Darasi na yau gabatarwa ne ga masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa na Cisco. Kafin in fara nazarin abubuwan, ina so in taya duk wanda yake kallon kwas ɗina murna, domin kusan mutane miliyan sun kalli darasin bidiyon “Ranar 1” a yau. Na gode wa duk masu amfani waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga kwas ɗin bidiyo na CCNA.
A yau za mu yi nazarin batutuwa guda uku: na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa a matsayin na'urar jiki, ɗan gajeren gabatarwa ga masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa na Cisco, da saitin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na farko. Wannan zane-zane yana nuna yadda na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na Cisco 1921 yayi kama.
Ba kamar maɓalli ba, wanda ke da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana da tashoshin haɗin kai guda 2 kawai, a wannan yanayin waɗannan su ne tashoshin Gigabit Ethernet GE0/0 da GE/1 da mai haɗin USB. Har ila yau, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana da ramummuka don fadada kayayyaki da tashoshin wasan bidiyo 2, gami da tashar USB 1. Wani fasali na musamman na masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa na Sisiko shine kasancewar maɓalli - Cisco switches ba su da masu sauyawa. Yawanci, gaban na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana kama da wanda aka nuna a ƙasan hagu na faifan. A gefen baya na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa akwai kwasfa don haɗa igiyoyi. A wannan yanayin, kebul daga Ramin GE0/0 ko GE/1 an haɗa shi zuwa maɓalli.
A ƙasa dama an nuna NME-X 23-ES-1GP fadada module, wanda za'a iya saka shi a cikin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar cire ɓangarorin da ba su da tushe. Yin amfani da irin waɗannan samfuran, zaku iya faɗaɗa ƙarfin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na Cisco daidai da bukatunku. Kamar yadda kuka sani, samfuran Cisco, saboda ƙayyadaddun su da fa'idar aiki, suna da tsada sosai, don haka mai amfani yana da damar kada ya biya na'urar da ta fi ƙarfinsa fiye da yadda yake buƙata. Ta hanyar siyan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa mai sauƙi tare da tashoshin jiragen ruwa 2, zaku iya siyan ingantattun abubuwan haɓakawa yayin da hanyar sadarwar ku ta haɓaka. Gabaɗaya, na'urorin Cisco suna iya yin ayyuka da yawa. Cisco ba ta ƙirƙira na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ba, amma masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ne suka sanya Cisco kamfanin da muka sani a yau. Cisco ya fara samar da hanyoyin sadarwa da yawa na mafi kyawun inganci, wanda ya tabbatar da waɗannan samfuran matsayin jagora a kasuwar na'urorin sadarwar.
Cisco ya kira kansa kamfanin software, wato kamfani da ke kera manhaja. Hardware mai kama da kayan masarufi na Cisco ana iya kera shi ta kowane mai ƙira, misali, China, ta hanyar siyan kayan aikin da suka dace. Amma software na Cisco IOS ce ke sanya na'urorin kamfanin abin da suke. Haƙiƙa kamfanin yana alfahari da wannan tsarin aiki, wanda ke gudana akan duk na'urorin Cisco - duka masu sauyawa da na'urori.
Mafi mahimmancin ƙirƙirar Cisco kuma ita ce fasahar Ingantaccen CEF, ko Cisco Express Forwarding. Yana ba da watsa fakiti cikin sauri sosai, kusan a matsakaicin saurin da ƙarfin fasaha na cibiyar sadarwa ya ƙyale. Wannan ya zama mai yuwuwa godiya ga maƙasudi na musamman-haɗe-haɗe da'irori Cisco ASIC - Application Specific Inintegrated Circuitry, wanda ke tilasta sauyawa don watsa fakiti kusan a saurin hanyar sadarwa.
Kamar yadda na ce, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ita ce na'urar software, don haka tsarin aiki na Cisco IOS ke yin yanke shawara.
Kun san cewa akwai katunan zane mai tsada don wasannin kwamfuta. Don haka, idan ba ku da irin wannan kati, duk ƙididdiga masu wahala, 3D animation da kuma hadaddun sarrafa hoto ana yin su ta hanyar tsarin aikin ku, suna loda na'urar sarrafa kwamfuta. Idan kuna da katin bidiyo mai ƙarfi tare da na'urar sarrafa GPU ɗinta da nata ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, aikin wasan yana ƙaruwa sau da yawa, tunda ɓangaren zane yana sarrafa ta daban-daban hardware.
Maɓalli yana aiki kamar haka, saboda duk yanke shawara game da canza fakiti ana yin su ta hanyar kayan aiki daban, ba tare da loda na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ba, wanda dole ne a yanke waɗannan shawarar ta hanyar software. Cisco yana amfani da rabin-software, fasahar CEF rabin-hardware wanda ke tilasta mai amfani da hanyar sadarwa don yin yanke shawara mai sauri. Ana samun wannan fasalin akan masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na Cisco kawai.
Mun riga mun kalli yadda ake yin tsarin farko na sigogin canzawa, kuma tun lokacin da aka kafa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, zan gaya muku game da shi da sauri. Zan buɗe Cisco Packet Tracer in zaɓi 1921 na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, sannan in buɗe tagar IOS console inda zan iya ganin tsarin aiki na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
Kun ga mun sauke nau'in 15.1, wannan shine sabon sigar IOS, ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine 512 MB, dandamalin CISCO 2911, sannan sauran sigogin tsarin aiki suna samuwa, gwajin hoto na IOS, kuma ba shakka, akwai. yarjejeniyar lasisi ce da sauran abubuwa makamantanta.
Zan yi wani bidiyo daban da aka keɓe ga Cisco IOS, ko kuma zan yi magana ne kawai game da ayyuka daban-daban na wannan tsarin aiki. Bari in faɗi cewa ta lambar sigar za ku iya tantance menene iya aiki da ayyukan da OS ɗin da aka bayar ke da shi. Fara daga 15.1, duk nau'ikan IOS na duniya ne, wato, dangane da lasisin da mai amfani ya saya, zai iya yin amfani da ayyukan tsarin daban-daban. Misali, idan kana buƙatar tabbatar da ƙarin tsaro na cibiyar sadarwa, ka sayi lasisin sabis na tsaro, idan kana buƙatar ayyukan sabis na murya, ka sayi lasisin sabis na murya, da sauransu.
Kafin sigar 15.1, masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa suna da OS tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan hanyoyin sadarwa ne - Basic, Security, Enterprise, Voice Enable da sauransu. Bari mu ce na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na abokina yana da nau'in Enterprise IOS, kuma ina da nau'in IOS Basic, kuma babu wani abin da zai hana ni daukar nau'in abokina in sanya shi a kan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, saboda Cisco ba ya amfani da manufar lasisin OS.
Farawa da sigar 15.1, kamfanin ya fara aiwatar da manufar zaɓuɓɓukan lasisi, kuma har sai kun sayi maɓallin da ya dace, ba za ku iya amfani da kowane ƙarin sabis na tsarin aiki ba. Bayan ɗan lokaci, idan muka kalli manufofin lasisi na Cisco, zan gaya muku game da nau'ikan IOS daban-daban. A yanzu, zaku iya watsi da wannan kuma ku tafi kai tsaye zuwa log ɗin zazzagewa.
A ƙarshen log ɗin za ku ga bayanin kayan aikin da tsarin ke gudana akan su: alamar processor, 3 gigabit interfaces, 64-bit DRAM, 256 KB na ƙwaƙwalwar mara mara ƙarfi. Wannan adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana kama da ƙanƙanta, amma ga na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yin yanke shawara, ya isa sosai. Bai kamata a kwatanta wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfutarka ba, saboda waɗannan abubuwa ne daban-daban.
Sisiko IOS boot log yana ƙare da tambayar: “Ci gaba da maganganun daidaitawa? Ba gaske ba". Idan kun amsa "Ee," tsarin zai jagorance ku ta jerin tambayoyi don kammala saitin na'urar farko.
Bai kamata ku yi haka ba yayin karatun CCNA, don haka koyaushe ku amsa “A’a” ga wannan tambayar. Tabbas, zaku iya zaɓar "Ee" kuma ku gungurawa cikin saitunan daidaitawa, amma tunda ba ku san yadda ake yin shi ba, yana da kyau a zaɓi "A'a".
Ta zaɓi "A'a" kuma danna RETURN, za a kai mu zuwa layin umarni, inda za mu iya rubuta umarni daban-daban. Kamar yadda yake a yanayin sauyawa, da farko za mu rubuta umarnin Router> ba da damar canzawa zuwa yanayin saiti masu gata. Daga nan sai in buga config t (configure terminal) kuma in shiga yanayin daidaitawa na duniya.
Bari mu hanzarta bin umarnin. Ina so in canza sunan mai masaukin baki, don haka ina amfani da umarnin sunan mai masaukin R1, tare da umarnin rashin daidaituwa, don haka na fara tambayar in nuna mani hanyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta amfani da taƙaitaccen umarni na do show ip interface. Mun ga cewa Gigabit Ethernet tashar jiragen ruwa 0/0 yana ƙarƙashin gudanarwa, don haka ina amfani da int gigabitEthernet 0/0 kuma babu umarnin rufewa. Bayan wannan, yanayin tashar tashar jiragen ruwa yana canzawa zuwa sama. Idan ka sake duba yanayin musaya na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, za ka ga cewa wannan tashar jiragen ruwa yanzu tana da matsayin "an kunna". Yanayin yarjejeniya ya kasance ƙasa saboda babu abin da ke da alaƙa da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, kuma idan babu zirga-zirga, ya kasance a cikin naƙasasshe. Amma da zaran zirga-zirgar ababen hawa sun isa tashar jiragen ruwa, tsarin zai canza matsayinsa zuwa sama.
Na gaba kuna buƙatar saita kalmar sirri don console. Don yin wannan, na rubuta layin umarni con 0, kalmar sirrin Console, kuma ina nuna gudu don tabbatar da cewa an saita kalmar wucewa ta console. Za a duba kalmar sirri bayan na shigar da umarnin shiga. Yanzu tashar jiragen ruwa na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa tana kare kalmar sirri.
Na riga na gaya muku game da ɓoye kalmar sirri. Ka yi tunanin cewa wani ya sami damar daidaitawar wannan na'urar a halin yanzu. Tunda kalmar sirrin da aka saita a ciki a bayyane take, wannan mutumin yana iya satar ta cikin sauki don shiga cikin saitunan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa a kowane lokaci kuma ya kutse tsarin.
Hanya ɗaya don kunna ɓoye kalmar sirri ita ce yin amfani da umarnin ɓoye kalmar sirri na sabis. Domin ana amfani da tsohowar wannan umarni tare da ƙetare babu umarni kuma ba ɓoyayyen kalmar sirri ba ne, ba a yin ɓoyayyen kalmar sirri. Bari mu shiga yanayin sanyi na duniya, rubuta umarnin ɓoye kalmar sirri na sabis kuma danna Shigar. Wannan umarni yana nufin cewa tsarin yana ɗaukar kalmar sirrin rubutu a sarari da na saita kuma yana ɓoye ta.
Yanzu, idan ka kalli tsarin na yanzu ta amfani da umarnin do show run kuma je zuwa layin kalmar sirri, za ka ga cewa kalmar sirrin nau'i na bakwai ya ɗauki nau'in jeri na lambobi. Yanzu, idan ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinku zai iya duba kafaɗar ku ya ga wannan kalmar sirri, zai yi wahala sosai wajen tunawa da wannan jerin. Don haka, mun ƙirƙiri layin farko na tsaro na tsarin tsaro na samun dama.
Amma ko da ya sami damar kwafin wannan kalmar sirri, sai ya shiga cikin saitunan ya yi ƙoƙarin liƙa ta cikin layin kalmar sirri, tsarin ba zai ba da damar yin amfani da saitunan ba, saboda wannan adadin ba shine kalmar sirri ba, amma ƙimar sa ce. Madaidaicin kalmar sirri shine kalmar console, kuma idan na shigar dashi, zan sami damar shiga tashar jiragen ruwa. Don haka, ko da wani ya kwafi waɗannan lambobin, har yanzu ba za su sami damar shiga na'urar ba.
Duk da haka, a gaskiya, mun yi kuskure, saboda duk abin da maharin ke bukata shi ne zuwa shafin da zai ba ka damar ɓoye Cisco rubuta kalmomin shiga bakwai. Ya isa shigar da shafin yanar gizon, shigar da lambobin da aka kwafi, kuma za ku sami kalmar sirri da aka yanke, a cikin yanayin mu shine kalmar console. Yanzu dan gwanin kwamfuta kawai yana buƙatar kwafin wannan kalmar, komawa zuwa saitunan IOS sannan a liƙa ta cikin kalmar sirri.
A wannan yanayin, aikin Enable Password mai sauƙi ba ya samar da ingantaccen tsaro. Hanya mafi kyau don tabbatar da kariya ita ce amfani da kunna umarnin cisco na sirri. Idan kuma ka kalli tsarin na yanzu, za ka ga cewa darajar kalmar sirri yanzu ta kasance saitin haruffa daban-daban. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da nau'in kalmar sirri na Cisco na biyar.
Ba shi yiwuwa a warware wannan nau'in kalmar sirri ta kan layi, don haka yanzu na'urar wasan bidiyo na na'urarku tana da amintaccen tsaro.
Na gaba kana buƙatar saita kalmar sirri don Telnet. Don yin wannan, na rubuta layin umarni vty 0 4, wanda zai ba mutane 5 damar amfani da wannan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, sannan shigar da kalmar sirri ta telnet. Yanzu, idan wani yana son haɗawa da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta Telnet, zai buƙaci shigar da kalmar sirri - kalmar telnet.
Bayan haka, mun saita adireshin IP na Gudanarwa don sauyawa, saboda canjin nasa ne na 2nd OSI Layer. Duk da haka, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na'ura ce ta Layer 3, wanda ke nufin cewa kowane tashar jiragen ruwa a kan hanyar sadarwa yana da adireshin IP na kansa.
A cikin sauyawa, mun je saitunan VLAN1 ko kuma zuwa saitunan kowace hanyar sadarwa da muke buƙatar yin rajistar adireshin IP. Mun ƙirƙira hanyoyin sadarwa na kama-da-wane kuma mun sanya adiresoshin IP gare su. Amma game da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, waɗannan adiresoshin suna buƙatar sanya su zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na zahiri, don haka na shigar da umarni config t da int g0/0. Bayan haka, ina amfani da umarnin don sanya adireshin IP kamar yadda na yi da VLAN, wato, na shigar da umurnin ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 sannan in rubuta no shutdown.
Idan yanzu ka kalli matsayin tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta amfani da do show int taƙaitaccen umarni, zaku iya ganin cewa an sanya adireshin 10.1.1.1 zuwa Gigabit Ethernet 0/0 interface. Wannan shine yadda muka saita adireshin IP.
Na gaba za mu ci gaba don kafa Banner Logon. Kamar dai don sauyawa, Ina amfani da banner motd & sannan zan iya shigar da kowane rubutu da nake so, misali, Barka da zuwa NetworkKing Router, ja layi da rubutu tare da asterisks kuma rufe shi da ampersand &.
Na gaba, idan kuna son kashe tashar jiragen ruwa, yi amfani da umarnin rufewa. Don ajiye saitunan, yi amfani da kwafin Run-config startup-config umurnin. Ana iya kallon tsarin da ke gudana ta amfani da umarnin conf mai gudana, kuma ana iya duba saitunan taya ta amfani da umarnin farawa conf. Tun da mun yi amfani da sabuwar na'ura daga cikin akwatin kuma an yi ta tare da sigogi na asali, lokacin da aka tambaye mu don nuna saitunan taya, tsarin yana amsa cewa har yanzu bai wanzu ba.
Bayan shigar da kwafin Run-config startup-config umarni, tsarin yana tambayar ku don tabbatar da cewa fayil ɗin da ake sake rubutawa shine fayil ɗin sigogin boot na tsarin farawa. Bayan sake rubuta fayil ɗin sanyi na taya, na duba shi ta amfani da umarnin farawa conf kuma na ga cewa yanzu daidai yake da fayil ɗin sigar yanayin na'urar na yanzu. Yanzu idan na kashe na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na sake kunna shi, zai yi ta amfani da saitunan da aka adana.
Zai fi dacewa don tabbatar da matsayin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta amfani da show int taƙaitaccen umarni; Hakanan zaka iya amfani da umarnin int show, wanda zai nuna matsayin duk tashar jiragen ruwa. Idan kuna son duba matsayin takamaiman tashar jiragen ruwa, zaku iya amfani da umarnin g0/0 nunin nuni, bayan haka tsarin zai nuna cikakken kididdiga na wannan ƙirar.
Kamar yadda na ce, mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa shine tebur mai tuƙi. Kuna iya duba shi ta amfani da umarnin hanyar ip show.
A halin yanzu, tebur ba komai bane saboda babu na'urori da aka haɗa da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. A darasin bidiyo na gaba za mu duba yadda ake samar da tebur na routing ta hanyar amfani da ka’idoji daban-daban, yadda ake cika shi a lokacin da ake hada sabbin na’urori ta hanyar amfani da ka’idoji masu tsauri ko tsauri. A cikin duniyar masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa, umarnin hanyar ip show shine mafi shahara saboda yawanci duk matsalolin zirga-zirga suna farawa da tebur mai tuƙi.
Wannan ya ƙare darasi na bidiyo, yayin da na yi magana game da duk abin da aka shirya don yau. Yawancin masu amfani suna tambayar menene sha'awata lokacin da na yi rikodin kuma na buga waɗannan koyaswar bidiyo. Ina yin haka a lokacin kyauta na. Tabbas zaku iya aiko min da kudi idan kuna so. Shafukan da yawa suna amfani da darussan bidiyo na kuma suna neman kuɗi don shi, amma ba na son yin hakan ga masu saurarona kuma na yi alkawarin cewa ba za a taɓa biyan darussan na ba.
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
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source: www.habr.com