Bari mu ɗauka cewa STP yana cikin yanayin haɗuwa. Me zai faru idan na ɗauki kebul na haɗa maɓallin H kai tsaye zuwa tushen sauya A? Tushen Bridge zai "gani" cewa yana da sabon tashar tashar da aka kunna kuma zai aika BPDU akan shi.
Switch H, da ya karɓi wannan firam tare da farashin sifili, zai ƙayyade farashin hanyar ta hanyar sabon tashar kamar 0+19 = 19, duk da cewa farashin tushen tashar tashar ta 76. Bayan wannan, tashar jiragen ruwa ta sauya H. , wanda a baya yana cikin yanayin nakasa, zai bi duk matakan canji kuma ya canza zuwa yanayin watsawa kawai bayan daƙiƙa 50. Idan an haɗa wasu na'urori zuwa wannan maɓalli, to, duk za su rasa haɗin kai zuwa tushen sauya da kuma hanyar sadarwar gaba ɗaya na tsawon daƙiƙa 50.
Switch G yana yin haka ne, bayan ya karɓi daga switch H a BPDU frame tare da sanarwar farashi na 19. Yana canza farashin tashar da aka ba shi zuwa 19 + 19 = 38 kuma ya sake sanya shi a matsayin sabon tashar jiragen ruwa, saboda farashin sa. Tsohon Tushen Port shine 57, wanda ya fi 38. Wannan yana farawa duk matakan sake canza tashar tashar jiragen ruwa, yana dawwama 50 seconds, kuma, a ƙarshe, duk hanyar sadarwa ta rushe.
Yanzu bari mu kalli abin da zai faru a cikin irin wannan yanayin yayin amfani da RSTP. Tushen wutan lantarki zai aika da BPDU kamar haka zuwa maɓalli na H wanda aka haɗa da shi, amma nan da nan zai toshe tashar jiragen ruwa. Bayan samun wannan firam, switch N zai tantance cewa wannan hanya tana da ƙarancin farashi fiye da tushen tashar ta, kuma nan take za ta toshe ta. Bayan haka, N zai aika da Proposal zuwa tushen sauyawa tare da buƙatar bude sabon tashar jiragen ruwa, saboda farashinsa bai kai farashin tushen tashar jiragen ruwa ba. Bayan root switch din ya amince da bukatar sai ya bude tasharsa sannan ya aika da Agreement don sauya H, sannan na karshen zai maida sabuwar tashar ta zama tushen tashar.
A lokaci guda, godiya ga tsarin tsari / Yarjejeniyar, sake fasalin tashar tashar tashar zai faru kusan nan take, kuma duk na'urorin da aka haɗa don canzawa H ba za su rasa haɗin kai tare da hanyar sadarwa ba.
Ta hanyar sanya sabon Tushen Port, canza N zai juya tsohuwar tashar tashar tashar zuwa madadin tashar jiragen ruwa. Hakanan zai faru tare da canza G - zai musanya saƙonnin Proposal / Yarjejeniyar tare da sauyawa H, sanya sabon tashar tashar tushe kuma toshe sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Sannan tsarin zai ci gaba a sashin cibiyar sadarwa na gaba tare da sauya F.
Canja F, bayan nazarin farashin, zai ga cewa hanyar zuwa tushen sauyawa ta hanyar ƙananan tashar zai biya 57, duk da cewa hanyar da ake da ita ta tashar tashar jiragen ruwa tana da 38, kuma za ta bar komai kamar yadda yake. Bayan koya game da wannan, canza G zai toshe tashar jiragen ruwa da ke fuskantar F kuma zai tura zirga-zirga zuwa tushen sauya tare da sabuwar hanyar GHA.
Har sai sauyawa F ya sami Proposal/Yarjejeniyar daga sauyawa G, zai kiyaye tashar tashar ta ƙasa don hana madaukai. Don haka, zaku iya ganin cewa RSTP yarjejeniya ce mai sauri wacce ba ta haifar da matsalolin da ke cikin STP akan hanyar sadarwa ba.
Yanzu bari mu matsa zuwa kallon umarni. Kuna buƙatar shiga cikin yanayin daidaitawa na duniya kuma zaɓi yanayin PVST ko RPVST ta amfani da umarnin yanayin bishiyar. . Sannan kuna buƙatar yanke shawarar yadda ake canza fifikon takamaiman VLAN. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da umarnin spanning-tree vlan <lambar VLAN> fifiko <darajar>. Daga koyaswar bidiyo ta ƙarshe, yakamata ku tuna cewa fifiko shine maɓalli na 4096 kuma ta tsohuwa wannan lambar ita ce 32768 tare da lambar VLAN. Idan kun zaɓi VLAN1, fifikon tsoho zai zama 32768+1 = 32769.
Me yasa kuke buƙatar canza fifikon cibiyoyin sadarwa? Mun san cewa BID ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙimar fifikon lamba da adireshin MAC. Ba za a iya canza adireshin MAC na na'urar ba; yana da ƙima akai-akai, don haka kawai kuna iya canza ƙimar fifiko.
Bari mu ɗauka cewa akwai babbar hanyar sadarwa inda duk na'urorin Cisco ke haɗa su ta hanyar madauwari. A wannan yanayin, PVST yana kunna ta tsohuwa, don haka tsarin zai zaɓi tushen tushen. Idan duk na'urori suna da fifiko iri ɗaya, to, sauyawa tare da adireshin MAC mafi tsufa zai sami fifiko. Duk da haka, wannan yana iya zama canjin shekaru 10-12 na samfurin da ya wuce, wanda ba shi da isasshen iko da aiki don "jagoranci" irin wannan babbar hanyar sadarwa.
A lokaci guda, kuna iya samun sabon sauyawa akan hanyar sadarwar ku wanda ke biyan dala dubu da yawa, wanda, saboda babban adireshin MAC, ana tilastawa “biyayya” tsohon canji wanda ke biyan dala ɗari biyu. Idan tsohon canji ya zama tushen tushen, wannan yana nuna babban lahani na ƙirar hanyar sadarwa.
Don haka, dole ne ku shiga cikin saitunan sabon sauya kuma sanya shi mafi ƙarancin fifiko, misali, 0. Lokacin amfani da VLAN1, ƙimar fifikon gabaɗaya zai zama 0+1=1, kuma duk sauran na'urori koyaushe za su yi la'akari da shi. tushen sauya.
Yanzu bari mu yi tunanin irin wannan yanayin. Idan tushen sauya ya zama babu shi saboda wasu dalilai, kuna iya son sabon canjin tushen ya zama ba kawai kowane canji tare da mafi ƙarancin fifiko ba, amma takamaiman canji tare da mafi kyawun hanyoyin sadarwar. A wannan yanayin, a cikin saitunan gadar Tushen, ana amfani da umarni wanda ke sanya tushen tushen firamare da sakandare: spanning- tree vlan <VLAN number> root <primary/secondary>. Ƙimar fifiko don sauyawa na Firamare zai kasance daidai da 32768 - 4096 - 4096 = 24576. Don canjin Sakandare ana ƙididdige shi ta amfani da dabara 32768 - 4096 = 28672.
Ba sai ka shigar da waɗannan lambobin da hannu ba - tsarin zai yi maka ta atomatik. Don haka, tushen tushen zai zama mai canzawa tare da fifiko 24576, kuma idan ba a samu ba, mai canzawa tare da fifiko 28672, duk da cewa fifikon tsoho na duk sauran maɓalli bai gaza 32768 ba. so tsarin ya sanya tushen sauya ta atomatik.
Idan kana son duba saitunan ladabi na STP, kana buƙatar amfani da umarnin taƙaitaccen bishiyar nuni. Bari yanzu mu kalli duk batutuwan da muka koya a yau ta amfani da Packet Tracer. Ina amfani da topology na cibiyar sadarwa na masu sauyawa 4 2690, wannan ba kome ba tunda duk tsarin sauya Cisco yana goyan bayan STP. An haɗa su da juna ta yadda hanyar sadarwar ta zama wata muguwar da'ira.
Ta hanyar tsoho, na'urorin Cisco suna aiki a yanayin PSTV+, wanda ke nufin kowane tashar jiragen ruwa ba zai buƙaci fiye da daƙiƙa 20 don haɗuwa ba. Ƙungiyar kwaikwaiyo tana ba ku damar kwatanta aika zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga da duba sigogin aiki na cibiyar sadarwar da aka ƙirƙira.
Kuna iya ganin abin da tsarin STP BPDU yake. Idan ka ga nau'in 0 nawa, to, kana da STP, saboda ana amfani da sigar 2 don RSTP. Ana ba da ƙimar Tushen ID, wanda ya ƙunshi fifiko da adireshin MAC na tushen sauya, da daidai ƙimar Bridge ID a nan.
Wadannan dabi'u daidai suke, tun da farashin hanyar zuwa tushen tushen SW0 shine 0, saboda haka, shi da kansa shine tushen tushen. Don haka, bayan kunna masu kunnawa, godiya ga yin amfani da STP, an zaɓi Tushen gadar ta atomatik kuma cibiyar sadarwa ta fara aiki. Kuna iya ganin hakan don hana madauki, babban tashar jiragen ruwa Fa0/2 na sauya SW2 an canza shi zuwa jihar Blocking, amma ana nuna wannan ta launin orange na alamar.
Bari mu je SW0 na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa kuma muyi amfani da umarni biyu. Na farko shi ne show spanning-itace umurnin, bayan shigar da allo zai nuna bayanai game da PSTV + yanayin don VLAN1 cibiyar sadarwa. Idan muka yi amfani da VLANs da yawa, wani shingen bayanai zai bayyana a ƙasan taga don cibiyoyin sadarwa na biyu da na gaba da aka yi amfani da su.
Kuna iya ganin cewa ana samun STP ƙarƙashin ma'aunin IEEE, wanda ke nufin amfani da PVSTP+. A fasaha wannan ba mizanin .1d bane. Ana kuma ba da bayanin ID na tushen anan: fifiko 32769, adireshin MAC na tushen na'urar, farashi 19, da sauransu. Bayanin gadar ID na gaba ya zo, wanda ke tantance ƙimar fifiko 32768 +1, kuma yana bin wani adireshin MAC. Kamar yadda kake gani, na yi kuskure - canza SW0 ba shine tushen tushen ba, tushen tushen yana da adireshin MAC daban da aka ba a cikin sigogin Tushen ID. Ina tsammanin wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa SW0 ya karbi firam ɗin BPDU tare da bayanin cewa wasu sauyawa a kan hanyar sadarwa suna da kyakkyawan dalili don taka rawar tushen. Za mu kalli wannan yanzu.
(bayanin fassarar: Tushen ID shine mai gano tushen tushen, iri ɗaya ne ga duk na'urorin cibiyar sadarwar VLAN guda ɗaya da ke aiki akan ka'idar STP, Bridge ID shine mai gano canjin gida azaman ɓangaren Tushen gadar, wanda zai iya bambanta. don sauyawa daban-daban da VLANs daban-daban).
Wani yanayi kuma da ke nuni da cewa SW0 ba root switch ba ne shi ne, root switch din ba shi da Tushen Port, kuma a wannan yanayin akwai Root Port da Designated Port, wadanda ke cikin hanyar turawa. Hakanan zaka ga nau'in haɗin p2p, ko point-to-point. Wannan yana nufin cewa fa0/1 da fa0/2 suna da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa maɓallan maƙwabta.
Idan an haɗa wasu tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa cibiyar, nau'in haɗin za a sanya shi azaman rabawa, zamu duba wannan daga baya. Idan na shigar da umarnin don duba taƙaitaccen bayanin bishiyar, za mu ga cewa wannan canjin yana cikin yanayin PVSTP, sannan jerin ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa da babu su.
Mai zuwa yana nuna matsayi da adadin tashoshin jiragen ruwa masu hidimar VLAN1: toshe 0, sauraron 0, koyo 0, tashoshin jiragen ruwa 2 suna cikin yanayin isarwa a yanayin STP.
Kafin mu ci gaba don canza SW2, bari mu kalli saitunan sauya SW1. Don wannan muna amfani da umarnin nunin faifai iri ɗaya.
Kuna ganin cewa Tushen ID MAC adireshin sauya SW1 daidai yake da na SW0, saboda duk na'urorin da ke kan hanyar sadarwar, lokacin haɗuwa, suna karɓar adireshin iri ɗaya na na'urar gadar Tushen, tunda sun amince da zaɓin da tsarin STP ya yi. Kamar yadda kake gani, SW1 shine tushen tushen, saboda Tushen ID da adireshin ID na gada iri ɗaya ne. Bugu da kari, akwai saƙon "wannan maɓalli shine tushen sauya."
Wata alamar canjin tushen ita ce ba ta da Tushen tashar jiragen ruwa; duka tashoshin jiragen ruwa an sanya su azaman Nazari. Idan an nuna duk tashoshin jiragen ruwa azaman Nazara kuma suna cikin yanayin turawa, to kuna da maɓallin tushen.
Canja SW3 ya ƙunshi irin wannan bayanin, kuma yanzu na canza zuwa SW2 saboda ɗayan tashar jiragen ruwa na cikin jihar Blocking. Ina amfani da nunin umarnin bishiyar itace kuma mun ga cewa bayanan ID na Tushen da ƙimar fifiko iri ɗaya ne da sauran masu sauyawa.
An kuma nuna cewa daya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa shine Alternative. Kar ku ruɗe da wannan, ƙa'idar 802.1d tana kiran wannan tashar Tashar Tashar Tashar Tashar Tashar Tashar Tashar Tashar Kata, kuma a cikin PVSTP tashar da aka katange koyaushe ana sanya ta azaman Madadin. Don haka, wannan madadin Fa0/2 tashar jiragen ruwa yana cikin yanayin katange, kuma tashar Fa0/1 tana aiki azaman Tushen Tushen.
Tashar da aka katange tana cikin sashin cibiyar sadarwa tsakanin sauya SW0 da sauya SW2, don haka ba mu da madauki. Kamar yadda kuke gani, maɓallan suna amfani da haɗin p2p saboda babu wasu na'urori da ke haɗa su.
Muna da hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta amfani da ka'idar STP. Yanzu zan ɗauki kebul kuma in haɗa sauyawa SW2 kai tsaye zuwa ƙarshen sauya SW1. Bayan wannan, duk tashar jiragen ruwa na SW2 za a nuna su tare da alamun orange.
Idan muka yi amfani da umarnin taƙaitaccen bayanin itace, za mu ga cewa da farko tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu suna cikin Jihawar Sauraro, sannan su matsa zuwa yanayin Koyo kuma bayan ƴan daƙiƙai zuwa yanayin Gabatarwa, kuma launin alamar ya canza zuwa. kore. Idan a yanzu mun shigar da umarnin nunin-itace, za mu iya ganin cewa Fa0/1, wanda a da shi ne Tushen tashar jiragen ruwa, yanzu ya shiga jihar da aka toshe kuma yanzu ana kiransa da Alternative port.
Port Fa0/3, wanda aka haɗa tushen tushen kebul ɗin, ya zama Tushen tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma tashar Fa0/2 ta zama tashar da aka keɓe. Bari mu sake duba tsarin haɗuwa da ke gudana. Zan cire haɗin kebul ɗin SW2-SW1 kuma in koma kan topology na baya. Kuna iya ganin cewa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na SW2 sun fara toshewa kuma suna komawa zuwa lemu, sannan su ci gaba ta cikin Jihohin Sauraro da Koyo a jere kuma suna ƙarewa cikin yanayin Gabatarwa. A wannan yanayin, tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ɗaya ta juya kore, na biyun kuma, wanda aka haɗa zuwa sauya SW0, ya kasance orange. Tsarin haɗuwa ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo, irin su farashin STP.
Yanzu bari mu kalli yadda RSTP ke aiki. Bari mu fara da sauya SW2 kuma mu shigar da yanayin saurin-bishiyar saurin pvst a cikin saitunan sa. Wannan umarnin yana da zaɓuɓɓuka biyu kawai: pvst da fast-pvst, Ina amfani da na biyu. Bayan shigar da umarnin, canjin ya canza zuwa yanayin RPVST, zaku iya duba wannan tare da umarnin bishiyar nuni.
A farkon za ku ga sako yana cewa yanzu muna da RSTP. Komai ya rage baya canzawa. Sannan dole in yi haka don duk sauran na'urori kuma shine don saitin RSTP. Bari mu ga yadda wannan yarjejeniya ke aiki kamar yadda muka yi don STP.
Na sake haɗa sauyawa SW2 kai tsaye tare da kebul zuwa tushen sauya SW1 - bari mu ga yadda saurin haɗuwa ke faruwa. Na rubuta umarnin taƙaitaccen bishiyar nunin sai na ga cewa tashoshin sauyawa guda biyu suna cikin jihar Blocking, 1 yana cikin yanayin Gabatarwa.
Kuna iya ganin cewa haɗuwa ta faru kusan nan take, don haka zaku iya yin hukunci nawa saurin RSTP ya fi STP. Na gaba, za mu iya amfani da tsoho umarni na tashar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda zai canza duk tashar tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa yanayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta tsohuwa. Wannan gaskiya ne idan yawancin tashar jiragen ruwa masu sauyawa sune tashoshin Edge kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da runduna. Idan muna da duk wani tashar tashar da ba ta Edge ba, muna saita ta zuwa yanayin yanayin bishiyar.
Don saita aiki tare da VLAN, zaku iya amfani da madaidaicin itace vlan <lambar> umarni tare da fifikon sigogi (yana saita fifikon mai canzawa don itacen spanning) ko tushen (yana sanya canji zuwa tushen). Muna amfani da umarnin fifiko na itace vlan 1, yana ƙayyadad da fifiko kowane lamba wanda ke da yawa na 4096, a cikin kewayon 0 zuwa 61440. Ta wannan hanyar, zaku iya canza fifikon kowane VLAN da hannu.
Kuna iya buga umarnin tushen tushen itace vlan 1 tare da sigogi na farko ko na sakandare don saita tashar tushen farko ko madadin don takamaiman hanyar sadarwa. Idan na yi amfani da spanning-tree vlan 1 tushen firamare, wannan tashar jiragen ruwa za ta zama tushen tushen tushen tushen VLAN1.
Zan shigar da umarnin nunin itace, kuma za mu ga cewa wannan sauya SW2 yana da fifiko 24577, Tushen ID da adireshin MAC ID na Bridge iri ɗaya ne, wanda ke nufin cewa yanzu ya zama tushen tushen.
Kuna ganin yadda saurin haɗuwa da canji a cikin rawar masu sauyawa suka faru. Yanzu zan soke yanayin sauyawa na farko tare da umarnin babu spanning- tree vlan 1 root primary, bayan haka fifikonsa zai dawo zuwa ƙimar da ta gabata ta 32769, kuma rawar tushen sauya zai sake zuwa SW1.
Bari mu ga yadda portfast ke aiki. Zan shigar da umarnin int f0/1, je zuwa saitunan wannan tashar jiragen ruwa sannan in yi amfani da umarnin bishiyar bishiyar, bayan haka tsarin zai faɗakar da ƙimar sigina.
Na gaba, Ina amfani da umarnin tashar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda za'a iya shigar da shi tare da kashe sigogi (yana hana aikin tashar jiragen ruwa don tashar da aka ba da shi) ko akwati (yana ba da damar aikin tashar jiragen ruwa don tashar da aka ba da ko da a yanayin gangar jikin).
Idan ka shigar da portfast-itace, za a kunna aikin a wannan tashar jiragen ruwa kawai. Don kunna aikin BPDU Guard, kuna buƙatar amfani da umarnin ba da damar bishiyar bpduguard; spanning- tree bpduguard yana kashe umarnin yana hana wannan aikin.
Zan yi magana da sauri game da abu ɗaya. Idan don VLAN1 an katange mu'amalar canza SW2 a cikin hanyar SW3, to tare da sauran saitunan don wani VLAN, misali, VLAN2, ƙirar iri ɗaya na iya zama tushen tashar jiragen ruwa. Don haka, tsarin zai iya aiwatar da tsarin daidaita ma'auni na zirga-zirga - a cikin wani hali, ba a yi amfani da sashin cibiyar sadarwa da aka ba da shi ba, a wani, ana amfani da shi.
Zan nuna muku abin da ke faruwa lokacin da, lokacin haɗa cibiya, muna da haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Zan ƙara cibiya zuwa da'ira kuma in haɗa shi zuwa maɓallin SW2 tare da igiyoyi biyu.
Umurnin nunin bishiyar zai nuna hoto mai zuwa.
Fa0/5 (ƙananan tashar jiragen ruwa na canji) ya zama tashar ajiyar ajiya, kuma tashar Fa0/4 (tashar ƙasa ta dama ta canjin) ta zama tashar da aka keɓe. Nau'in tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu na kowa ne, ko rabawa. Wannan yana nufin ɓangaren mahaɗa-canjawar hanyar sadarwa ce gama gari.
Godiya ga amfani da RSTP, muna da rarrabuwa zuwa madadin tashar jiragen ruwa da madadin. Idan muka canza SW2 zuwa yanayin pvst ta amfani da umarnin pvst na yanayin itace, za mu ga cewa fa'idodin Fa0/5 ya sake canzawa zuwa yanayin Alternative, saboda yanzu babu bambanci tsakanin tashar madadin da madadin tashar jiragen ruwa.
Wannan darasi ne mai tsayi, kuma idan ba ku fahimci wani abu ba, ina ba ku shawara ku sake duba shi.
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd sau 2 mai rahusa? Nan kawai a cikin Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - daga $99! Karanta game da
source: www.habr.com