Yi cikakken amfani da kayan aikin sarrafa hanyar sadarwa na NetworkManager akan layin umarni na Linux ta amfani da mai amfani nmcli.
Mai amfani kai tsaye yana kiran API don samun damar ayyukan NetworkManager.
Ya bayyana a cikin 2010 kuma ga mutane da yawa ya zama madadin hanyar daidaita hanyoyin sadarwa da haɗin kai. Ko da yake wasu mutane har yanzu suna amfani . Saboda nmcli kayan aiki ne na layin umarni (CLI) wanda aka ƙera don amfani da su a cikin windows da kuma rubutun m, yana da kyau ga masu gudanar da tsarin aiki ba tare da GUI ba.
ncmli umarni syntax
Gabaɗaya, ƙa'idar ta kasance kamar haka:
$ nmcli <options> <section> <action>- zažužžukan su ne sigogi waɗanda ke ƙayyade dabarun aikin nmcli,
- sashe (sashe) - ƙayyade abin da fasali na mai amfani don amfani,
- mataki - yana ba ku damar tantance ainihin abin da ake buƙatar yi.
Akwai sassan guda 8 gabaɗaya, kowannensu yana da alaƙa da takamaiman tsari (ayyuka):
- Taimake yana ba da taimako game da umarnin ncmcli da amfani da su.
- Janar yana dawo da matsayin NetworkManager da daidaitawar duniya.
- Networking ya haɗa da umarni don neman matsayin haɗin cibiyar sadarwa da kunna/musa hanyoyin haɗi.
- Radio ya haɗa da umarni don bincika matsayin haɗin cibiyar sadarwar WiFi da kunna / kashe haɗin haɗin.
- Monitor ya haɗa da umarni don saka idanu ayyukan NetworkManager da lura canje-canje a yanayin haɗin yanar gizo.
- Connection ya haɗa da umarni don sarrafa hanyoyin sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa, ƙara sabbin haɗin gwiwa da share waɗanda suke.
- Na'ura galibi ana amfani dashi don canza sigogi masu alaƙa da na'ura (kamar sunan dubawa) ko don haɗa na'urori ta amfani da haɗin da ke akwai.
- asirin yayi rijistar nmcli a matsayin NetworkManager "wakilin sirri" wanda ke sauraron saƙonnin sirri. Ba kasafai ake amfani da wannan sashe ba, saboda nmcli yana aiki ta wannan hanya ta tsohuwa lokacin haɗawa zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwa.
Misalai masu sauƙi
Kafin farawa, tabbatar cewa NetworkManager yana gudana kuma nmcli na iya sadarwa tare da shi:
$ nmcli general
STATE CONNECTIVITY WIFI-HW WIFI WWAN-HW WWAN
connected full enabled enabled enabled enabledAiki sau da yawa yana farawa ta hanyar duba duk bayanan bayanan haɗin yanar gizo:
$ nmcli connection show
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
Wired connection 1 ac3241e4-b424-35d6-aaa7-07498561688d ethernet enp0s3
Wired connection 2 2279d917-fa02-390c-8603-3083ec5a1d3e ethernet enp0s8
Wired connection 3 52d89737-de92-35ec-b082-8cf2e5ac36e6 ethernet enp0s9Wannan umarnin yana amfani mataki nuna don sashin haɗin gwiwa.
Na'urar gwajin tana gudana Ubuntu 20.04. A wannan yanayin, mun sami hanyoyin haɗin waya guda uku: enp0s3, enp0s8, da enp0s9.
Sarrafa haɗi
Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa a cikin nmcli, ta kalmar Connection muna nufin wani mahaluƙi wanda ya ƙunshi duk bayanan haɗin. A wasu kalmomi, wannan shine saitin hanyar sadarwa. Haɗin kai yana ɗaukar duk bayanan da ke da alaƙa, gami da layin hanyar haɗi da bayanin adireshin IP. Waɗannan su ne Layer 2 da Layer 3 a cikin tsarin sadarwar OSI.
Lokacin da ka kafa hanyar sadarwa a cikin Linux, yawanci kana saita hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon da za su ƙare a haɗa su da na'urorin sadarwar, wanda kuma su ne hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo da aka sanya a kan kwamfutar. Lokacin da na'ura ke amfani da haɗi, ana ɗaukarta mai aiki ko ɗaukaka. Idan ba a amfani da haɗin gwiwa, baya aiki ko sake saitawa.
Ƙara haɗin yanar gizo
Mai amfani ncmli yana ba ku damar ƙara sauri da daidaita haɗin kai. Misali, don ƙara haɗin Wired 2 (tare da enp0s8), kuna buƙatar gudanar da umarni mai zuwa azaman superuser:
$ sudo nmcli connection add type ethernet ifname enp0s8
Connection 'ethernet-enp0s8' (09d26960-25a0-440f-8b20-c684d7adc2f5) successfully added.A cikin zaɓin nau'in muna nuna cewa wannan zai zama haɗin Ethernet, kuma a cikin zaɓin ifname (sunan mu'amala) muna nuna hanyar sadarwar cibiyar sadarwa da muke son amfani da ita.
Wannan shine abin da zai faru bayan gudanar da umarni:
$ nmcli connection show
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
Wired connection 1 ac3241e4-b424-35d6-aaa7-07498561688d ethernet enp0s3
Wired connection 2 2279d917-fa02-390c-8603-3083ec5a1d3e ethernet enp0s8
Wired connection 3 52d89737-de92-35ec-b082-8cf2e5ac36e6 ethernet enp0s9
ethernet-enp0s8 09d26960-25a0-440f-8b20-c684d7adc2f5 ethernet -- An ƙirƙiri sabon haɗi, ethernet-enp0s8. An sanya UUID kuma nau'in haɗin shine Ethernet. Bari mu ɗaga shi ta amfani da umarnin sama:
$ nmcli connection up ethernet-enp0s8
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4)Bari mu sake duba jerin hanyoyin haɗin kai:
$ nmcli connection show --active
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
Wired connection 1 ac3241e4-b424-35d6-aaa7-07498561688d ethernet enp0s3
ethernet-enp0s8 09d26960-25a0-440f-8b20-c684d7adc2f5 ethernet enp0s8
Wired connection 3 52d89737-de92-35ec-b082-8cf2e5ac36e6 ethernet enp0s9An ƙara sabon haɗin ethernet-enp0s8, yana aiki kuma yana amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta enp0s8.
Saita haɗin kai
Mai amfani ncmli yana ba ku damar canza sigogin haɗin da ke akwai cikin sauƙi. Misali, kuna buƙatar canza adireshin IP ɗinku mai ƙarfi (DHCP) zuwa adireshin IP na tsaye.
Bari mu ce muna buƙatar saita adireshin IP zuwa 192.168.4.26. Don yin wannan muna amfani da umarni biyu. Na farko zai saita adireshin IP kai tsaye, na biyu kuma zai canza hanyar saitin adireshin IP zuwa manual:
$ nmcli connection modify ethernet-enp0s8 ipv4.address 192.168.4.26/24
$ nmcli connection modify ethernet-enp0s8 ipv4.method manualKar a manta da kuma saita abin rufe fuska na subnet. Don haɗin gwajin mu wannan shine 255.255.255.0, ko tare da /24 don zirga-zirga marasa aji (CIDR).
Domin sauye-sauyen suyi tasiri, kuna buƙatar kashewa sannan kuma sake kunna haɗin:
$ nmcli connection down ethernet-enp0s8
Connection 'ethernet-enp0s8' successfully deactivated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4)
$ nmcli connection up ethernet-enp0s8
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveCIdan, akasin haka, kuna buƙatar shigar da DHCP, yi amfani da auto maimakon manual:
$ nmcli connection modify ethernet-enp0s8 ipv4.method autoAiki tare da na'urori
Don wannan muna amfani da sashin Na'ura.
Duba halin na'urar
$ nmcli device status
DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION
enp0s3 ethernet connected Wired connection 1
enp0s8 ethernet connected ethernet-enp0s8
enp0s9 ethernet connected Wired connection 3
lo loopback unmanaged -- Neman bayanin na'urar
Don yin wannan, yi amfani da aikin nuni daga sashin na'ura (dole ne ku saka sunan na'urar). Mai amfani yana nuna bayanai da yawa, sau da yawa akan shafuka da yawa.
Bari mu kalli mahallin enp0s8 wanda sabon haɗin yanar gizon mu ke amfani da shi. Bari mu tabbatar da cewa yana amfani da daidai adireshin IP ɗin da muka saita a baya:
$ nmcli device show enp0s8
GENERAL.DEVICE: enp0s8
GENERAL.TYPE: ethernet
GENERAL.HWADDR: 08:00:27:81:16:20
GENERAL.MTU: 1500
GENERAL.STATE: 100 (connected)
GENERAL.CONNECTION: ethernet-enp0s8
GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/6
WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER: on
IP4.ADDRESS[1]: 192.168.4.26/24
IP4.GATEWAY: --
IP4.ROUTE[1]: dst = 192.168.4.0/24, nh = 0.0.0.0, mt = 103
IP6.ADDRESS[1]: fe80::6d70:90de:cb83:4491/64
IP6.GATEWAY: --
IP6.ROUTE[1]: dst = fe80::/64, nh = ::, mt = 103
IP6.ROUTE[2]: dst = ff00::/8, nh = ::, mt = 256, table=255Akwai bayanai da yawa. Bari mu haskaka babban abu:
- Sunan hanyar sadarwa: enp0s8.
- Nau'in haɗin kai: haɗin Ethernet mai waya.
- Muna ganin adireshin MAC na na'urar.
- Ƙayyadaddun naúrar watsawa mafi girma (MTU). - matsakaicin girman toshe bayanai masu amfani na fakiti ɗaya wanda za a iya watsa shi ta hanyar yarjejeniya ba tare da rarrabuwa ba.
- Na'urar a halin yanzu an haɗa.
- Sunan haɗiWace na'urar ke amfani da ita: ethernet-enp0s8.
- Na'urar tana amfani da Adireshin IP, wanda muka shigar a baya: 192.168.4.26/24.
Wasu bayanan suna da alaƙa da tsohowar hanya da sigogin ƙofofin haɗi. Sun dogara da takamaiman hanyar sadarwa.
Editan nmcli mai hulɗa
nmcli kuma yana da editan mu'amala mai sauƙi, wanda zai fi dacewa da wasu suyi aiki da su. Don gudanar da shi akan haɗin ethernet-enp0s8 misali, yi amfani da mataki a gyara:
$ nmcli connection edit ethernet-enp0s8Hakanan yana da ƙaramin taimako, wanda, duk da haka, ya fi girma fiye da sigar wasan bidiyo:
===| nmcli interactive connection editor |===
Editing existing '802-3-ethernet' connection: 'ethernet-enp0s8'
Type 'help' or '?' for available commands.
Type 'print' to show all the connection properties.
Type 'describe [<setting>.<prop>]' for detailed property description.
You may edit the following settings: connection, 802-3-ethernet (ethernet), 802-1x, dcb, sriov, ethtool, match, ipv4, ipv6, tc, proxy
nmcli>Idan ka buga umarnin buga kuma danna Shigar, nmcli zai nuna duk kaddarorin haɗin:
===============================================================================
Connection profile details (ethernet-enp0s8)
===============================================================================
connection.id: ethernet-enp0s8
connection.uuid: 09d26960-25a0-440f-8b20-c684d7adc2f5
connection.stable-id: --
connection.type: 802-3-ethernet
connection.interface-name: enp0s8
connection.autoconnect: yes
connection.autoconnect-priority: 0
connection.autoconnect-retries: -1 (default)
connection.multi-connect: 0 (default)
connection.auth-retries: -1
connection.timestamp: 1593967212
connection.read-only: no
connection.permissions: --
connection.zone: --
connection.master: --
connection.slave-type: --
connection.autoconnect-slaves: -1 (default)
connection.secondaries: --Misali, don saita haɗin kai zuwa DHCP, rubuta goto ipv4 kuma danna Shigar:
nmcli> goto ipv4
You may edit the following properties: method, dns, dns-search,
dns-options, dns-priority, addresses, gateway, routes, route-metric,
route-table, routing-rules, ignore-auto-routes, ignore-auto-dns,
dhcp-client-id, dhcp-iaid, dhcp-timeout, dhcp-send-hostname,
dhcp-hostname, dhcp-fqdn, dhcp-hostname-flags, never-default, may-fail,
dad-timeout
nmcli ipv4>Sannan rubuta hanyar saita ta atomatik kuma danna Shigar:
nmcli ipv4> set method auto
Do you also want to clear 'ipv4.addresses'? [yes]:Idan kana son share adreshin IP na tsaye, danna Shigar. In ba haka ba, rubuta no kuma danna Shigar. Kuna iya ajiye shi idan kuna tunanin za ku buƙaci shi nan gaba. Amma ko da adreshin IP na tsaye, DHCP za a yi amfani da shi idan an saita hanya ta atomatik.
Yi amfani da umarnin ajiyewa don adana canje-canjenku:
nmcli ipv4> save
Connection 'ethernet-enp0s8' (09d26960-25a0-440f-8b20-c684d7adc2f5) successfully updated.
nmcli ipv4>Buga daina don fita nmcli Interactive Editan. Idan kun canza ra'ayin ku game da barin, yi amfani da umarnin baya.
Kuma ba duka ba ne
Bude Editan Interactive nmcli kuma duba saituna nawa da kuma yawan kaddarorin kowane saitin yana da. Editan hulɗa shine babban kayan aiki, amma idan kuna son amfani da nmcli a cikin masu layi ɗaya ko rubutun, kuna buƙatar sigar layin umarni na yau da kullun.
Yanzu da kuna da abubuwan yau da kullun, bincika nmcli don ganin yadda kuma zai iya taimaka muku.
Hakoki na Talla
Sabbin almara Shin ko Linux tare da masu sarrafa dangin AMD EPYC masu ƙarfi da injin Intel NVMe mai sauri. Yi sauri don yin oda!
source: www.habr.com