Kaddarorin ultraviolet sun dogara da tsayin raƙuman ruwa, kuma ultraviolet daga tushe daban-daban yana da bakan daban-daban. Za mu tattauna wace tushen hasken ultraviolet da yadda za a yi amfani da su don haɓaka tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin da rage haɗarin illolin da ba a so ba.
Shinkafa 1. Hoton ya nuna ba disinfection tare da UVC radiation, kamar yadda za ka iya tunani, amma horo a cikin yin amfani da wani m kwat da wando tare da ganewa na luminescent spots na horo jiki ruwaye a UVA haskoki. UVA ultraviolet ne mai laushi kuma baya da tasirin kwayan cuta. Rufe idanuwanku shine ingantaccen tsaro mai ma'ana, kamar yadda faffadan fitilun UVA masu kyalli da aka yi amfani da su sun mamaye tare da UVB, wanda ke cutar da gani (tushen Simon Davis/DFID).
Tsawon tsayin hasken da ake iya gani yayi daidai da adadin kuzari wanda aikin photochemical kawai zai yiwu. Hasken da ake iya gani yana jan hankalin halayen photochemical a cikin takamaiman nama mai ɗaukar hoto - retina.
Ultraviolet ba ya iya gani, tsayinsa ya fi guntu, mita da makamashi na adadi ya fi girma, radiation ya fi tsanani, kuma nau'in halayen photochemical da tasirin halitta ya fi girma.
Ultraviolet ya bambanta a cikin:
- Tsawon tsayi mai tsayi / taushi / kusa da UVA (400 ... 315 nm) kama a cikin kaddarorin zuwa haske mai gani;
- Matsakaici taurin - UVB (315 ... 280 nm);
- Short-kalagu / dogon-kalaman / wuya - UVC (280… 100 nm).
Bactericidal tasirin hasken ultraviolet
Ana aiwatar da tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet mai ƙarfi - UVC, kuma zuwa ƙaramin ƙarfi ta hasken ultraviolet mai ƙarfi - UVB. Matsakaicin ingancin ƙwayar cuta ya nuna cewa kunkuntar kewayon 230 ... 300 nm, wato, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na kewayon da ake kira ultraviolet, yana da tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Shinkafa 2 ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta daga []
Quanta tare da tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa a cikin wannan kewayon suna ɗaukar acid nucleic, wanda ke haifar da lalata tsarin DNA da RNA. Bugu da ƙari, kasancewa bactericidal, wato, kashe kwayoyin cuta, wannan kewayon yana da virucidal (antiviral), fungicidal (antifungal) da sporicidal (kashe spores). Wannan ya hada da kashe kwayar cutar RNA SARS-CoV-2020, wacce ta haifar da cutar ta 2.
Sakamakon kwayoyin cuta na hasken rana
Sakamakon ƙwayoyin cuta na hasken rana yana da ƙananan ƙananan. Bari mu kalli bakan hasken rana sama da ƙasan yanayi:
Shinkafa 3. Spectrum na hasken rana radiation sama da yanayi da kuma a matakin teku. Mafi tsauri na kewayon ultraviolet baya isa saman duniya (an aro daga Wikipedia).
Yana da kyau a kula da yanayin bakan yanayi na sama wanda aka haskaka a cikin rawaya. Ƙarfin ƙididdiga na gefen hagu na bakan na haskoki na sararin samaniya tare da tsawon ƙasa da 240 nm yayi daidai da makamashin haɗin sinadarai na 5.1 eV a cikin kwayoyin oxygen "O2". Oxygen na kwayoyin halitta yana sha wannan adadin, haɗin sinadarai ya karye, an samar da iskar oxygen "O", wanda ke haɗuwa da baya a cikin kwayoyin oxygen "O2" da, wani bangare, ozone "O3".
Hasken rana UVC yana samar da ozone a cikin yanayi na sama, wanda ake kira ozone Layer. Ƙarfin haɗin sinadarai a cikin kwayar halitta ta ozone ya yi ƙasa da a cikin kwayoyin oxygen don haka ozone yana sha ƙananan makamashi fiye da oxygen. Kuma yayin da oxygen kawai ke sha UVC, Layer ozone yana ɗaukar UVC da UVB. Sai ya zama cewa rana ta haifar da ozone a daidai gefen ɓangaren ultraviolet na bakan, kuma wannan ozone yana ɗaukar mafi yawan hasken ultraviolet na rana, yana kare duniya.
Yanzu, a hankali, mai da hankali ga raƙuman ruwa da sikelin, za mu haɗu da bakan hasken rana tare da nau'in aikin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Shinkafa 4 Spectrum na bactericidal mataki da bakan na hasken rana radiation.
Ana iya ganin cewa tasirin bactericidal na hasken rana ba shi da mahimmanci. Bangaren bakan da ke da ikon yin tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta ya kusan mamaye sararin samaniya. A lokuta daban-daban na shekara da kuma a wurare daban-daban yanayin ya ɗan bambanta, amma qualitatively kama.
Haɗarin Ultraviolet
Shugaban ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe ya ba da shawarar: "don warkar da COVID-19, kuna buƙatar kawo hasken rana a cikin jiki." Koyaya, UV germicidal yana lalata RNA da DNA, gami da na ɗan adam. Idan kun “ba da hasken rana a cikin jiki,” mutumin zai mutu.
Epidermis, da farko stratum corneum na matattun sel, yana kare nama mai rai daga UVC. A ƙarƙashin Layer na epidermal, ƙasa da 1% na UVC radiation ne kawai ke shiga [WHO]. Dogayen igiyoyin UVB da UVA suna ratsawa zuwa zurfin zurfi.
Idan babu hasken hasken ultraviolet radiation, watakila mutane ba za su sami epidermis da stratum corneum ba, kuma saman jikin zai zama mucous, kamar na katantanwa. Amma tun da mutane sun samo asali ne a ƙarƙashin rana, kawai saman da aka karewa daga rana shine mucous. Mafi rauni shine fuskar mucosa na ido, yanayin da ake kiyaye shi daga hasken ultraviolet radiation ta fatar ido, gashin ido, gira, fasahar motsa fuska, da dabi'ar rashin kallon rana.
Lokacin da suka fara koyon maye gurbin ruwan tabarau da na wucin gadi, likitocin ido sun fuskanci matsalar kunar ido. Sun fara fahimtar dalilan kuma sun gano cewa ruwan tabarau na mutum mai rai ba shi da kyau ga hasken ultraviolet kuma yana kare retina. Bayan haka, an kuma sanya ruwan tabarau na wucin gadi ga hasken ultraviolet.
Hoton ido a cikin haskoki na ultraviolet yana kwatanta faffadar ruwan tabarau zuwa hasken ultraviolet. Kada ku haskaka idon ku da hasken ultraviolet, tun da tsawon lokaci ruwan tabarau ya zama gajimare, ciki har da saboda adadin hasken ultraviolet da aka tara tsawon shekaru, kuma yana buƙatar maye gurbinsa. Saboda haka, za mu yi amfani da kwarewar mutane masu jaruntaka waɗanda suka yi watsi da aminci, suka haskaka hasken ultraviolet a tsawon 365 nm a cikin idanunsu, kuma suka buga sakamakon a kan YouTube.
Shinkafa 5 Har yanzu daga bidiyo akan tashar Youtube "Kreosan".
Fitilar hasken ultraviolet mai haskakawa tare da tsawon 365 nm (UVA) sananne ne. Manya ne ke saye su, amma babu makawa su fada hannun yara. Yara suna haskaka waɗannan fitilun a cikin idanunsu kuma suna duba a hankali kuma na dogon lokaci a cikin lu'ulu'u mai walƙiya. Yana da kyau a hana irin waɗannan ayyukan. Idan wannan ya faru, zaku iya tabbatarwa da kanku cewa cataracts a cikin binciken linzamin kwamfuta ana dogaro da su ta hanyar hasken UVB na ruwan tabarau, amma tasirin catarogenic na UVA ba shi da tabbas.].
Duk da haka ba a san ainihin yanayin aikin hasken ultraviolet akan ruwan tabarau ba. Kuma la'akari da cewa cataracts wani sakamako ne na jinkiri, kuna buƙatar wasu hankali don kada ku haskaka hasken ultraviolet a cikin idanunku a gaba.
Kwayoyin mucous na ido suna ƙonewa da sauri a ƙarƙashin hasken ultraviolet, ana kiran wannan photokeratitis da photoconjunctivitis. Kwayoyin mucous sun zama ja, kuma jin "yashi a cikin idanu" ya bayyana. Tasirin ya ƙare bayan ƴan kwanaki, amma maimaita konewa na iya haifar da gajimare na cornea.
Tsawon igiyoyin da ke haifar da waɗannan tasirin sun yi daidai da nauyin aikin haɗarin UV masu nauyi da aka bayar a ma'aunin amincin hoto [IEC 62471] kuma kusan iri ɗaya da kewayon germicidal.
Shinkafa 6 Spectra na ultraviolet radiation yana haifar da photoconjunctivitis da photokeratitis daga] da aiki mai nauyi na haɗarin UV mai actinic zuwa fata da idanu daga [].
Matsakaicin matakan don photokeratitis da photoconjunctivitis sune 50-100 J / m2, wannan darajar ba ta wuce allurai da aka yi amfani da su don lalata ba. Ba zai yiwu a kashe mucosa na ido tare da hasken ultraviolet ba tare da haifar da kumburi ba.
Erythema, wato, "ƙona rana," yana da haɗari saboda hasken ultraviolet a cikin kewayon har zuwa 300 nm. A cewar wasu majiyoyin, matsakaicin iyakar iyawar erythema yana cikin madaidaicin raƙuman ruwa na kusan nm 300.]. Matsakaicin adadin da ke haifar da erythema MED da kyar (mafi ƙarancin Erythema Dose) don nau'ikan fata daban-daban yana daga 150 zuwa 2000 J/m2. Ga mazauna yankin tsakiya, ana iya la'akari da DER na yau da kullun a matsayin ƙimar kusan 200 ... 300 J/m2.
UVB a cikin kewayon 280-320 nm, tare da iyakar kusan 300 nm, yana haifar da ciwon daji na fata. Babu adadin kofa; mafi girman kashi yana nufin haɗari mafi girma, kuma tasirin yana jinkiri.
Shinkafa 7 UV mataki masu lankwasa yana haifar da erythema da kansar fata.
Photoinduced fata tsufa yana haifar da ultraviolet radiation a cikin dukan kewayon 200 ... 400 nm. Akwai sanannen hoton wani direban babbar mota da ya gamu da hasken ultraviolet radiation musamman a gefen hagu yayin tuki. Direban na da dabi'ar tuki tare da birgima taga direban, amma gefen dama na fuskarsa ya kare daga hasken hasken ultraviolet da gilashin gilashin. Bambanci a cikin yanayin da ke da alaka da shekaru na fata a gefen dama da hagu yana da ban sha'awa:
Shinkafa 8 Hoton wani direban da ya tuka tagar direban a kasa tsawon shekaru 28 [].
Idan muka yi kiyasin cewa shekarun fatar jikin mutum daban-daban na fuskar wannan mutum sun bambanta da shekaru ashirin kuma hakan yana faruwa ne sakamakon kasancewar kusan shekaru ashirin din daya bangaren fuska rana ta haskaka, dayan kuma. ba, za mu iya a hankali yanke cewa rana a bude rana wata rana ce da tsufa fata.
Daga bayanan bincike [] an san cewa a tsakiyar latitudes a lokacin rani a ƙarƙashin rana kai tsaye, mafi ƙarancin erythemal kashi na 200 J / m2 yana tara sauri fiye da sa'a daya. Idan aka kwatanta waɗannan alkaluma tare da ƙarshe da aka zana, za mu iya zana wani ƙarshe: tsufa na fata a lokacin aiki na lokaci-lokaci da na ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da fitilu na ultraviolet ba babban haɗari ba ne.
Nawa ne hasken ultraviolet ake buƙata don rigakafin?
Adadin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsira akan saman da kuma a cikin iska yana raguwa sosai tare da ƙara adadin hasken ultraviolet. Misali, adadin da ke kashe kashi 90% na tarin fuka na mycobacterium shine 10 J/m2. Biyu irin waɗannan allurai suna kashe 99%, allurai uku suna kashe 99,9%, da sauransu.
Shinkafa 9 Dogaro da rabo daga tsirar mycobacterium tarin fuka a kan kashi na ultraviolet radiation a tsawon 254 nm.
Dogaro mai ma'ana yana da ban mamaki a cikin cewa ko da ƙaramin kashi yana kashe yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Daga cikin wadanda aka jera a cikin [] pathogenic microorganisms, Salmonella ne mafi resistant zuwa ultraviolet radiation. Adadin da ke kashe kashi 90% na ƙwayoyin cuta shine 80 J/m2. Dangane da bita [Kowalski2020], matsakaicin kashi wanda ke kashe kashi 90% na coronaviruses shine 67 J/m2. Amma ga yawancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta wannan adadin bai wuce 50 J/m2 ba. Don dalilai masu amfani, zaku iya tunawa cewa ma'auni na yau da kullun wanda ke lalata tare da 90% inganci shine 50 J/m2.
Dangane da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na yanzu da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Rasha ta amince da ita don amfani da hasken ultraviolet don lalata iska [Ana buƙatar mafi girman ingancin ƙwayar cuta na "uku nines" ko 99,9% don ɗakunan aiki, asibitocin haihuwa, da dai sauransu. Don azuzuwan makaranta, gine-ginen jama'a, da sauransu. "daya tara" ya ishe, wato, 90% na microorganisms lalacewa. Wannan yana nufin cewa, dangane da nau'in ɗakin, daga ɗaya zuwa uku daidaitattun allurai na 50 ... 150 J / m2 sun isa.
Misali na kimanta lokacin da ake buƙata iska mai iska: bari mu ce wajibi ne don lalata iska da saman a cikin ɗaki mai auna mita 5 × 7 × 2,8, wanda ake amfani da fitilar bude Philips TUV 30W.
Bayanin fasaha na fitilar yana nuna ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta 12 W []. A cikin yanayin da ya dace, duk kwararar yana tafiya daidai da saman da ake lalata, amma a cikin yanayi na gaske, rabin kwararar za a ɓata ba tare da fa'ida ba, alal misali, zai haskaka bangon bayan fitilar tare da tsananin ƙarfi. Saboda haka, za mu ƙidaya a kan amfani mai gudana na 6 watts. Jimlar sararin samaniya mai haske a cikin ɗakin shine bene 35 m2 + rufi 35 m2 + ganuwar 67 m2, duka 137 m2.
A matsakaita, jujjuyawar radiation na bactericidal da ke fadowa a saman shine 6 W/137 m2 = 0,044 W/m2. A cikin sa'a guda, wato, a cikin daƙiƙa 3600, waɗannan saman za su sami kashi na 0,044 W/m2 × 3600 s = 158 J/m2, ko kusan 150 J/m2. Wanne yayi daidai da daidaitattun allurai guda uku na 50 J/m2 ko “uku nines” - 99,9% ingancin ƙwayoyin cuta, watau. bukatun dakin aiki. Kuma tun lokacin da aka ƙididdige adadin, kafin faɗuwa a saman, ya wuce ta cikin ƙarar ɗakin, an lalata iska ba tare da ƙarancin inganci ba.
Idan abubuwan da ake buƙata don haifuwa ƙanana ne kuma "ɗaya tara" ya isa, alal misali, la'akari, ana buƙatar sau uku ƙasa da lokacin iska mai iska - kusan minti 20.
Kariyar UV
Babban ma'auni na kariya a lokacin lalatawar ultraviolet shine barin ɗakin. Kasancewa kusa da fitilar UV mai aiki, amma kallon nesa ba zai taimaka ba; har yanzu ƙwayoyin mucous na idanu suna haskakawa.
Gilashin gilashi na iya zama ma'auni na yanki don kare mucosa na idanu. Maganar ƙayyadaddun "gilashin ba ya watsa hasken ultraviolet" ba daidai ba ne; zuwa wani matsayi yana yi, kuma nau'ikan gilashi daban-daban suna yin haka ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Amma gabaɗaya, yayin da tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa ya ragu, watsawa yana raguwa, kuma UVC ana watsa shi yadda yakamata kawai ta gilashin quartz. Gilashin tabarau ba ma'adini bane a kowane hali.
Muna iya amincewa da cewa ruwan tabarau masu alamar UV400 ba sa watsa hasken ultraviolet.
Shinkafa 10 watsa bakan tabarau na gilashin kallo tare da alamun UV380, UV400 da UV420. Hoto daga gidan yanar gizo []
Hakanan ma'aunin karewa shine amfani da tushen kewayon UVC na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba sa fitar da haɗari mai haɗari, amma ba tasiri ga ƙwayoyin cuta, UVB da UVA.
Madogararsa na ultraviolet
UV diodes
Mafi na kowa 365 nm ultraviolet diodes (UVA) an tsara su don "fitilolin 'yan sanda" waɗanda ke samar da haske don gano gurɓataccen abu wanda ba a iya gani ba tare da ultraviolet ba. Disinfection tare da irin waɗannan diodes ba zai yiwu ba (duba siffa 11).
Don hana kamuwa da cuta, ana iya amfani da diodes UVC gajere tare da tsawon 265 nm. Kudin tsarin diode wanda zai maye gurbin fitilar bactericidal na mercury shine umarni uku na girma fiye da farashin fitilar, don haka a aikace ba a amfani da irin waɗannan mafita don lalata manyan wurare. Amma ƙananan na'urori masu amfani da UV diodes suna bayyana don lalata ƙananan wurare - kayan aiki, tarho, raunuka na fata, da dai sauransu.
Fitilolin mercury ƙananan matsa lamba
Fitilar mercury ƙananan matsi shine ma'auni wanda aka kwatanta duk sauran hanyoyin zuwa.
Babban kaso na makamashin radiation na tururin mercury a ƙananan matsa lamba a cikin fitarwar lantarki ya faɗi akan tsawon 254 nm, manufa don lalata. Ana fitar da ɗan ƙaramin ɓangaren makamashin a tsawon nisan 185 nm, wanda ke haifar da sararin samaniya mai ƙarfi. Kuma kadan kuzari ne ake fitarwa a wasu tsawon magudanar ruwa, gami da kewayon da ake iya gani.
A cikin fitilun farar-hasken mercury na al'ada, gilashin kwan fitila baya watsa hasken ultraviolet da tururin mercury ke fitarwa. Amma phosphor, farin foda a bangon flask, yana haskakawa a cikin kewayon da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin rinjayar hasken ultraviolet.
An tsara fitilun UVB ko UVA ta irin wannan hanya, kwan fitilar gilashin baya watsa kololuwar 185nm da 254 nm kololuwa, amma phosphor a ƙarƙashin tasirin hasken ultraviolet na gajeren lokaci ba ya fitar da haske mai gani, amma ultraviolet mai tsayi mai tsayi. radiation. Waɗannan fitilu ne don dalilai na fasaha. Kuma tun da bakan fitilun UVA yayi kama da na rana, ana amfani da irin waɗannan fitilun don tanning. Kwatanta bakan tare da lanƙwan ingancin ƙwayoyin cuta ya nuna cewa yin amfani da UVB musamman fitilun UVA don lalata ba su dace ba.
Shinkafa 11 Kwatanta madaidaicin ingancin ƙwayoyin cuta, bakan fitilar UVB, bakan fitilar tanning UVA da bakan diode 365 nm. Hotunan fitilun da aka ɗauka daga gidan yanar gizon Ƙungiyar Manufacturers ta Amurka [].
Lura cewa bakan fitilar UVA mai kyalli yana da faɗi kuma yana rufe kewayon UVB. Bakan diode 365 nm ya fi kunkuntar, wannan shine "UVA na gaskiya". Idan ana buƙatar UVA don samar da haske don dalilai na ado ko don gano gurɓatawa, amfani da diode ya fi aminci fiye da amfani da fitilar ultraviolet.
Fitilar bactericidal UVC mai ƙarancin matsa lamba ta bambanta da fitilu masu kyalli domin babu phosphor a bangon kwan fitila, kuma kwan fitila yana watsa hasken ultraviolet. Babban layin 254nm koyaushe ana watsa shi, kuma ana iya barin layin ozone mai samar da nm 185 a cikin bakan fitilar ko cire shi ta kwan fitilar gilashi tare da zaɓin zaɓi.
Shinkafa 12 Ana nuna kewayon fitarwa akan lakabin fitilun ultraviolet. Ana iya gane fitilar germicidal UVC ta rashin phosphor akan kwan fitila.
Ozone yana da ƙarin sakamako na ƙwayoyin cuta, amma carcinogen ne, saboda haka, don kada a jira ozone ya ɓace bayan lalatawa, ana amfani da fitilu maras-ozone ba tare da layin 185 nm a cikin bakan ba. Waɗannan fitilun suna da kusan abin da ya dace da kayan kwalliya - babban layi tare da ingancin ƙwayar cuta na 254 na NM, tsananin rauni a cikin kewayon ultranocidal tarar da ba ta dace ba a cikin kewayon gani.
Shinkafa 13. Bakan fitilar mercury UVC mai ƙarancin matsa lamba (wanda mujallar lumen2b.ru ta samar) an haɗa shi tare da bakan hasken rana (daga Wikipedia) da madaidaicin ingantaccen tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta (daga ESNA Lighting Handbook []).
Hasken shuɗi na fitilun germicidal yana ba ku damar ganin cewa fitilar mercury tana kunna kuma tana aiki. Hasken yana da rauni, kuma wannan yana ba da ra'ayi mai ɓatarwa cewa ba shi da lafiya a kalli fitilar. Ba mu jin cewa radiation a cikin kewayon UVC yana da 35 ... 40% na jimlar ikon da fitilar ta cinye.
Shinkafa 14 ƙaramin juzu'i na makamashin radiation na tururin mercury yana cikin kewayon da ake iya gani kuma ana iya gani a matsayin haske mai rauni mai rauni.
Fitilar mercury mai ƙarancin ƙarfi tana da tushe iri ɗaya da fitilar fitilar yau da kullun, amma an yi shi da wani tsayi daban don kada a saka fitilar ƙwayoyin cuta cikin fitilun talakawa. Fitilar don fitilar ƙwayoyin cuta, ban da girmanta, an bambanta shi ta hanyar cewa duk sassan filastik suna da tsayayya da hasken ultraviolet, an rufe wayoyi daga ultraviolet, kuma babu mai yaduwa.
Don bukatun ƙwayoyin cuta na gida, marubucin yana amfani da fitilar bactericidal 15 W, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a baya don lalata maganin gina jiki na shigarwa na hydroponic. Ana iya samun analog ɗinsa ta hanyar neman "aquarium uv sterilisator". Lokacin da fitilar ta yi aiki, ana fitar da ozone, wanda ba shi da kyau, amma yana da amfani ga disinfecting, misali, takalma.
Shinkafa 15 Fitilolin mercury ƙananan matsa lamba tare da nau'ikan tushe iri-iri. Hotuna daga gidan yanar gizon Aliexpress.
Fitilolin mercury matsakaici da matsa lamba
Ƙara yawan matsa lamba na mercury yana haifar da ƙarin hadaddun bakan; bakan yana faɗaɗa kuma ƙarin layuka suna bayyana a cikinsa, gami da madaidaicin raƙuman ruwa mai samar da ozone. Gabatar da abubuwan da ake ƙarawa a cikin mercury yana haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa na bakan. Akwai nau'ikan irin waɗannan fitilu da yawa, kuma bakan kowannensu na musamman ne.
Shinkafa 16 Misalai na fitilun mercury matsakaici da matsa lamba
Ƙara matsa lamba yana rage tasirin fitilar. Yin amfani da alamar Aquafineuv a matsayin misali, fitilun UVC masu matsakaicin matsa lamba suna fitar da 15-18% na yawan wutar lantarki, kuma ba 40% a matsayin ƙananan fitilu ba. Kuma farashin kayan aiki kowace watt na kwararar UVC ya fi girma [].
Ragewar inganci da haɓakar farashin fitilar ana ramawa ta hanyar ƙarancinsa. Misali, kawar da ruwa mai gudu ko bushewar varnish da aka yi amfani da shi cikin babban saurin bugu yana buƙatar tushe mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi; takamaiman farashi da inganci ba su da mahimmanci. Amma ba daidai ba ne a yi amfani da irin wannan fitilar don lalata.
UV irradiator da aka yi daga mai ƙona DRL da fitilar DRT
Akwai hanyar "jama'a" don samun tushen ultraviolet mai ƙarfi ba tare da tsada ba. Ba su da amfani, amma har yanzu ana siyar da fitilun DRL masu haske na 125...1000 W. A cikin waɗannan fitilun, a cikin fitilun waje akwai “ƙona” - fitilar mercury mai ƙarfi. Yana fitar da hasken ultraviolet na broadband, wanda kwan fitila na waje ke toshe shi, amma yana sa phosphor a bangonsa yayi haske. Idan ka karya faifan waje kuma ka haɗa mai ƙonawa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar ta hanyar madaidaicin shaƙa, za ka sami fiɗaɗaɗaɗɗen ultraviolet mai ƙarfi.
Irin wannan emitter na gida yana da rashin amfani: ƙarancin inganci idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan fitilu, babban rabo na ultraviolet radiation yana waje da kewayon kwayoyin cuta, kuma ba za ku iya zama a cikin dakin na wani lokaci ba bayan kashe fitilar har sai ozone ya rushe ko ya ɓace.
Amma fa'idodin kuma ba za a iya musun su ba: ƙarancin farashi da babban iko a cikin ƙaramin girman. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin shine samar da ozone. Ozone zai lalata saman inuwar da ba a fallasa su ga hasken ultraviolet.
Shinkafa 17 Ultraviolet irradiator wanda aka yi daga fitilun DRL. An buga hoton tare da izinin marubucin, likitan hakori na Bulgaria, ta yin amfani da wannan irradiator ban da daidaitattun fitilar bactericidal Philips TUV 30W.
Irin wannan tushen ultraviolet don disinfection a cikin nau'i na fitilun mercury masu matsa lamba ana amfani da su a cikin irradiators na nau'in OUFK-01 "Solnyshko".
Alal misali, don shahararren fitilar "DRT 125-1" mai sana'anta ba ya buga bakan, amma yana ba da sigogi a cikin takardun: ƙarfin sakawa a nesa na 1 m daga fitilar UVA - 0,98 W / m2, UVB - 0,83 W / m2, UVC - 0,72 W / m2, bactericidal kwarara 8 W, kuma bayan amfani, samun iska na dakin daga ozone ake bukata.]. Don amsa tambaya kai tsaye game da bambanci tsakanin fitilar DRT da mai ƙona DRL, masana'anta ya amsa a cikin shafin sa cewa DRT tana da rufin kore mai rufewa akan cathodes.
Shinkafa 18 Broadband ultraviolet source - DRT-125 fitila
Dangane da halayen da aka bayyana, a bayyane yake cewa bakan yana da watsa shirye-shirye tare da kusan daidai rabon radiyo a cikin taushi, matsakaita, da wuyar ultraviolet, gami da UVC mai ƙarfi mai haifar da ozone. Gudun ƙwayoyin cuta shine 6,4% na amfani da wutar lantarki, wato, ingancin ya sau 6 ƙasa da na fitilar tubular ƙananan matsa lamba.
Mai sana'anta ba ya buga bakan wannan fitilar, kuma hoto iri ɗaya tare da bakan ɗaya daga cikin DRTs yana yawo akan Intanet. Ba a san tushen asalin ba, amma rabon makamashi a cikin UVC, UVB da UVA bai dace da waɗanda aka ayyana don fitilar DRT-125 ba. Ga DRT, an bayyana kusan daidaitaccen rabo, kuma bakan yana nuna cewa ƙarfin UVB ya ninka ƙarfin UBC sau da yawa. Kuma a cikin UVA ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da na UVB.
Shinkafa 19. Bakan fitilar mercury arc mai matsa lamba, wanda galibi yana kwatanta bakan DRT-125, ana amfani da shi sosai don dalilai na likita.
A bayyane yake cewa fitilu masu matsi daban-daban da abubuwan mercury suna fitowa da ɗan bambanta. Har ila yau, a bayyane yake cewa mabukaci da ba a sani ba yana da sha'awar yin tunanin abubuwan da ake so da kaddarorin samfurin, samun amincewa bisa nasa zato, da yin siya. Kuma buga bakan na wani fitila na musamman zai haifar da tattaunawa, kwatantawa da ƙarshe.
Marubucin ya taɓa sayen shigarwar OUFK-01 tare da fitilar DRT-125 kuma ya yi amfani da shi tsawon shekaru da yawa don gwada juriyar UV na samfuran filastik. Na haska samfura guda biyu a lokaci guda, ɗaya daga cikinsu na'urar sarrafawa ce da aka yi da filastik mai jure wa ultraviolet, kuma na kalli wanda zai juya rawaya cikin sauri. Don irin wannan aikace-aikacen, sanin ainihin siffar bakan ba lallai ba ne; yana da mahimmanci kawai cewa emitter ya kasance mai watsa shirye-shirye. Amma me yasa ake amfani da hasken ultraviolet na broadband idan ana buƙatar lalata?
Manufar OUFK-01 ya furta cewa ana amfani da mai ba da iska mai iska don matakai masu kumburi. Wato, a cikin lokuta inda ingantaccen sakamako na lalata fata ya wuce yiwuwar cutarwar radiation ultraviolet. Babu shakka, a cikin wannan yanayin, yana da kyau a yi amfani da kunkuntar band ultraviolet, ba tare da raƙuman raƙuman ruwa a cikin bakan da ke da tasiri ba tare da bactericidal ba.
Maganin kashe iska
Ana ɗaukar hasken ultraviolet azaman hanyar da ba ta isa ba don kawar da saman, tunda hasken ba zai iya shiga inda, alal misali, barasa ke shiga ba. Amma hasken ultraviolet yana kashe iska sosai.
Lokacin atishawa da tari, ɗigon ruwa da yawa na micrometers suna samuwa, waɗanda ke rataye a cikin iska daga mintuna da yawa zuwa sa'o'i da yawa.]. Nazarin tarin fuka ya nuna cewa digon iska guda ɗaya ya isa ya haifar da kamuwa da cuta.
A kan titi muna da ingantacciyar lafiya saboda ɗimbin girma da motsin iska, wanda zai iya tarwatsawa da kashe duk wani atishawa tare da lokaci da hasken rana. Ko da a cikin metro, yayin da adadin masu kamuwa da cuta ba su da yawa, jimlar yawan iskar kowane mai kamuwa da cuta yana da girma, kuma samun iska mai kyau yana sa haɗarin yada cutar ƙanƙanta. Wuri mafi haɗari yayin bala'in cutar iska shine lif. Don haka, dole ne a keɓe waɗanda ke yin atishawa, kuma a keɓe iskar da ke cikin wuraren jama'a da rashin isassun iskar da ake buƙata.
Recirculators
Ɗaya daga cikin zaɓuɓɓuka don kawar da iska shine rufaffiyar masu sake yin fa'ida ta UV. Bari mu tattauna daya daga cikin wadannan recirculators - "Dezar 7", da aka sani da ake gani ko da a ofishin na farko mutum na jihar.
Bayanin recirculator ya ce yana busa 100 m3 a kowace awa kuma an tsara shi don kula da daki mai girma na 100 m3 (kimanin 5 × 7 × 2,8 mita).
Duk da haka, ikon kashe iska 100 m3 a kowace awa ba yana nufin cewa iska a cikin daki 100 m3 a kowace sa'a za a kula da shi yadda ya kamata. Iskar da aka yi da ita tana dilutes da dattin iska, kuma a cikin wannan nau'i yana shiga cikin recirculator akai-akai. Yana da sauƙi don gina ƙirar lissafi kuma ƙididdige ingancin irin wannan tsari:
Shinkafa 20 Tasirin aikin recirculator na UV akan adadin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin iska na daki ba tare da samun iska ba.
Don rage taro na microorganisms a cikin iska ta 90%, recirculator yana buƙatar yin aiki fiye da sa'o'i biyu. Idan babu samun iska a cikin dakin, wannan yana yiwuwa. Amma yawanci babu dakuna da mutane kuma ba tare da samun iska ba. Misali, [] ya rubuta mafi ƙarancin ƙarancin iska na waje don samun iska na 3 m3 a kowace awa a kowace 1 m2 na yankin Apartment. Wannan ya dace da cikakken maye gurbin iska sau ɗaya a sa'a kuma ya sa aikin recirculator ya zama mara amfani.
Idan muka yi la'akari da samfurin ba na cikakken hadawa ba, amma na laminar jets da ke wucewa tare da madaidaiciyar yanayi a cikin dakin kuma shiga cikin iska, amfanin disinfecting daya daga cikin wadannan jiragen ya kasance ko da ƙasa da samfurin cikakkiyar haɗuwa.
A kowane hali, recirculator UV ba shi da amfani fiye da bude taga.
Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ƙananan tasiri na recirculators shine cewa tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta yana da ƙananan ƙananan dangane da kowane watt na UV. Ƙarfin yana tafiya game da santimita 10 a cikin shigarwa, sa'an nan kuma yana nunawa daga aluminum tare da ƙididdiga na kusan k = 0,7. Wannan yana nufin cewa tasiri mai tasiri na katako a cikin shigarwa yana da kusan rabin mita, bayan haka an shafe shi ba tare da amfani ba.
Shinkafa 21. Har yanzu daga bidiyon YouTube yana nuna ana wargaza mai recycle. Ana iya ganin fitilun germicidal da farfajiyar aluminium, wanda ke nuna hasken ultraviolet mafi muni fiye da hasken da ake iya gani.].
Fitilar ƙwayoyin cuta, wacce ke rataye a bango a cikin ofishin asibiti kuma likita ke kunna shi bisa ga jadawali, sau da yawa ya fi tasiri. Hasken fitilar da ke buɗaɗɗen fitila yana tafiya da mita da yawa, yana lalata iska da farko sannan kuma sama.
Iskar iska a cikin sashin sama na dakin
A cikin asibitocin da marasa lafiya ke kwance a koyaushe, ana amfani da raka'o'in UV a wasu lokuta don watsa iskar da ke gudana a ƙarƙashin rufin. Babban rashin lahani na irin waɗannan shigarwar shine grille ɗin da ke rufe fitilu yana ba da damar haskoki kawai suna wucewa ta hanya ɗaya, suna ɗaukar sama da 90% na ragowar kwarara ba tare da fa'ida ba.
Hakanan zaka iya busa iska ta irin wannan na'ura mai ba da iska don ƙirƙirar recirculator a lokaci guda, amma ba a yi hakan ba, mai yiwuwa saboda rashin son samun mai tara ƙura a cikin ɗakin.
Shinkafa 22 UV mai iska mai iska mai rufi, hoto daga rukunin yanar gizon.].
Gilashin yana kare mutanen da ke cikin dakin daga kwararar hasken ultraviolet kai tsaye, amma kwararar da ke ratsa ta cikin gandarin ta doki rufi da bangon kuma ana nunawa a fili, tare da kwatancen tunani na kusan 10%. Dakin yana cike da hasken ultraviolet na ko'ina kuma mutane suna karɓar kashi na ultraviolet radiation daidai lokacin da aka kashe a cikin ɗakin.
Masu bita da marubuci
Masu bita:
Artyom Balabanov, injiniyan lantarki, mai haɓaka tsarin warkarwa na UV;
Rumen Vasilev, Ph.D., injiniyan haske, OOD "Interlux", Bulgaria;
Vadim Grigorov, masanin ilimin halitta;
Stanislav Lermontov, injiniyan haske, Complex Systems LLC;
Alexey Pankrashkin, Ph.D., Mataimakin Farfesa, injiniyan haske na semiconductor da photonics, INTECH Engineering LLC;
Andrey Khramov, kwararre a cikin ƙirar haske don cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya;
Vitaly Tsvirko, shugaban dakin gwaje-gwajen hasken wuta "TSSOT NAS na Belarus"
Author: Anton Sharakshane, Ph.D., injiniyan haske kuma masanin ilimin halittu, Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Moscow ta farko mai suna bayan. SU. Sechenov
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source: www.habr.com