A cikin wannan silsilar, ba za mu yi nazarin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na Cisco ba, amma za mu kalli manufar tuƙi gabaɗaya. Za mu sami batutuwa guda uku. Na farko shi ne bayyani na abin da kuka riga kuka sani game da masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma tattaunawa kan yadda za a iya amfani da shi tare da ilimin da kuka samu a cikin tsarin nazarin sauya sauyi. Muna buƙatar fahimtar yadda masu sauyawa da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ke aiki tare.
Na gaba, za mu dubi mene ne routing, abin da ake nufi da shi, da yadda yake aiki, sa'an nan kuma za mu ci gaba zuwa nau'ikan ka'idojin zirga-zirga. A yau ina amfani da topology wanda kuka riga kuka gani a darussan baya.
Mun duba yadda bayanai ke tafiya a kan hanyar sadarwa da kuma yadda ake yin musafaha ta hanyoyi uku na TCP. Sakon farko da aka aika akan hanyar sadarwa shine fakitin SYN. Bari mu kalli yadda musafaha ta hanyoyi uku ke faruwa lokacin da kwamfuta mai adireshin IP 10.1.1.10 tana son tuntuɓar uwar garken 30.1.1.10, wato tana ƙoƙarin kafa haɗin yanar gizo na FTP.
Don fara haɗin gwiwa, kwamfutar ta haifar da tashar tashar jiragen ruwa tare da lambar bazuwar 25113. Idan kun manta yadda wannan ya faru, ina ba ku shawara ku sake nazarin koyaswar bidiyo na baya da suka tattauna wannan batu.
Bayan haka, sai ta sanya lambar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin firam ɗin saboda ya san ya kamata ya haɗa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa 21, sannan ya ƙara bayanin OSI Layer 3, wanda shine adireshin IP na kansa da adireshin IP ɗin da ake nufi. Bayanin dige-dige ba ya canzawa har sai ya kai ga ƙarshe. Bayan sun isa uwar garken, su ma ba su canza ba, amma uwar garken tana ƙara bayanin mataki na biyu a cikin firam, wato adireshin MAC. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa masu sauyawa suna fahimtar bayanan OSI matakin 2 kawai. A cikin wannan yanayin, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ita ce kawai na'urar sadarwar da ke yin la'akari da bayanin Layer 3; a zahiri, kwamfutar kuma tana aiki da wannan bayanin. Don haka, maɓalli kawai yana aiki tare da bayanin matakin XNUMX, kuma na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana aiki ne kawai da bayanin matakin XNUMX.
Mai sauyawa ya san tushen adireshin MAC XXXX:XXXX:1111 kuma yana son sanin adireshin MAC na uwar garken da kwamfutar ke shiga. Yana kwatanta tushen adireshin IP tare da adireshin inda aka nufa, ya gane cewa waɗannan na'urori suna kan rukunin gidajen yanar gizo daban-daban, kuma ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da ƙofa don isa ga wani yanki na daban.
Sau da yawa ana yi mini tambayar wanene ya yanke shawarar menene adireshin IP ɗin ƙofar ya zama. Na farko, mai gudanarwa na cibiyar sadarwa ya yanke shawara, wanda ya kirkiro cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya ba da adireshin IP ga kowane na'ura. A matsayinka na mai gudanarwa, zaka iya sanya na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa kowane adireshi tsakanin kewayon adiresoshin da aka yarda akan gidan yanar gizon ka. Wannan yawanci shine adireshin farko ko na ƙarshe, amma babu ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idoji game da sanya shi. A cikin yanayinmu, mai gudanarwa ya sanya adireshin ƙofar, ko na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, 10.1.1.1 kuma ya sanya shi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa F0/0.
Lokacin da ka saita hanyar sadarwa akan kwamfuta tare da adireshin IP na tsaye na 10.1.1.10, za ka sanya abin rufe fuska na 255.255.255.0 da tsohuwar ƙofar 10.1.1.1. Idan ba ku amfani da adireshi na tsaye, to kwamfutarka tana amfani da DHCP, wanda ke ba da adireshi mai ƙarfi. Ko da menene adireshin IP ɗin da kwamfuta ke amfani da shi, a tsaye ko mai ƙarfi, dole ne ta sami adireshin ƙofa don shiga wata hanyar sadarwa.
Don haka, kwamfuta 10.1.1.10 ta san cewa dole ne ta aika da firam zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa 10.1.1.1. Wannan canja wuri yana faruwa a cikin cibiyar sadarwar gida, inda adireshin IP ba shi da mahimmanci, adireshin MAC kawai yana da mahimmanci a nan. Bari mu ɗauka cewa kwamfutar ba ta taɓa yin hulɗa da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ba kuma ba ta san adireshin MAC ba, don haka dole ne ta fara aika buƙatar ARP wanda ke tambayar duk na'urorin da ke cikin subnet: "hey, wanene a cikinku yana da adireshin 10.1.1.1? Da fatan za a gaya mani adireshin MAC na ku! Tun da ARP saƙon watsa shirye-shirye ne, ana aika shi zuwa duk tashar jiragen ruwa na duk na'urori, gami da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
Kwamfuta 10.1.1.12, bayan da ta karɓi ARP, tana tunanin: “a’a, adireshina ba 10.1.1.1 ba ne,” kuma ya watsar da buƙatar; kwamfuta 10.1.1.13 ta yi haka. Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, da ya karbi bukatar, ya fahimci cewa shi ne ake tambaya, kuma ya aika da adireshin MAC na tashar jiragen ruwa F0/0 - kuma duk tashar jiragen ruwa suna da adireshin MAC daban - zuwa kwamfuta 10.1.1.10. Yanzu, sanin adireshin ƙofa XXXX:AAAA, wanda a cikin wannan yanayin shine adireshin wurin, kwamfutar ta ƙara shi zuwa ƙarshen firam ɗin da aka yi magana da uwar garken. A lokaci guda, yana saita maɓallin firam ɗin FCS/CRC, wanda shine tsarin duba kuskuren watsawa.
Bayan haka, an aika da firam ɗin kwamfuta 10.1.1.10 akan wayoyi zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa 10.1.1.1. Bayan karɓar firam ɗin, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa tana cire FCS/CRC ta amfani da algorithm iri ɗaya da kwamfutar don tabbatarwa. Bayanai ba komai bane illa tarin su da sifili. Idan bayanan sun lalace, wato, 1 ya zama 0 ko 0 ya zama ɗaya, ko kuma akwai ɗigon bayanai, wanda sau da yawa yakan faru yayin amfani da cibiya, to dole ne na'urar ta sake aika firam ɗin.
Idan rajistan FCS/CRC ya yi nasara, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya dubi tushen da kuma inda aka nufa adireshin MAC ya cire su, tunda wannan bayanin Layer 2 ne, kuma ya matsa zuwa jikin firam ɗin, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan Layer 3. Daga ciki ya fahimci cewa bayanan da ke cikin firam ɗin an yi nufin na'urar da ke da adireshin IP 30.1.1.10.
Mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya san inda wannan na'urar take. Ba mu tattauna wannan batu ba lokacin da muka kalli yadda maɓalli ke aiki, don haka za mu duba shi yanzu. Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa tana da tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda 4, don haka na ƙara ƙarin haɗin kai zuwa gare shi. Don haka, ta yaya na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya san cewa bayanan na'urar tare da adireshin IP 30.1.1.10 ya kamata a aika ta tashar F0/1? Me yasa baya tura su ta tashar jiragen ruwa F0/3 ko F0/2?
Gaskiyar ita ce, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana aiki tare da tebur mai tuƙi. Kowane na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana da irin wannan tebur wanda ke ba ka damar yanke shawara ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa don aika takamaiman firam.
A wannan yanayin, an saita tashar F0/0 zuwa adireshin IP 10.1.1.1 kuma wannan yana nufin cewa an haɗa shi zuwa cibiyar sadarwar 10.1.1.10/24. Hakazalika, an saita tashar jiragen ruwa F0/1 zuwa adireshin 20.1.1.1, wato, haɗi zuwa cibiyar sadarwar 20.1.1.0/24. Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya san duka waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa saboda suna da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Don haka, bayanan da zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwar 10.1.10/24 yakamata su wuce ta tashar jiragen ruwa F0/0, kuma don hanyar sadarwa 20.1.1.0/24 ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa F0/1, an san shi ta tsohuwa. Ta yaya na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa zai san ta waɗanne tashoshin jiragen ruwa don aiki tare da wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa?
Mun ga cewa cibiyar sadarwa 40.1.1.0/24 an haɗa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa F0/2, cibiyar sadarwa 50.1.1.0/24 an haɗa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa F0/3, da kuma cibiyar sadarwa 30.1.1.0/24 ya haɗa na biyu na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa zuwa uwar garke. Na biyu kuma yana da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, wanda ke cewa network 30. yana da alaƙa da tashar jiragen ruwa, bari mu nuna shi 0/1, kuma ana haɗa shi da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar tashar 0/0. Wannan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya san cewa tashar ta 0/0 tana haɗa zuwa cibiyar sadarwa 20., kuma tashar jiragen ruwa 0/1 an haɗa shi zuwa cibiyar sadarwa 30., kuma bai san komai ba.
Hakazalika, na farko na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya san game da cibiyoyin sadarwa 40. da 50. da aka haɗa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa 0/2 da 0/3, amma bai san kome ba game da cibiyar sadarwa 30. Ka'idar da ke ba da hanyar sadarwa yana ba masu amfani da bayanan da ba su da shi ta hanyar tsoho. Hanyar da wadannan hanyoyin sadarwa ke sadarwa da juna ita ce ginshikin hanyar zirga-zirga, kuma akwai sauye-sauye kuma a tsaye.
Tsayawar hanya ita ce an ba da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na farko: idan kuna buƙatar tuntuɓar hanyar sadarwar 30.1.1.0/24, to kuna buƙatar amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa F0/1. Duk da haka, lokacin da na'ura ta biyu ta karɓi zirga-zirga daga uwar garken da aka yi niyyar don kwamfutar 10.1.1.10, ba ta san abin da za ta yi da shi ba, saboda tebur ɗin sa yana ɗauke da bayanai game da networks 30. da 20 kawai. Don haka, shi ma wannan na'ura yana buƙatar. don yin rajista a tsaye: Idan yana karɓar zirga-zirga don hanyar sadarwa 10., yakamata ya aika ta tashar jiragen ruwa 0/0.
Matsalolin da ke faruwa a tsaye shine cewa dole ne in saita na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na farko da hannu don yin aiki tare da network 30. da kuma na biyu na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa 10. Wannan yana da sauƙi idan ina da 2 kawai, amma lokacin da nake da 10 Router, saitin. a tsaye take yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa. A wannan yanayin, yana da ma'ana don amfani da raɗaɗi mai ƙarfi.
Don haka, da samun firam daga kwamfuta, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na farko ya dubi teburin da ke sarrafa shi kuma ya yanke shawarar aika shi ta tashar jiragen ruwa F0/1. A lokaci guda, yana ƙara tushen adireshin MAC XXXX.BBBB da adireshin MAC na gaba XXXX.CCSS zuwa firam.
Bayan karɓar wannan firam, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na biyu ya “yanke” adiresoshin MAC masu alaƙa da Layer OSI na biyu kuma ya matsa zuwa bayanin Layer na uku. Yana ganin cewa adireshin IP ɗin da ake nufi 3 yana cikin hanyar sadarwa ɗaya kamar tashar jiragen ruwa 30.1.1.10/0 na mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, yana ƙara adireshin MAC na tushen da adireshin MAC na manufa zuwa firam kuma aika firam zuwa uwar garken.
Kamar yadda na fada a baya, sai a sake maimaita irin wannan tsari ta wata hanya ta daban, wato za a yi mataki na biyu na musafaha, inda uwar garken ke aikawa da sakon SYN ACK. Kafin yin wannan, yana watsar da duk bayanan da ba dole ba kuma yana barin fakitin SYN kawai.
Bayan samun wannan fakitin, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na biyu ya duba bayanan da aka karɓa, ya ƙara shi kuma ya aika.
Don haka, a cikin darussan da suka gabata mun koyi yadda na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ke aiki, kuma yanzu mun koyi yadda hanyoyin sadarwa ke aiki. Bari mu amsa tambayar mene ne routing a ma'anar duniya. A ce ka ci karo da irin wannan alamar hanya da aka sanya a mahadar zagaye. Kuna iya ganin cewa reshe na farko yana kaiwa RAF Fairfax, na biyu zuwa filin jirgin sama, na uku zuwa kudu. Idan kun ɗauki fitowar ta huɗu za ku kasance a ƙarshen mutuwa, amma a na biyar za ku iya tuƙi ta tsakiyar gari zuwa Braxby Castle.
Gabaɗaya, hanyar zirga-zirga shine abin da ke tilastawa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa don yanke shawara game da inda zai aika zirga-zirga. A wannan yanayin, kai, a matsayinka na direba, dole ne ka yanke shawarar wane fita daga mahadar da za ka ɗauka. A cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa, masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa dole ne su yanke shawara game da inda za a aika fakiti ko firam. Dole ne ku fahimci cewa hanyar zirga-zirga yana ba ku damar ƙirƙirar tebur dangane da waɗanne hanyoyin sadarwa ke yin waɗannan yanke shawara.
Kamar yadda na ce, akwai a tsaye da tsayuwa ta hanya. Bari mu kalli tsarin ba da izini, wanda zan zana na'urori 3 da aka haɗa da juna, tare da na'urar farko da ta uku da aka haɗa zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwa. Bari mu ɗauka cewa cibiyar sadarwa ɗaya 10.1.1.0 tana son sadarwa tare da hanyar sadarwa 40.1.1.0, kuma tsakanin masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa akwai cibiyoyin sadarwa 20.1.1.0 da 30.1.1.0.
A wannan yanayin, dole ne tashar jiragen ruwa na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa su kasance cikin rukunin gidajen yanar gizo daban-daban. Router 1 ta tsohuwa kawai ya san game da cibiyoyin sadarwa 10. da 20. kuma bai san komai game da sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa ba. Router 2 kawai ya sani game da networks 20. da 30. saboda an haɗa su da shi, kuma na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa 3 kawai ya sani game da networks 30. da 40. Idan network 10. yana son tuntuɓar cibiyar sadarwa 40., dole ne in gaya wa router 1 game da network 30. da kuma cewa idan yana so ya canja wurin wani frame zuwa network 40., dole ne ya yi amfani da interface for network 20. da kuma aika da frame a kan wannan cibiyar sadarwa 20.
Dole ne in sanya 2 hanyoyi zuwa na biyu na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa: idan yana son watsa fakiti daga cibiyar sadarwa 40. zuwa cibiyar sadarwa 10., to, dole ne ta yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa 20., kuma don aika fakiti daga cibiyar sadarwa 10. zuwa cibiyar sadarwa 40. - cibiyar sadarwa. port 30. Hakazalika, dole ne in samar da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa 3 bayanai game da cibiyoyin sadarwa 10. da 20.
Idan kuna da ƙananan cibiyoyin sadarwa, to saitin hanyoyin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa yana da sauƙi sosai. Duk da haka, mafi girman girman hanyar sadarwar, yawancin matsalolin suna tasowa tare da daidaitawa. Bari mu yi tunanin cewa kun ƙirƙiri sabon haɗin kai wanda ke haɗa kai tsaye na farko da na uku. A wannan yanayin, ka'idar zirga-zirga mai ƙarfi za ta sabunta ta atomatik ta na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na Router 1 tare da masu zuwa: "idan kuna buƙatar tuntuɓar Router 3, yi amfani da hanyar kai tsaye"!
Akwai nau'ikan ka'idoji guda biyu na hanyar zirga-zirga: IGP Protocol Internal Gateway da EGP Protocol External Gateway. Yarjejeniya ta farko tana aiki ne akan wani keɓantaccen tsarin, mai cin gashin kansa wanda aka sani da yanki mai sarrafa kansa. Ka yi tunanin cewa kana da ƙaramin ƙungiya tare da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa 5 kawai. Idan muna magana ne kawai game da haɗin kai tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa, to muna nufin IGP, amma idan kuna amfani da hanyar sadarwar ku don sadarwa tare da Intanet, kamar yadda masu samar da ISP ke yi, to kuna amfani da EGP.
IGP yana amfani da shahararrun ladabi guda 3: RIP, OSPF da EIGRP. Tsarin karatun CCNA ya ambaci ƙa'idodi biyu na ƙarshe kawai saboda RIP ya tsufa. Wannan shine mafi sauƙi daga cikin ka'idojin tuƙi kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi a wasu lokuta, amma baya samar da ingantaccen tsaro na hanyar sadarwa. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa Cisco ya cire RIP daga kwas ɗin horo. Duk da haka, zan gaya muku game da shi ta wata hanya domin koyan shi yana taimaka muku fahimtar tushen tsarin.
Rarraba ka'idar EGP tana amfani da ka'idoji guda biyu: BGP da EGP Protocol kanta. A cikin kwas ɗin CCNA, za mu rufe BGP, OSPF, da EIGRP kawai. Labarin game da RIP za a iya la'akari da bayanin kari, wanda za a nuna a cikin ɗayan koyaswar bidiyo.
Akwai ƙarin nau'ikan ka'idojin zirga-zirga guda biyu: Ka'idojin Tsare-tsare na Nisa da ka'idojin zirga-zirgar Jiha.
Fassara ta farko tana duban nesa da madaidaitan hanyoyin. Misali, Zan iya kafa haɗin kai tsaye tsakanin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa R1 da R4, ko kuma zan iya yin haɗi tare da hanyar R1-R2-R3-R4. Idan muna magana ne game da ka'idoji masu rarrabawa waɗanda ke amfani da hanyar vector nesa, to, a cikin wannan yanayin koyaushe za'a aiwatar da haɗin gwiwa tare da mafi guntu hanya. Ba kome wannan haɗin zai sami mafi ƙarancin gudu. A cikin yanayinmu, wannan shine 128 kbps, wanda ya fi hankali fiye da haɗin kai tare da hanyar R1-R2-R3-R4, inda gudun shine 100 Mbps.
Bari mu yi la'akari da nisa vector yarjejeniya RIP. Zan zana cibiyar sadarwa 1 a gaban na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa R10, da kuma cibiyar sadarwa 4 a bayan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa R40. Bari mu ɗauka cewa akwai kwamfutoci da yawa a cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa. Idan ina son sadarwa tsakanin network 10. R1 da network 40. R4, to, zan sanya static routing zuwa R1 kamar: "Idan kana bukatar ka haɗa zuwa cibiyar sadarwa 40., yi amfani da wani kai tsaye dangane zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa R4." A lokaci guda, dole ne in daidaita RIP da hannu akan duk hanyoyin sadarwa guda 4. Sa'an nan kuma na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa R1 za ta atomatik ce idan network 10. yana son sadarwa da network 40., dole ne ya yi amfani da wani kai tsaye dangane R1-R4. Ko da hanyar wucewa ta zama mai sauri, ka'idar Distance Vector za ta zaɓi mafi guntu hanya tare da mafi guntun tazarar watsawa.
OSPF yarjejeniya ce ta hanyar haɗin kai-jihar wacce koyaushe tana kallon yanayin sassan cibiyar sadarwa. A wannan yanayin, yana kimanta saurin tashoshi, kuma idan ya ga saurin watsa zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a tashar R1-R4 ya yi ƙasa sosai, sai ya zaɓi hanyar da mafi girman saurin R1-R2-R3-R4, koda kuwa ta tsayi ya wuce mafi guntu hanya. Don haka, idan na saita ka'idar OSPF akan duk masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa, lokacin da na yi ƙoƙarin haɗa cibiyar sadarwar 40. zuwa cibiyar sadarwar 10., za a aika da zirga-zirgar ta hanyar R1-R2-R3-R4. Don haka, RIP ƙa'idar vector ce ta nesa, kuma OSPF ƙa'idar hanya ce ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.
Akwai wata yarjejeniya - EIGRP, ka'idar Cisco routing na mallakar ta. Idan muka yi magana game da na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa daga wasu masana'antun, misali, Juniper, ba sa goyon bayan EIGRP. Wannan kyakkyawan ƙa'idar hanya ce wacce ta fi RIP da OSPF inganci, amma ana iya amfani da ita kawai a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa dangane da na'urorin Cisco. Daga baya zan gaya muku dalla-dalla dalilin da yasa wannan yarjejeniya tayi kyau sosai. A yanzu, zan lura cewa EIGRP ya haɗu da fasalulluka na ƙa'idodin vector na nesa da ka'idojin hanyar haɗin gwiwa-jihar, wakiltar ƙa'idar haɗin gwiwa.
A darasin bidiyo na gaba za mu zo kusa da la'akari da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa na Cisco; Zan ba ku ɗan bayani game da tsarin aiki na Sisiko IOS, wanda aka yi niyya don masu sauyawa da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Da fatan, a ranar 19 ko rana ta 20, za mu sami cikakken bayani game da ka'idojin zirga-zirga, kuma zan nuna yadda ake daidaita masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta Cisco ta amfani da ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwa a matsayin misali.
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd sau 2 mai rahusa? Nan kawai a cikin Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - daga $99! Karanta game da
source: www.habr.com