A yau za mu yi dubi a tsanake kan wasu al'amura na zirga-zirga. Kafin in fara, ina so in amsa tambayar ɗalibi game da asusun kafofin watsa labarun na. A hagu na sanya hanyoyin haɗi zuwa shafukan kamfaninmu, kuma a dama - zuwa shafukan sirri na. A lura bana saka mutum cikin abokaina na Facebook idan ban san su da kaina ba, don haka kar a aiko mani da buƙatun abokai.
Kuna iya yin rajista kawai zuwa shafina na Facebook kuma ku san duk abubuwan da suka faru. Ina ba da amsa ga saƙonni akan asusun LinkedIn na, don haka jin daɗin saƙon da ni a can, kuma ba shakka ina da himma akan Twitter. A ƙasa wannan koyawa ta bidiyo akwai hanyoyin haɗi zuwa duk hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa guda 6, don haka zaku iya amfani da su.
Kamar yadda aka saba, a yau za mu yi nazarin batutuwa guda uku. Na farko shi ne bayani kan ma’anar hanyar zirga-zirga, inda zan ba ku labarin tukwici na tukwici, da a tsaye, da sauransu. Sannan za mu kalli Inter-Switch routing, wato yadda ake yin routing tsakanin na'urori biyu. A karshen darasin, za mu fahimci manufar Inter-VLAN Routing, lokacin da maɓalli ɗaya ke hulɗa da VLANs da yawa da kuma yadda waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa suke sadarwa. Wannan batu ne mai ban sha'awa, kuma kuna iya so ku sake duba shi sau da yawa. Akwai wani batu mai ban sha'awa mai suna Router-on-a-Stick, ko "na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa akan sanda."
To mene ne tebur na tuƙi? Wannan tebur ne akan abin da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ke yanke shawarar tuƙi. Kuna iya ganin yadda tebur mai tuƙi na Cisco na yau da kullun yayi kama. Haka kuma kowace kwamfuta ta Windows tana da tebur na tuƙi, amma wannan wani batu ne.
Harafin R a farkon layin yana nufin cewa hanyar zuwa hanyar sadarwa ta 192.168.30.0/24 ta hanyar ka'idar RIP ce, C na nufin cewa cibiyar sadarwar tana haɗa kai tsaye zuwa mahaɗan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, S yana nufin madaidaiciyar hanya, da dige bayan. wannan wasiƙar tana nufin cewa wannan hanya tsohowar ɗan takara ce, ko kuma tsohon ɗan takarar don a tsaye. Akwai nau'ikan hanyoyi da yawa, kuma a yau za mu saba da su.
Yi la'akari, misali, cibiyar sadarwar farko 192.168.30.0/24. A cikin layin za ku ga lambobi biyu a cikin madaidaicin madauri, an raba su da slash, mun riga mun yi magana game da su. Lambar farko 120 ita ce nisan gudanarwa, wanda ke nuna matakin amincewa a wannan hanya. A ce akwai wata hanya a cikin tebur zuwa wannan hanyar sadarwa, wanda harafin C ko S ke nunawa, tare da ƙaramin ƙimar gudanarwa, alal misali, 1, dangane da tukwici a tsaye. A cikin wannan tebur, ba za ku sami cibiyoyin sadarwa iri ɗaya ba har sai mun yi amfani da na'ura kamar daidaita nauyi, amma bari mu ɗauka cewa muna da shigarwar guda 2 don hanyar sadarwa iri ɗaya. Don haka, idan kun ga ƙaramin lamba, wannan yana nufin cewa wannan hanya ta cancanci ƙarin amana, kuma akasin haka, mafi girman darajar nisan gudanarwa, ƙarancin amincewa da wannan hanyar ta cancanci. Na gaba, layin yana nuna ta hanyar da za a aika da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga - a cikin yanayinmu, wannan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ce 192.168.20.1 FastEthernet0/1. Waɗannan su ne abubuwan da ke cikin tebur ɗin tuƙi.
Yanzu bari mu yi magana game da yadda na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ke yin yanke shawara. Na ambaci tsohon dan takarar a sama kuma yanzu zan gaya muku abin da hakan ke nufi. Ace mai na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya karbi zirga-zirga don hanyar sadarwar 30.1.1.1, shigarwar wanda ba a cikin tebur mai ba da hanya ba. A al'ada, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa zai sauke wannan zirga-zirgar, amma idan akwai shigarwa ga dan takarar da ya dace a cikin tebur, wannan yana nufin cewa duk abin da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa bai sani ba za a tura shi zuwa tsoho. A wannan yanayin, shigarwar yana nuna cewa zirga-zirgar da ke zuwa don hanyar sadarwar da ba a sani ba ga na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya kamata a tura ta tashar jiragen ruwa 192.168.10.1. Don haka, zirga-zirga don hanyar sadarwar 30.1.1.1 za ta bi hanyar da ta kasance ɗan takara na asali.
Lokacin da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya sami buƙatu don kafa haɗi tare da adireshin IP, da farko yana duba don ganin ko wannan adireshin yana ƙunshe a kowace hanya ta musamman. Don haka, lokacin da ta karɓi zirga-zirga don hanyar sadarwar 30.1.1.1, za ta fara bincika don ganin ko adireshinsa yana ƙunshe a cikin takamaiman shigarwar tebur. Don haka, idan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya karɓi zirga-zirga don 192.168.30.1, bayan bincika duk abubuwan da aka shigar, za a ga cewa wannan adireshin yana cikin kewayon adireshin cibiyar sadarwa 192.168.30.0/24, bayan haka zai aika da zirga-zirga ta wannan hanya. Idan ba ta sami takamaiman shigarwar don hanyar sadarwar 30.1.1.1 ba, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa zai aika da zirga-zirgar da aka ƙaddara don shi tare da tsohuwar hanyar ɗan takara. Ga yadda ake yanke shawara: Da farko bincika shigarwar don takamaiman hanyoyi a cikin tebur, sannan yi amfani da tsohuwar hanyar ɗan takara.
Bari yanzu mu dubi nau'ikan hanyoyi na tsaye daban-daban. Nau'in farko shine hanyar da ta dace, ko kuma hanyar da ta dace.
Kamar yadda na ce, idan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya karɓi zirga-zirgar da aka aika zuwa cibiyar sadarwar da ba a san shi ba, zai aika ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Ƙofar shiga ta ƙarshe ita ce 192.168.10.1 zuwa cibiyar sadarwar 0.0.0.0 tana nuna cewa an saita hanyar da ba ta dace ba, wato, "Ƙofar hanyar sadarwa ta ƙarshe ta 0.0.0.0 tana da adireshin IP na 192.168.10.1." An jera wannan hanya a layin ƙarshe na tebur mai tuƙi, wanda harafin S ke jagoranta da digo.
Kuna iya sanya wannan siga daga yanayin sanyi na duniya. Don hanyar RIP na yau da kullun, rubuta umarnin hanyar ip, ƙayyade ID na cibiyar sadarwar da ta dace, a cikin yanayinmu 192.168.30.0, da mashin subnet 255.255.255.0, sannan ƙayyade 192.168.20.1 azaman hop na gaba. Koyaya, lokacin da kuka saita hanyar da ba ta dace ba, ba kwa buƙatar saka ID na cibiyar sadarwa da abin rufe fuska, kawai kuna rubuta hanyar ip 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0, wato, maimakon adireshin mashin subnet, sake rubuta sifili huɗu, sannan a saka. adireshin 192.168.20.1 a ƙarshen layin, wanda zai zama hanyar da ta dace.
Nau'in tsayayyen hanya na gaba shine Hanyar Sadarwar Sadarwa, ko hanyar hanyar sadarwa. Don saita hanyar sadarwar, dole ne ka ƙayyade hanyar sadarwar gaba ɗaya, wato, yi amfani da hanyar ip 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0 umurnin, inda 0 a ƙarshen subnet mask yana nufin gabaɗayan adiresoshin cibiyar sadarwa 256 / 24, kuma saka. adireshin IP na hop na gaba.
Yanzu zan zana samfuri a saman yana nuna umarnin don saita tsohuwar hanyar da hanyar sadarwar. Ga alama kamar haka:
hanyar ip kashi na farko na adireshin kashi na biyu na adireshin .
Don hanyar da ta dace, duka sassan farko da na biyu na adireshin za su kasance 0.0.0.0, yayin da hanyar hanyar sadarwa, ɓangaren farko shine ID na cibiyar sadarwa kuma sashi na biyu shine mashin subnet. Na gaba, adireshin IP na cibiyar sadarwa wanda mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya yanke shawarar yin hop na gaba zai kasance.
An saita hanyar mai masaukin baki ta amfani da adireshin IP na takamaiman mai watsa shiri. A cikin samfurin umarni, wannan zai zama ɓangaren farko na adireshin, a cikin yanayinmu shine 192.168.30.1, wanda ke nuna takamaiman na'ura. Sashi na biyu shine abin rufe fuska na subnet 255.255.255.255, wanda kuma ke nuni ga adireshin IP na wani mai watsa shiri, ba duka /24 cibiyar sadarwa ba. Sannan kuna buƙatar saka adireshin IP na hop na gaba. Wannan shine yadda zaku iya saita hanyar mai masaukin baki.
Takaitacciyar hanya hanya ce ta taƙaice. Kuna tuna cewa mun riga mun tattauna batun taƙaitaccen hanya lokacin da muke da kewayon adiresoshin IP. Bari mu ɗauki hanyar sadarwa ta farko 192.168.30.0/24 a matsayin misali kuma mu yi tunanin cewa muna da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa R1, wanda cibiyar sadarwar 192.168.30.0/24 ke da alaƙa da adiresoshin IP guda huɗu: 192.168.30.4, 192.168.30.5, 192.168.30.6. 192.168.30.7. Slash 24 yana nufin akwai ingantattun adireshi 256 akan wannan hanyar sadarwar, amma a wannan yanayin muna da adiresoshin IP guda 4 kawai.
Idan na ce duk zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwar 192.168.30.0/24 yakamata ta bi ta wannan hanyar, zai zama ƙarya, saboda adireshin IP kamar 192.168.30.1 bazai iya isa ta wannan hanyar sadarwa ba. Don haka, a wannan yanayin, ba za mu iya amfani da 192.168.30.0 a matsayin ɓangaren farko na adireshin ba, amma dole ne mu saka takamaiman adireshin da za a samu. A wannan yanayin, takamaiman adireshi 4 za su kasance ta hanyar madaidaicin dubawa, da sauran adiresoshin cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar haɗin hagu na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Shi ya sa muke buƙatar kafa hanyar taƙaitawa ko taƙaitawa.
Daga ka'idodin taƙaita hanyoyin, mun tuna cewa a cikin ɗaya subnet na farkon octets uku na adireshin ba su canzawa, kuma muna buƙatar ƙirƙirar subnet wanda zai haɗa duk adiresoshin 4. Don yin wannan, muna buƙatar saka 192.168.30.4 a farkon adireshin, kuma amfani da 255.255.255.252 a matsayin mashin subnet a kashi na biyu, inda 252 ke nufin cewa wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya ƙunshi adiresoshin IP 4: .4, .5. , .6 da .7.
Idan kuna da shigarwar guda biyu a cikin tebur mai tuƙi: hanyar RIP don hanyar sadarwar 192.168.30.0/24 da hanyar taƙaitacciyar hanya 192.168.30.4/252, to bisa ga ka'idodin tuƙi, Takaitacciyar hanya za ta zama hanyar fifiko don takamaiman zirga-zirga. Duk wani abu da ba shi da alaƙa da wannan tafarki na musamman zai yi amfani da hanyar hanyar sadarwa.
Wannan ita ce hanyar taƙaitaccen bayani - kuna taƙaita takamaiman adiresoshin IP da yawa kuma ku ƙirƙiri wata hanya dabam don su.
A cikin rukunin hanyoyin da suke tsaye, akwai kuma abin da ake kira "hanyar ruwa", ko kuma Hanyar iyo. Wannan hanya ce ta madadin. Ana amfani da shi lokacin da akwai matsala tare da haɗin jiki a kan hanya mai mahimmanci wanda ke da ƙimar nisa na gudanarwa na 1. A cikin misalinmu, wannan ita ce hanyar ta hanyar adireshin IP 192.168.10.1. matakin, ana amfani da hanyar da ke iyo a madadin.
Don amfani da hanyar ajiya, a ƙarshen layin umarni, maimakon adireshin IP na hop na gaba, wanda ta hanyar tsoho yana da darajar 1, ƙayyade ƙimar hop daban, misali, 5. Hanyar iyo shine ba a nuna shi a cikin tebur ɗin ba, saboda ana amfani da shi ne kawai lokacin da tsayayyen hanya ba ya samuwa saboda lalacewa.
Idan ba ku fahimci wani abu daga abin da na fada ba, sake kallon wannan bidiyon. Idan har yanzu kuna da tambayoyi, zaku iya aiko min da imel kuma zan bayyana muku komai.
Yanzu bari mu fara kallon Inter-Switch routing. A gefen hagu a cikin zane, akwai maɓalli wanda ke hidimar cibiyar sadarwar blue na sashen tallace-tallace. A hannun dama akwai wani canji wanda kawai ke aiki tare da koren cibiyar sadarwa na sashen tallace-tallace. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da maɓalli masu zaman kansu guda biyu waɗanda ke hidima ga sassa daban-daban, tunda wannan topology baya amfani da VLAN gama gari.
Idan kana buƙatar kafa haɗin kai tsakanin waɗannan maɓallai guda biyu, wato, tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban guda biyu 192.168.1.0/24 da 192.168.2.0/24, to kana buƙatar amfani da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Sannan waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa za su sami damar musayar fakiti da shiga Intanet ta hanyar R1 Router. Idan muka yi amfani da tsoho VLAN1 don duka masu sauyawa, haɗa su da igiyoyi na zahiri, za su iya sadarwa tare da juna. Amma tunda wannan a zahiri ba zai yuwu ba saboda rarrabuwar hanyoyin sadarwa na wuraren watsa shirye-shirye daban-daban, ana buƙatar na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa don sadarwar su.
Bari mu ɗauka cewa kowane daga cikin masu sauyawa yana da tashar jiragen ruwa 16. A wurinmu, ba ma amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa 14, tunda akwai kwamfutoci 2 kacal a kowane sashen. Saboda haka, a wannan yanayin, yana da kyau a yi amfani da VLAN, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zane mai zuwa.
A wannan yanayin, blue VLAN10 da koren VLAN20 suna da nasu yanki na watsa shirye-shirye. Ana haɗa hanyar sadarwar VLAN10 ta hanyar kebul zuwa ɗaya tashar jiragen ruwa na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, kuma cibiyar sadarwar VLAN20 tana haɗa zuwa wata tashar jiragen ruwa, yayin da duka igiyoyin biyu suka fito daga maɓalli daban-daban. Da alama godiya ga wannan kyakkyawan bayani, mun kafa haɗin kai tsakanin cibiyoyin sadarwa. Duk da haka, tun da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana da iyakacin adadin tashoshin jiragen ruwa, ba mu da tasiri sosai wajen amfani da damar wannan na'urar, ta hanyar mamaye su.
Akwai mafita mafi inganci - "na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa akan sanda". A lokaci guda kuma, muna haɗa tashar sauyawa tare da akwati zuwa ɗaya daga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Mun riga mun faɗi cewa ta tsohuwa, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa baya fahimtar encapsulation bisa ga ma'aunin .1Q, don haka kuna buƙatar amfani da akwati don sadarwa tare da shi. A wannan yanayin, abubuwa masu zuwa suna faruwa.
Cibiyar sadarwar VLAN10 mai shuɗi tana aika zirga-zirga ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa hanyar F0/0 na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. An raba wannan tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa ƙananan musaya, kowannensu yana da adireshin IP guda ɗaya wanda ke cikin kewayon adireshin ko dai cibiyar sadarwar 192.168.1.0/24 ko cibiyar sadarwar 192.168.2.0/24. Akwai rashin tabbas anan - bayan haka, don cibiyoyin sadarwa daban-daban guda biyu kuna buƙatar samun adiresoshin IP daban-daban guda biyu. Saboda haka, ko da yake gangar jikin da ke tsakanin maɓalli da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa an halicce su a kan mahaɗin jiki guda ɗaya, muna buƙatar ƙirƙirar ƙananan hanyoyi guda biyu don kowane VLAN. Saboda haka, daya subinterface zai bauta wa VLAN10 cibiyar sadarwa, da kuma na biyu - VLAN20. Don farar hula na farko, muna buƙatar zaɓar adireshin IP daga kewayon adireshin 192.168.1.0/24, kuma na biyu, daga kewayon 192.168.2.0/24. Lokacin da VLAN10 ta aika fakiti, gateway zai zama adireshin IP guda ɗaya, kuma lokacin da aka aiko da fakitin ta VLAN20, adireshin IP na biyu za a yi amfani da shi azaman ƙofar. A wannan yanayin, "Router on a stick" zai yanke shawara game da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga daga kowace kwamfutar 2 na VLAN daban-daban. A taƙaice, mun raba hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta zahiri guda biyu ko fiye da ma'ana.
Bari mu ga yadda yake a cikin Packet Tracer.
Na sauƙaƙa zanen kaɗan, don haka muna da PC0 ɗaya a 192.168.1.10 da PC1 na biyu a 192.168.2.10. Lokacin da aka daidaita maɓalli, na keɓance masarrafar guda ɗaya don VLAN10, ɗayan don VLAN20. Na je zuwa na'ura wasan bidiyo na CLI kuma shigar da taƙaitaccen umarni na nuni ip interface don tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwa na FastEthernet0/2 da 0/3 sun tashi. Sa'an nan na duba a cikin VLAN database kuma ga cewa duk interfaces a kan canji a halin yanzu wani ɓangare na tsoho VLAN. Sannan na rubuta config t sannan int f0/2 a jere don kiran tashar da aka haɗa VLAN tallace-tallace.
Na gaba, Ina amfani da umarnin isa ga yanayin switchport. Yanayin shiga shine tsoho, don haka kawai in buga wannan umarni. Bayan haka, na rubuta damar shiga VLAN10, kuma tsarin ya amsa cewa tunda babu irin wannan hanyar sadarwa, zai haifar da VLAN10 da kanta. Idan kana son ƙirƙirar VLAN da hannu, misali, VLAN20, kuna buƙatar buga umarnin vlan 20, bayan haka layin umarni zai canza zuwa saitunan cibiyar sadarwar kama-da-wane, yana canza takensa daga Switch(config) # zuwa Switch(config- vlan) #. Bayan haka, kuna buƙatar sanya sunan cibiyar sadarwar da aka ƙirƙira ta amfani da umarnin suna <name>. Sa'an nan kuma mu daidaita f0/3 interface. A jere na shigar da hanyar shiga yanayin switchport da samun damar shiga vlan 20 umarni, bayan haka an haɗa hanyar sadarwa zuwa wannan tashar jiragen ruwa.
Don haka, zaku iya saita maɓalli ta hanyoyi guda biyu: na farko yana amfani da umarni na switchport access vlan 10, bayan haka an ƙirƙiri hanyar sadarwar ta atomatik akan tashar da aka ba ta, na biyu shine lokacin da kuka fara ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa sannan ku ɗaure shi zuwa takamaiman. tashar jiragen ruwa.
Kuna iya yin haka tare da VLAN10. Zan koma in sake maimaita tsarin daidaitawa da hannu don wannan hanyar sadarwa: shigar da yanayin daidaitawa na duniya, shigar da umarnin vlan 10, sannan suna suna SALES, da sauransu. Yanzu zan nuna muku abin da zai faru idan ba ku yi wannan ba, wato, bari tsarin da kansa ya ƙirƙiri VLAN.
Kuna iya ganin cewa muna da hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu, amma na biyu wanda muka kirkira da hannu, yana da sunansa MARKETING, yayin da cibiyar sadarwa ta farko, VLAN10, ta sami sunan tsoho VLAN0010. Zan iya gyara wannan idan na shigar da sunan SALES a cikin yanayin daidaitawa na duniya. Yanzu za ku ga cewa bayan haka, cibiyar sadarwa ta farko ta canza suna zuwa SALES.
Yanzu bari mu koma Packet Tracer mu ga ko PC0 na iya sadarwa da PC1. Don yin wannan, zan buɗe tashar layin umarni akan kwamfuta ta farko kuma in aika ping zuwa adireshin kwamfuta ta biyu.
Mun ga cewa pinging ya kasa. Dalilin shi ne cewa PC0 ya aika da buƙatar ARP zuwa 192.168.2.10 ta hanyar ƙofar 192.168.1.1. A lokaci guda kuma, kwamfutar ta tambayi mai kunnawa wanene wannan 192.168.1.1. Koyaya, maɓalli ɗaya ne kawai don cibiyar sadarwar VLAN10, kuma buƙatun da aka karɓa ba zai iya zuwa ko'ina ba - ya shiga wannan tashar kuma ya mutu anan. Kwamfuta ba ta karɓar amsa, don haka an ba da dalilin rashin nasarar ping a matsayin lokacin ƙarewa. Ba a karɓi amsa ba saboda babu wata na'ura akan VLAN10 sai PC0. Haka kuma, ko da kwamfutocin biyu na cibiyar sadarwa iri ɗaya ne, ba za su iya sadarwa ba saboda suna da kewayon adiresoshin IP daban-daban. Don yin wannan tsarin aiki, kuna buƙatar amfani da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
Duk da haka, kafin in nuna yadda ake amfani da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, zan yi karamin digression. Zan haɗa tashar Fa0/1 na maɓalli da Gig0/0 na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa tare da kebul ɗaya, sannan zan ƙara wata kebul ɗin da za a haɗa zuwa tashar Fa0/4 na maɓalli da tashar Gif0/1. na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
Zan ɗaure hanyar sadarwar VLAN10 zuwa tashar f0/1 na maɓalli, wanda zan shigar da int f0/1 da umarnin shiga vlan10, da hanyar sadarwar VLAN20 zuwa tashar f0/4 ta amfani da int f0/4 da switchport. access vlan dokokin 20. Idan yanzu muka kalli VLAN database, za a iya ganin cewa cibiyar sadarwar SALES tana daure zuwa Fa0/1, Fa0/2 interfaces, kuma cibiyar sadarwar MARKETING tana daure zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Fa0/3, Fa0/4. .
Bari mu sake komawa kan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa kuma mu shigar da saitunan dubawar g0/0, shigar da umarnin babu kashewa kuma sanya adireshin IP gare shi: ip ƙara 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0.
Bari mu daidaita hanyar haɗin g0/1 ta hanya ɗaya, sanya shi adireshin ip ƙara 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0. Sa'an nan kuma za mu nemi a nuna mana tebur na tuƙi, wanda yanzu yana da shigarwar hanyoyin sadarwa 1.0 da 2.0.
Bari mu ga ko wannan makirci yana aiki. Bari mu jira har sai duka tashar jiragen ruwa na masu sauyawa da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa sun juya kore, kuma maimaita ping na adireshin IP 192.168.2.10. Kamar yadda kake gani, duk abin ya yi aiki!
Kwamfutar PC0 tana aika buƙatun ARP zuwa maɓalli, mai kunnawa ya aika da shi zuwa ga na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, wanda ke mayar da adireshin MAC ɗinsa zuwa kwamfutar. Bayan haka, kwamfutar tana aika fakitin ping ta hanya ɗaya. Mai na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya san cewa hanyar sadarwa ta VLAN20 tana da alaƙa da tashar ta g0/1, don haka yana aika shi zuwa maɓalli, wanda ke tura fakitin zuwa wurin da aka nufa - PC1.
Wannan makirci yana aiki, amma ba shi da inganci, tun da yake ya mamaye hanyoyin sadarwa na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa 2, wato, muna amfani da fasaha na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Sabili da haka, zan nuna yadda za'a iya yin irin wannan ta amfani da dubawa guda ɗaya.
Zan cire zanen kebul guda biyu kuma in maido da haɗin da ya gabata na sauyawa da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa tare da kebul ɗaya. Fuskar f0/1 na mai sauya ya kamata ya zama tashar tashar jirgin ruwa, don haka sai na koma zuwa saitunan canzawa kuma in yi amfani da umarnin akwati na yanayin switchport don wannan tashar jiragen ruwa. An daina amfani da tashar f0/4. Na gaba, muna amfani da umarnin int Trunk show don ganin idan an daidaita tashar jiragen ruwa daidai.
Mun ga cewa tashar Fa0/1 tana aiki a yanayin gangar jikin ta amfani da ka'idar encapsulation 802.1q. Bari mu kalli teburin VLAN - mun ga cewa cibiyar sadarwa ta VLAN0 ta mamaye F2/10 dubawa, kuma cibiyar sadarwar f0/3 tana shagaltar da hanyar sadarwar talla ta VLAN20.
A wannan yanayin, an haɗa maɓallin zuwa tashar g0/0 na mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. A cikin saitunan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, Ina amfani da int g0/0 kuma babu umarnin adireshin IP don cire adireshin IP na wannan haɗin. Amma wannan ƙirar har yanzu tana aiki, ba a cikin yanayin rufewa ba. Idan kun tuna, dole ne mai amfani da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya karɓi zirga-zirga daga cibiyoyin sadarwa guda biyu - 1.0 da 2.0. Tun lokacin da aka haɗa maɓalli zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta akwati, zai karɓi zirga-zirga daga hanyar sadarwa ta farko da ta biyu zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Duk da haka, menene adireshin IP ya kamata a sanya wa mai amfani da hanyar sadarwa a cikin wannan yanayin?
G0/0 siffa ce ta zahiri wacce ba ta da kowane adireshin IP ta tsohuwa. Saboda haka, muna amfani da ra'ayi na ma'ana mai ma'ana. Idan na rubuta int g0/0 akan layi, tsarin zai ba da zaɓuɓɓukan umarni guda biyu: slash / ko digo. Ana amfani da slash lokacin daidaita musaya kamar 0/0/0, kuma ana amfani da ɗigon idan kana da madaidaicin ƙasa.
Idan na buga int g0/0. ?, Sa'an nan tsarin zai ba ni kewayon yuwuwar lambobi na GigabitEthernet m subinterface, waɗanda aka nuna bayan digo: <0 - 4294967295>. Wannan kewayon ya ƙunshi fiye da lambobi biliyan 4, wanda ke nufin cewa za ku iya ƙirƙira waccan mahallin mahalli masu yawa.
Zan nuna lamba 10 bayan digo, wanda zai nuna VLAN10. Yanzu mun koma cikin saitunan da ke ƙasa, kamar yadda aka nuna ta wurin canjin kan layin saitunan CLI zuwa Router (config-subif) #, a wannan yanayin yana nufin g0/0.10 subinterface. Yanzu dole in ba shi adireshin IP, wanda nake amfani da umarnin ip ƙara 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0. Kafin kafa wannan adireshi, muna buƙatar yin encapsulation ta yadda mahaɗin da muka ƙirƙira ya san wace ƙa'idar encapsulation za mu yi amfani da ita - 802.1q ko ISL. Ina rubuta kalmar encapsulation a cikin layi, kuma tsarin yana ba da zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓuɓɓuka don sigogi don wannan umarni.
Ina amfani da umarnin dot1Q encapsulation. Ba lallai ne a shigar da wannan umarni a fasaha ba, amma na rubuta shi ne don gaya wa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa wacce za ta yi amfani da ita don aiki tare da VLAN, saboda a halin yanzu yana aiki kamar maɓalli, yana amfani da VLAN trunking. Tare da wannan umarni, muna nuna wa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa cewa duk zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga ya kamata a ɓoye ta amfani da ka'idar dot1Q. Na gaba akan layin umarni, dole ne in saka cewa wannan ɓoye na VLAN10 ne. Tsarin yana nuna mana adireshin IP ɗin da ake amfani da shi, kuma ƙirar hanyar sadarwar VLAN10 ta fara aiki.
Hakazalika, na saita ƙirar g0/0.20. Na ƙirƙiri sabon madaidaicin ƙasa, saita ƙa'idar encapsulation, kuma saita adireshin IP tare da ip ƙara 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0.
A wannan yanayin, tabbas ina buƙatar cire adireshin IP na mahaɗin jiki, saboda yanzu ƙirar zahiri da ma'anar ma'ana suna da adireshin iri ɗaya don cibiyar sadarwar VLAN20. Don yin wannan, a jere na rubuta umarnin int g0/1 kuma babu ip address. Sa'an nan na kashe wannan interface saboda ba mu bukatar shi kuma.
Na gaba, na sake komawa g0 / 0.20 dubawa kuma in sanya adireshin IP gare shi tare da ip ƙara 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 umarni. Yanzu komai zai yi aiki tabbas.
Yanzu ina amfani da umarnin hanya ip show don duba tebur mai tuƙi.
Zamu iya ganin cewa hanyar sadarwa ta 192.168.1.0/24 tana da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa GigabitEthernet0/0.10 subinterface, kuma cibiyar sadarwar 192.168.2.0/24 tana haɗa kai tsaye zuwa GigabitEthernet0/0.20 subinterface. Yanzu zan koma tashar layin umarni na PC0 da ping PC1. A wannan yanayin, zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar ta shiga tashar jiragen ruwa na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, wanda ke tura shi zuwa mahaɗin da ke daidai kuma ya mayar da shi ta hanyar canzawa zuwa kwamfutar PC1. Kamar yadda kake gani, ping ya yi nasara. Fakiti biyu na farko an jefar da su saboda sauyawa tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci, kuma na'urorin suna buƙatar koyon adiresoshin MAC, amma sauran fakiti biyu sun sami nasarar isa wurin da aka nufa. Wannan shine yadda manufar "Router akan sanda" ke aiki.
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
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source: www.habr.com