Koyarwar bidiyo ta yau akan ka'idojin zirga-zirgar Distance Vector da Link State yana gabatar da ɗaya daga cikin muhimman batutuwan darussan CCNA - OSPF da EIGRP ladabi. Wannan batu zai ɗauki 4 ko ma 6 koyawa bidiyo na gaba. Don haka, a yau zan ɗan yi magana game da ƴan ra'ayoyi waɗanda kuke buƙatar sani kafin ku fara koyo game da OSPF da EIGRP.
A darasin da ya gabata, mun yi nazari kan sashe na 2.1 na maudu’in ICND2, kuma a yau za mu yi nazarin sashe na 2.2 “Kamar kamanceceniya da banbance-banbance tsakanin ka’idojin tazarar nesa (DV) da ka’idojin tashar sadarwa ta Link State (LS)” da 2.3 “ kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance. tsakanin ka'idojin zirga-zirga na ciki da na waje".
Kamar yadda na ce, a cikin bidiyo 4 ko 6 na gaba za mu rufe mahimman batutuwan gabaɗayan karatun - OSPFv2 don IPv4, OSPFv3 don IPv6, EIGRP don IPv4 da EIGRP don IPv6. Dalibai sukan tambaye ni menene ka'idar Routing da yadda ta bambanta da ka'idar Routed/Routing.
Ka'idar hanyar da hanyar sadarwa ke amfani da ita, kamar RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP, da sauransu. Ka'idar zirga-zirgar hanya hanya ce da masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa za su iya mu'amala da juna ta yadda suke musayar bayanai game da hanyar sadarwa da kuma cika teburan tutocinsu da wannan bayanin. Dangane da waɗannan tebur, suna yin yanke shawara.
Bayan da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa sun "magana" da juna kuma sun cika tebur na zirga-zirga, sun yi duk wannan tare da taimakon ka'idar hanyar sadarwa, sun yanke shawara game da aika zirga-zirga zuwa wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa. Yana amfani da ƙa'idar da za ta iya ba da damar masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa don turawa ko hanyoyin zirga-zirga. Waɗannan ka'idoji sun haɗa da IPv4 da IPv6.
Don haka, ka'idar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa tana tabbatar da cewa tebur na tuƙi suna cike da bayanai, kuma ka'idar da za a iya amfani da ita ta tabbatar da cewa an bi ta hanyar zirga-zirga daidai da bayanan da ke cikin waɗannan allunan. Godiya ga IPv4 ko IPv6, bayanan da aka watsa ana tattara su kuma ana kawo su tare da taken IP, kamar yadda sunayen waɗannan ka'idoji da kansu, IP, ke nunawa.
Tambaya ta gaba ita ce game da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Ƙofar Ƙofar Cikin Gida da Ƙofar Ƙofar Waje. Kada ka bari kalmar "ƙofa" ta ruɗe ka. Yawanci, ana amfani da magudanar ruwa a cikin tsarin mai cin gashin kansa. A ce kuna da hanyoyin sadarwa 50 a cikin kamfanin ku ta amfani da duk wata ka'idar IP da kuke so. Dukkansu sun samar da tsari mai cin gashin kansa, wato kamfani daya ne, kungiya daya ke amfani da su da sarrafa su.
Don haka, ka'idojin da ake amfani da su don samar da hanyar zirga-zirga a cikin irin wannan tsarin mai cin gashin kansa ana kiran su "Internal Gateway Protocols", kuma ka'idojin da ake amfani da su a waje da tsarin ana kiran su protocols na waje. Ka'idar Ƙofar Waje ta Ƙofar Waje tana ba da hanyar tafiya tsakanin Tsarukan Tsare-tsare masu cin gashin kansu daban-daban. Ɗayan irin wannan tsarin zai iya zama ISP ɗin ku, kuma tsarin su zai iya zama masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa 200. Tsare-tsare masu cin gashin kansu suna amfani da ka'idar ƙofar waje don sadarwa tare da juna.
Ka'idojin ƙofofin ciki sune RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da yarjejeniya ɗaya azaman yarjejeniya ta waje - BGP.
Ma'anoni biyu na gaba da kuke buƙatar fahimta sune Distance Vector da Link State. Waɗannan nau'ikan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar ƙofa ce ta ciki.
A ce muna da hanyoyin sadarwa guda 3 waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna da kuma hanyar sadarwar 192.168.10.0/24. Bari mu kira su A, B, da C. Daga kwas ɗin ICND1, mun san abin da ke faruwa idan kuna amfani da RIP.
Saboda Router B shine mafi kusa da cibiyar sadarwar 192.168.10.0/24, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa B yana aika da tallan game da wannan hanyar sadarwa zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa A da kuma na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa C. Router C kuma yana tura wannan tallan zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. - f192.168.10.0/24 da f0/0. Tunda ka'idar RIPv0 tana amfani da ma'aunin Hop Count, zai gaya wa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa cewa hanya mafi kyau don isa wannan hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar Router B ne, saboda ana iya samun hanyar sadarwar a cikin hop ɗaya. Idan kuna amfani da haɗin f1/2 don sadarwa tare da cibiyar sadarwar 192.168.10.0/24, to za a buƙaci hops 0. Don haka, daga ra'ayi na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa A, zai zama mafi kyau don amfani da haɗin f1/2. A ya yanke wannan shawarar saboda yana amfani da RIP, wanda shine ka'idar vector nesa.
Bisa ga zanen da aka nuna, mun ga cewa wannan ita ce mafita mai kyau, saboda nisa tsakanin A da B shine mafi guntu. Amma me zai faru idan na ce akwai layin 64 kbps tsakanin A da B, da kuma layin 100Mbps tsakanin C da B, kuma layi ɗaya yana tsakanin C da A?
Wace hanya a ƙarƙashin irin waɗannan yanayi za ta fi dacewa?
Tabbas, layin megabits 100 na dakika ya fi kilobits 64 a kowane dakika, koda kuwa hanyar da ta bi ta dauki hops 2 maimakon daya. Koyaya, ka'idar vector mai nisa RIP baya la'akari da saurin watsa zirga-zirga, tunda zaɓin mafi kyawun hanya yana jagorantar mafi ƙarancin adadin hops. A wannan yanayin, yana da kyau a yi amfani da ƙa'idar Link State Protocol kamar OSPF. Wannan yarjejeniya tana bincika farashin hanyoyin, kuma gano "mafi arha" ɗaya, yana aika zirga-zirga ta hanyar Router A - Router C - Router B.
Idan aka kwatanta da RIP, OSPF ya fi rikitarwa, yana ɗaukar abubuwa da yawa a cikin la'akari lokacin da aka ƙayyade mafi kyawun hanya, da kuma gano mafi guntu hanya dangane da ma'auni.
EIGRP ya taɓa kasancewa ƙa'idar tuƙi ta hanyar Sisiko kuma yanzu shine buɗaɗɗen ma'auni. Haɗin ne na mafi kyawun fasalulluka na ƙa'idar vector ta nisa da ka'idar jihar cibiyar sadarwa. Yana la'akari da duka bandwidth da jinkirin hanyar sadarwa. Kamar yadda kuka sani, tsawon lokacin hanya, wato, yawan tsalle-tsalle, jinkirin ya fi tsayi. Don haka, ka'idar EIGRP tana zaɓar hanya tare da mafi girman kayan aiki da mafi ƙarancin jinkiri ta hanyar kwatanta ma'aunin hanya. Abubuwan da aka nuna da latency wani ɓangare ne na dabarar da aka dogara akan abin da aka yanke shawarar tuƙi.
Wannan shine bambanci tsakanin ka'idojin Distance Vector da Link State Protocol. Ka'idojin aikin nisa suna yin la'akari da nisan hanya kawai, yayin da ka'idojin Link State suna yin la'akari da yanayin hanyar sadarwar da ke kan hanyar, kamar sauri da kayan aiki.
EIGRP ƙa'idar ƙa'idar hanya ce ta haɗaka yayin da ta haɗu da fasalulluka na waɗannan ka'idoji guda biyu na sama. Daga mahangar Cisco, wannan ita ce mafi kyawun ka'idar zirga-zirga, don haka duk injiniyoyin kamfanin sun fi son ta, amma mafi yawan ka'idar a duniya ita ce OSPF. Dalili kuwa shi ne cewa EIGRP kwanan nan ya zama buɗaɗɗen ma'auni, don haka masu siyarwa na ɓangare na uku ba su da tabbacin dacewa da kayan sadarwar su.
Yi la'akari da menene matakin amincewa a cikin yarjejeniya. Lokacin da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa A ya karɓi bayanan da ke ba da hanya daga maɓuɓɓuka daban-daban guda 2, yana amfani da dabara don yanke shawarar wanne daga cikin hanyoyin biyun da za a saka a cikin tebur ɗin. Yana da sauƙi saboda yana duban sigogin hanya B-A da A-C-B, yana kwatanta su kuma ya yanke shawara mafi kyau. Tabbas, OSPF kuma yana ɗaukar ma'auni, wato, idan hanyoyi biyu suna da farashi iri ɗaya, to yana aiwatar da daidaita nauyi. Za mu yi la'akari da wannan batu dalla-dalla a cikin bidiyon da ke gaba, amma a yau ina so ku sani kawai game da shi.
Bari mu dubi tebur mai zuwa. A ƙasa zan sake zana hanyoyin sadarwa A, B da C, waɗanda ke samar da tsarin hanyar sadarwa mai cin gashin kansa a cikin kamfanin ku. A ce kamfanin ku ya sami wani kamfani wanda ke da tsarin tare da hanyoyin A1, B1, da C1. Don haka, yanzu kuna da kamfanoni guda biyu, kowannensu yana da hanyar sadarwarsa. Bari mu ce na farko yana amfani da ka'idar EIGRP, na biyu kuma yana amfani da OSPF.
Tabbas, zaku iya sake saita hanyar sadarwar ku don amfani da OSPF, ko canza hanyar sadarwar kamfanin da kuka samu zuwa EIGRP, amma wannan shine tarin ayyukan gudanarwa. Ga ƙaramin kamfani, ana iya yin hakan, amma idan kamfani yana da girma, to wannan babban adadin aiki ne. A wannan yanayin, zaku iya sake rarrabawa, wato, ɗauki hanyoyin EIGRP ku rarraba su akan OSPF, kuma ku sake rarraba hanyoyin OSPF akan EIGRP. Abu ne mai yiwuwa. Don yin wannan, dole ne ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na kamfanin ku ya yi aiki a kan wasu ka'idoji guda biyu - EIGRP da OSPF, a ce zai zama na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa B. Zai ƙunshi tebur na routing, inda ake samun wasu hanyoyin daga EIGRP, wasu kuma daga OSPF. Bari mu ce muna da wata hanyar sadarwa wacce kamfanonin biyu ke da alaƙa da su. A wannan yanayin, kamfanin na farko zai yi amfani da hanyoyin tebur na EIGRP don sadarwa tare da shi, na biyu kuma zai yi amfani da hanyoyin daga ka'idar OSPF, kuma zai yi wuya a kwatanta waɗannan hanyoyin da aka karɓa daga wurare daban-daban, saboda kowannensu. sun zaɓi hanya mafi kyau bisa ga ma'aunin ta.
A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da manufar Distance Gudanarwa, ko nisan gudanarwa. Yana taimaka wa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa don zaɓar mafi kyawun hanya daga hanyoyi da yawa da aka samu daga ka'idojin zirga-zirga daban-daban. Misali, idan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa B tana da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa C, to, nisan gudanarwa zai zama 0, wanda shine mafi amintaccen hanya. A ce A ya sanar da B cewa shi ma yana da damar shiga C, a cikin wannan hali na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa B zai amsa masa da cewa: "Na gode da bayanin ku, amma na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa C yana da alaƙa da ni kai tsaye, don haka na zaɓi zaɓi tare da ƙaramin tazarar gudanarwa, kuma ba zaɓi don sadarwa ta hanyar ku".
Nisan gudanarwa yana nuna matakin amincewa a cikin yarjejeniya. Karamin nisan gudanarwa, mafi girman amana. Zaɓin mafi aminci na gaba bayan haɗin kai tsaye shine haɗin kai tsaye tare da nisan gudanarwa na 1. Matsayin amana na EIGRP shine 90, OSPF 110, da RIP 120.
Don haka, idan EIGRP da OSPF duka suna wakiltar cibiyar sadarwa iri ɗaya, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa zai amince da bayanan da aka samu daga EIGRP, saboda wannan yarjejeniya tana da nisan gudanarwa na 90, wanda bai kai na OSPF ba.
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
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source: www.habr.com