Sabar yanar gizo akan CentOS 8 tare da php7, node.js da redis

Magana

Kwanaki 2 ke nan da fitowar sabuwar manhajar CentOS, wato CentOS 8. Kuma ya zuwa yanzu akwai kasidu da yawa a Intanet kan yadda ake yin abubuwa a cikinsa, don haka na yanke shawarar cike wannan gibin. Bugu da ƙari, ba zan gaya muku ba kawai game da yadda ake shigar da waɗannan shirye-shiryen biyu ba, har ma game da yadda nake ganin gabaɗayan shigar da Linux a cikin yanayin kama-da-wane a cikin duniyar zamani don ayyuka na yau da kullun, gami da rarraba diski da sauransu.

Amma a farkon, Ina so in yi magana a taƙaice game da dalilin da ya sa ya dace a canza wannan sigar daga duk waɗanda suka gabata, kuma akwai dalilai guda biyu na wannan:

1. php7 ku! A cikin sigar da ta gabata ta CentOS, an shigar da “Orthodox” php5.4…

   Da kyau, don zama ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, fakiti da yawa sun yi tsalle ta nau'ikan iri da yawa gaba ɗaya. Mu (magoya bayan OSes masu kama da redhat) a ƙarshe mun shiga, idan ba a nan gaba ba, sannan aƙalla cikin yanzu. Kuma magoya bayan Ubuntu ba za su ƙara yi mana dariya su nuna mana yatsa ba, da kyau... aƙalla na ɗan lokaci;).

2. Canja wurin yum zuwa dnf. Babban bambancin shi ne cewa yanzu an goyan bayan shi bisa hukuma don yin aiki tare da nau'ikan fakiti da yawa lokaci guda. Dama a cikin takwas, Ban taba samun wannan amfani ba, amma yana da alamar alkawari.

Ƙirƙiri injin kama-da-wane

Akwai nau'ikan hypervisors daban-daban kuma ba ni da wata manufa don daidaita mai karatu zuwa takamaiman guda, zan gaya muku game da ka'idodi na gaba ɗaya.

Waƙwalwa

Na farko ... Don shigar da tsarin CentOS wanda ya fara daga 7 tabbas, kuma a ganina wannan ma haka lamarin yake a cikin 6 ("amma wannan bai tabbata ba"), kuna buƙatar. m 2 GB RAM. Don haka, ina ba ku shawara da ku fara ba da wannan da yawa.

Amma idan wani abu, bayan shigarwa za a iya rage girman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. A 1 GB danda tsarin yana aiki sosai, na duba.

faifai

Don shigarwa na yau da kullun, ya kamata ku ƙirƙiri faifan kama-da-wane tare da damar 20-30 GB. Wannan ya isa ga tsarin. Kuma faifai na biyu don bayanai. Ana iya ƙara duka biyu a matakin ƙirƙirar injin kama-da-wane da kuma bayan. Yawancin lokaci ina ƙara shi daga baya.

processor

A kan cibiya ɗaya, tsarin danda ba ya raguwa. Kuma tun da albarkatun suna da sikelin da yardar kaina, ban ga wani ma'ana ba a ba da ƙarin a matakin shigarwa (sai dai idan kun san buƙatun daidai kuma kuna da kasala don sake shiga cikin mai daidaitawa)

Sauran yawanci ana iya barin su azaman tsoho.

Ainihin shigarwa

Don haka ... Bari mu kaddamar da mai sakawa ... Da kaina, Na dade ina shigar da irin waɗannan ayyuka kawai a cikin nau'i na inji mai mahimmanci, don haka ba zan kwatanta kowane nau'in rikodin rarrabawa akan filasha ba - Ina kawai. Sanya ISO azaman CD a cikin hypervisor da na fi so, zazzage kuma mu tafi.

Ainihin shigarwar abu ne na al'ada, Zan zauna a kan ƴan maki kawai.

Zaɓin tushen

Tun lokacin da aka saki sigar takwas, madubi daga Yandex ya kwanta kwanaki. To, wato, yana tashi lokaci-lokaci, sannan kuma ya fara nuna kuskure. Na tabbata saboda wuce gona da iri akan sabis. Don haka, don nuna tushen, ni da kaina, maimakon shigar da adireshin da aka saba, je a nan, zaɓi madubin da nake so a can kuma shigar da adireshin da hannu a cikin taga mai sakawa. Yana da mahimmanci a tuna a nan cewa kana buƙatar ƙayyade hanyar zuwa babban fayil inda directory ɗin yake repodata. Misali mirror.corbina.net/pub/Linux/centos/8/BaseOS/x86_64/os.

Rarraba diski

Wannan tambayar tafi addini ce a ganina. Kowanne admin yana da matsayinsa akan wannan lamari. Amma duk da haka zan bayyana ra'ayina kan batun.

Ee, bisa ka'ida, zaku iya rarraba sararin sararin samaniya zuwa tushen kuma zai yi aiki, mafi yawan lokuta har ma da kyau. Me ya sa a ke shinge lambu mai sassa daban-daban? - A ra'ayina, akwai manyan dalilai guda biyu na wannan: ƙididdiga da ɗaukar nauyi.

Misali, idan wani abu yayi kuskure kuma kurakurai sun faru akan babban sashin bayanan, kuna son ku iya har yanzu kunna tsarin da aiwatar da matakan farfadowa. Don haka, ni da kaina na keɓe wani bangare daban don /boot. Akwai kernel da bootloader. Yawanci megabytes 500 ya isa, amma a lokuta da yawa ana iya buƙatar ƙarin, kuma saboda mun riga mun saba da auna sarari a terabytes, na ware 2GB don wannan sashe. Kuma abu mai mahimmanci a nan shi ne cewa ba za a iya yin lvm ba.

Gaba ya zo tushen tsarin. Don shigarwa na yau da kullun, Ban taɓa buƙatar fiye da 4 GB a kowane tsarin ba, amma yayin abubuwan da aka tsara na kan yi amfani da directory ɗin /tmp don cire fakitin rarrabawa, kuma ban ga wata ma'ana ta keɓe shi zuwa wani bangare daban ba - a cikin tsarin zamani. ana tsaftace shi ta atomatik, don haka ba a cika shi ba. Don haka na ware 8GB don tushen.

Musanya... Gabaɗaya, babu ɗan amfani mai amfani daga gare ta. Idan kun fara amfani da musanyawa akan sabar ku, a yau a cikin ainihin duniyar wannan yana nufin kawai uwar garken yana buƙatar ƙara ƙarin RAM. In ba haka ba, matsalolin aiki suna da garantin (ko wasu shirye-shiryen "leaks" ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya). Don haka, ana buƙatar wannan sashe don dalilai na bincike kawai. Saboda haka, 2 GB babbar lamba ce. Ee, ba tare da la'akari da adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke kan sabar ba. Ee, na karanta duk waɗannan labaran inda aka rubuta game da rabon ƙarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don musanya ƙarar ... IMHO, sun tsufa. A cikin shekaru 10 na aiki ban taɓa buƙatar wannan ba. Shekaru 15 da suka wuce na yi amfani da su, eh.

IMHO, kowa zai iya yanke shawara da kansa ko zai ware / gida cikin wani bangare daban. Idan wani a kan uwar garke zai yi amfani da wannan kundin adireshi, zai fi kyau a ware shi. Idan babu kowa, babu bukata.

Na gaba, /var. A ra'ayina, ya kamata a ba da haske. Don farawa, zaku iya iyakance kanku zuwa 4 GB, kuma ku ga yadda yake tafiya. Kuma a, ta hanyar "yadda yake tafiya" Ina nufin haka

1. Da fari dai, koyaushe kuna iya hawa wani faifai a cikin / var subdirectory (wanda zan nuna daga baya tare da misali)
2. Na biyu, muna da lvm - koyaushe zaka iya ƙara shi. Kuma yawanci dole ne ka ƙara shi lokacin da gundumomi da yawa suka fara zubowa a wurin. Amma ban taɓa iya yin hasashen wannan adadi a gaba ba, don haka na fara da 2 GB sannan in duba.

Wurin da ba a keɓe ba zai kasance kyauta a cikin rukunin ƙara kuma koyaushe ana iya amfani da shi daga baya.

LVM

All Yana da ma'ana don yin bangare ban da / boot a cikin LVM. Ee, gami da musanyawa. Haka ne, bisa ga duk shawarwarin, musanya ya kamata ya kasance a farkon faifai, amma a cikin yanayin LVM ba za a iya ƙayyade wurinsa bisa manufa ba. Amma kamar yadda na rubuta a sama, tsarin ku bai kamata ba amfani da swap kwata-kwata. Saboda haka, ba kome ba inda yake. To, ba ma rayuwa a cikin '95, gaskiya!

Bugu da ari, a cikin LVM akwai abubuwan asali da yawa waɗanda kuke buƙatar samun damar rayuwa dasu:

• ƙarar jiki
• rukunin girma
• ma'ana girma

Ana haɗa juzu'i na jiki zuwa ƙungiyoyi, kuma kowane ƙarar jiki yana iya kasancewa cikin rukuni ɗaya kawai, kuma rukuni yana iya kasancewa akan juzu'i na zahiri da yawa lokaci ɗaya.
Kuma juzu'i na ma'ana kowannensu yana cikin rukuni ɗaya.

Amma ... La'ananne, shine karni na 21 kuma. Kuma sabobin na kama-da-wane. Ba ma'ana ba ne a yi amfani da su iri ɗaya hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su na zahiri. Kuma ga masu kama-da-wane yana da mahimmanci a sami bayanai daban daga tsarin! Wannan yana da mahimmanci, musamman don ikon canza bayanai da sauri zuwa wani injin kama-da-wane (alal misali, lokacin canzawa zuwa sabon OS) kuma gabaɗaya don kowane nau'ikan abubuwan amfani masu amfani (maɓallin keɓancewa ta ɓangarori ta amfani da kayan aikin hypervisor, alal misali) . Don haka, ana amfani da rukunin ƙara ɗaya don tsarin kuma dole ne a yi amfani da wani don bayanai! Wannan rabo mai ma'ana yana taimakawa sosai a rayuwa!

Idan kun ƙirƙiri rumbun kwamfyuta guda ɗaya kawai lokacin ƙirƙirar injin kama-da-wane, anan ne inda tsarin ya ƙare. Kuma idan akwai biyu, to kawai kar a yi alama ta biyu tukuna.

Bari mu fara shigarwa.

Bayan shigarwa

Don haka, sabon tsarin da aka shigar a ƙarshe ya tashi. Abu na farko da kuke buƙatar bincika shine Intanet.

ping ya.ru

Akwai amsa? - Mai girma, latsa Ctrl-C.
Idan ba haka ba, jeka kafa hanyar sadarwa, babu rayuwa ba tare da wannan ba, amma wannan ba shine abin da labarina yake ba.

Yanzu idan har yanzu ba mu kasance ƙarƙashin tushen ba, shiga ƙarƙashin tushen, saboda bugawa irin wannan Yawan umarni tare da sudo da kaina ya karya ni (kuma masu iya magana su gafarta mini):

sudo -i

Yanzu abu na farko da za mu yi shi ne rubuta

dnf -y update

Kuma idan kuna karanta wannan labarin a cikin 2019, wataƙila babu abin da zai faru, amma ya cancanci gwadawa.

Yanzu bari mu daidaita sauran faifai

Bari mu ce sashin da tsarin ya kasance xvda, to, diski ɗin bayanai zai zama xvdb. KO.

Yawancin shawarwari zasu fara da "Run fdisk kuma ƙirƙirar bangare..."

To wannan shine ba daidai ba!

Zan sake faɗi saboda yana da mahimmanci! A wannan yanayin, yin aiki tare da LVM, wanda ke mamaye faifan diski guda ɗaya, ƙirƙirar ɓangarori akan sa yana da illa! Kowace kalma a cikin wannan jumla tana da mahimmanci. Idan muna aiki ba tare da LVM ba, muna buƙatar. Idan muna da tsarin da bayanai akan faifai, muna buƙatar shi. Idan saboda wasu dalilai muna buƙatar barin rabin faifan fanko, ya kamata mu ma. Amma yawanci duk waɗannan zato na ka'ida ne kawai. Domin idan muka yanke shawarar ƙara sarari zuwa ɓangaren da ke akwai, to hanya mafi sauƙi don yin shi shine tare da wannan tsarin. Kuma sauƙin gudanarwa ya fi sauran abubuwa da yawa waɗanda muke tafiya da niyya zuwa wannan tsarin.

Kuma dacewa shine idan kuna son faɗaɗa ɓangaren bayanan, kawai ku ƙara sarari zuwa ɓangaren kama-da-wane, sannan ku faɗaɗa ƙungiyar ta amfani da vgextend kuma shi ke nan! A lokuta da ba kasafai ba, ana iya buƙatar wani abu dabam, amma aƙalla ba za ku ƙara faɗaɗa ƙarar ma'ana ba a farkon, wanda ya riga ya yi kyau. In ba haka ba, don faɗaɗa wannan ƙarar, suna ba da shawarar da farko a goge wanda yake da shi, sannan a ƙirƙiri sabo a saman ... Wanda ba ya da kyau sosai kuma ba za a iya yin shi kai tsaye ba, amma faɗaɗa bisa ga yanayin da na nuna zai iya zama. da za'ayi "a kan gardama" ba tare da ko da unmounting da bangare.

Don haka, mun ƙirƙiri ƙarar jiki, sannan rukunin ƙarar wanda ya haɗa da shi, sannan mu raba don uwar garken mu:

pvcreate /dev/xvdb
vgcreate data /dev/xvdb
lvcreate -n www -L40G data
mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/mapper/data-www

Anan, maimakon babban harafi “L” (da girman a GB), zaku iya tantance ƙarami, sannan a maimakon cikakken girman, saka dangi, misali, don amfani da rabin sararin sarari a halin yanzu Ƙungiyar girma, kuna buƙatar saka "-l + 50% FREE"

Kuma umarni na ƙarshe yana tsara bangare a cikin tsarin fayil na ext4 (wanda ya zuwa yanzu, a cikin kwarewata, yana nuna mafi girman kwanciyar hankali idan komai ya karye, don haka na fi son shi).

Yanzu muna hawa partition a daidai wurin. Don yin wannan, ƙara daidai layi zuwa /etc/fstab:

/dev/mapper/data-www    /var/www                ext4    defaults        1 2

Kuma muna buga waya

mount /var/www

Idan kuskure ya faru, ƙara ƙararrawa! Domin wannan yana nufin cewa muna da kuskure a /etc/fstab. Kuma cewa a sake yi na gaba za mu sami manyan matsaloli sosai. Tsarin ba zai iya yin taya kwata-kwata ba, wanda galibi yana da matukar bakin ciki ga ayyukan girgije. Don haka, ya zama dole ko dai a gaggauta gyara layin karshe da aka kara, ko kuma a goge shi gaba daya! Abin da ya sa ba mu rubuta umarnin dutsen da hannu ba - to da ba za mu sami irin wannan kyakkyawar dama don bincika saitin nan da nan ba.

Yanzu muna shigar da duk abin da muke so kuma muna buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa don gidan yanar gizon:

dnf groupinstall "Development Tools"
dnf -y install httpd @nodejs @redis php
firewall-cmd --add-service http --permanent
firewall-cmd --add-service https --permanent

Idan kuna so, zaku iya sanya ma'ajin bayanai anan, amma ni kaina ina ƙoƙarin kiyaye shi daga sabar gidan yanar gizo. Ko da yake kiyaye ta yana da sauri, eh. Gudun adaftan hanyar sadarwa na kama-da-wane yawanci yana kusa da gigabit, kuma lokacin aiki akan na'ura ɗaya, kira yana faruwa kusan nan take. Amma ba shi da lafiya. Menene ya fi mahimmanci ga wa?

Yanzu mun ƙara siga zuwa fayil ɗin sanyi (mun ƙirƙiri wani sabo, akidar zamani na CentOS kamar haka)

echo "vm.overcommit_memory = 1"> /etc/sysctl.d/98-sysctl.conf

Mun sake kunna uwar garken.
A cikin maganganun, an zagi ni don ba ni shawara in kashe SeLinux, don haka zan gyara kaina kuma in rubuta game da gaskiyar cewa bayan wannan kuna buƙatar tunawa don saita SeLinux.
A gaskiya, riba! 🙂

source: www.habr.com