Abin da ya kasance shi ne abin da zai kasance;
kuma abin da aka yi za a yi.
Ba wani sabon abu a ƙarƙashin rana.
Littafin Mai-Wa’azi 1:9
Madawwamiyar hikimar da ke ƙunshe a cikin al'adar ta shafi kusan kowace masana'antu, gami da irin wannan mai saurin canzawa kamar IT. A gaskiya ma, ya zama cewa yawancin ilimin da aka fara magana game da su sun dogara ne akan abubuwan da aka yi shekaru da yawa da suka wuce har ma da nasara (ko ba haka ba) da aka yi amfani da su a cikin na'urorin masu amfani ko a cikin B2B Sphere. Wannan kuma ya shafi irin wannan sabon salo na zamani kamar na'urorin hannu da kafofin watsa labaru masu ɗaukar nauyi, waɗanda za mu tattauna dalla-dalla a cikin kayan yau.
Ba sai ka yi nisa ga misalai ba. Ɗauki wayoyin hannu iri ɗaya. Idan kun yi tunanin cewa na'urar "smart" ta farko wacce ba ta da maɓalli gabaɗaya ita ce iPhone, wacce ta bayyana kawai a cikin 2007, to kun yi kuskure sosai. Tunanin ƙirƙirar wayar hannu ta gaske, haɗa kayan aikin sadarwa da damar PDA a cikin akwati guda, ba na Apple bane, amma na IBM, kuma an gabatar da irin wannan na'urar ta farko ga jama'a a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba. , 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na baje kolin COMDEX na nasarorin da aka samu a masana'antar sadarwa, wanda aka gudanar a Las Vegas, kuma wannan mu'ujiza ta fasaha ta shiga samar da yawa a cikin 1994.
IBM Simon Personal Communicator - wayar hannu ta farko a duniya
Mai sadarwar sirri na IBM Simon shine wayar hannu ta farko wacce a zahiri ba ta da madanni, kuma an shigar da bayanai ta hanyar amfani da allon taɓawa. A lokaci guda, na'urar ta haɗu da aikin mai tsarawa, yana ba ku damar aikawa da karɓar faxes, da kuma aiki tare da imel. Idan ya cancanta, ana iya haɗa IBM Simon zuwa kwamfuta ta sirri don musayar bayanai ko amfani da shi azaman modem tare da aikin 2400 bps. Af, shigar da bayanan rubutu an aiwatar da shi ta hanya mai ban sha'awa: mai shi yana da zaɓi tsakanin ƙaramin madannai na QWERTY, wanda aka ba da girman nuni na inci 4,7 da ƙudurin 160x293 pixels, bai dace da amfani ba musamman, kuma da PredictaKey mataimaki mai hankali. Ƙarshen ya nuna haruffa 6 na gaba kawai, waɗanda, bisa ga algorithm na tsinkaya, za a iya amfani da su tare da mafi girman yuwuwar.
Mafi kyawun bayanin da za a iya amfani da shi don siffanta IBM Simon shine "gaba da lokacinsa," wanda a ƙarshe ya ƙayyade cikakken fiasco na wannan na'urar akan kasuwa. A gefe guda, a lokacin babu fasahar da za ta iya sa mai sadarwa ta dace da gaske: mutane kaɗan ne ke son ɗaukar na'urar da ta auna 200x64x38 mm da nauyin gram 623 (kuma tare da tashar caji - fiye da 1 kg). Baturin ya dau awa 1 kacal a yanayin magana da awanni 12 a yanayin jiran aiki. A gefe guda kuma, farashin shine: $ 899 tare da kwangila daga ma'aikacin salula na BellSouth, wanda ya zama abokin tarayya na IBM a Amurka, kuma fiye da $ 1000 ba tare da shi ba. Har ila yau, kar ka manta game da damar (ko ma ma bukata) don siyan baturi mai ƙarfi - "kawai" don $ 78.
Kwatancen gani na IBM Simon, wayoyi na zamani da mazugi na fir
Tare da na'urorin ajiya na waje, abubuwa kuma ba su da sauƙi. A cewar asusun Hamburg, ƙirƙirar irin wannan na'urar ta farko za a iya sake danganta shi da IBM. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1962, kamfanin ya sanar da tsarin adana bayanai na IBM 1311 na juyin juya hali. Babban fasalin sabon samfurin shine amfani da harsashi masu maye gurbin, kowannensu yana dauke da faranti guda shida mai girman inci 14. Ko da yake wannan tuƙi mai cirewa yana da nauyin kilo 4,5, har yanzu yana da muhimmiyar nasara, tun da aƙalla yana yiwuwa a canza harsashi lokacin da aka cika da canja wurin su tsakanin shigarwa, kowannensu yana da girman ƙirji mai ban sha'awa.
IBM 1311 - Ma'ajiyar bayanai tare da rumbun kwamfyuta masu cirewa
Amma ko da irin wannan motsi dole ne mu biya shi a cikin aiki da iya aiki. Da fari dai, don hana lalacewar bayanai, an cire ɓangarorin waje na faranti na 1 da na 6 daga layin maganadisu, kuma sun yi aikin kariya. Tun da kawai jirage 10 ne kawai ake amfani da su don yin rikodi, jimillar iyawar diski mai cirewa shine megabyte 2,6, wanda a lokacin har yanzu yana da yawa: harsashi ɗaya ya sami nasarar maye gurbin ⅕ na daidaitaccen fim ɗin maganadisu ko katunan 25, yayin da samar da bazuwar damar yin amfani da bayanai.
Abu na biyu, farashin motsi ya kasance raguwar aiki: dole ne a rage saurin juzu'i zuwa rpm 1500, kuma sakamakon haka, matsakaicin lokacin shiga sashin ya karu zuwa millisecond 250. Idan aka kwatanta, wanda ya gabace wannan na'urar, IBM 1301, yana da saurin gudu na rpm 1800 da kuma lokacin isa ga sassan 180 ms. Duk da haka, godiya ga amfani da rumbun kwamfyuta masu cirewa ne IBM 1311 ya zama sananne sosai a cikin mahallin kamfanoni, tun da wannan ƙira ta ƙarshe ya ba da damar rage farashin adana rukunin bayanai da yawa, yana ba da damar rage adadin. na kayan da aka saya da kuma yankin da ake buƙata don ɗaukar su. Godiya ga wannan, na'urar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi dadewa da ka'idodin kasuwar kayan aikin kwamfuta kuma an dakatar da ita ne kawai a cikin 1975.
Magajin IBM 1311, wanda ya karɓi maƙasudin 3340, shine sakamakon haɓakar ra'ayoyin da injiniyoyin kamfani suka haɗa cikin ƙirar ƙirar da ta gabata. Sabbin tsarin ajiyar bayanai sun sami kwalayen da aka rufe gaba daya, saboda abin da ya yiwu, a gefe guda, don kawar da tasirin abubuwan muhalli akan faranti na maganadisu, yana haɓaka amincin su, kuma a lokaci guda yana haɓaka haɓakar iska a cikin kaset ɗin. Hoton ya cika da wani microcontroller da ke da alhakin motsa kawuna na maganadisu, wanda kasancewarsa ya ba da damar haɓaka daidaiton matsayinsu sosai.
IBM 3340, mai lakabin Winchester
A sakamakon haka, ƙarfin kowane harsashi ya karu zuwa megabyte 30, kuma lokacin samun damar sassan ya ragu daidai sau 10 - zuwa 25 millise seconds. A lokaci guda kuma, saurin canja wurin bayanai ya kai ga rikodi na wancan lokacin na kilobytes 885 a cikin dakika daya. Af, godiya ga IBM 3340 cewa jargon "Winchester" ya shigo. Gaskiyar ita ce, an ƙera na'urar don aiki na lokaci ɗaya tare da faifan cirewa guda biyu, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya karɓi ƙarin index "30-30". Shahararriyar bindigar Winchester ta duniya tana da maƙasudi iri ɗaya, tare da kawai bambancin cewa idan a farkon yanayin muna magana ne game da faifai guda biyu masu ƙarfin 30 MB, sannan a na biyu - game da caliber caliber (0,3 inci) da kuma nauyin gunpowder a cikin capsule (ƙwaya 30, wato, kimanin gram 1,94).
Floppy Disk - samfur na zamani waje tafiyarwa
Ko da yake harsashi na IBM 1311 ne za a iya la'akari da kakanni-kakanni na zamani rumbun kwamfyuta na waje, waɗannan na'urori har yanzu ba su da iyaka daga kasuwar mabukaci. Amma don ci gaba da bishiyar iyali na kafofin watsa labaru na ajiya na wayar hannu, da farko kuna buƙatar yanke shawara akan ma'aunin zaɓi. Babu shakka, za a bar katunan da aka buga a baya, tun da fasaha ce ta zamanin "pre-disk". Hakanan yana da wuya a yi la'akari da abubuwan tafiyarwa dangane da kaset ɗin maganadisu: kodayake a zahiri reel ɗin yana da irin wannan dukiya kamar motsi, ba za a iya kwatanta aikinsa ba har ma da misalai na farko na faifan faifai don sauƙi mai sauƙi cewa tef ɗin maganadisu yana ba da damar jeri kawai zuwa rikodin rikodin. bayanai. Don haka, faifan “laushi” sun fi kusanci da rumbun kwamfyuta ta fuskar kaddarorin mabukaci. Kuma gaskiya ne: faifan floppy suna da ƙanƙanta sosai, amma, kamar rumbun kwamfyuta, za su iya jure maimaita rubutawa kuma suna iya aiki cikin yanayin karantawa bazuwar. Bari mu fara da su.
Idan kuna tsammanin sake ganin haruffa uku masu daraja, to… kuna da gaskiya. Bayan haka, a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na IBM ne ƙungiyar bincike ta Alan Shugart ke neman wanda ya cancanci maye gurbin kaset na maganadisu, waɗanda ke da kyau don adana bayanai, amma sun kasance ƙasa da na'urori masu ƙarfi a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun. Wani babban injiniya David Noble, wanda ya shiga cikin tawagar ya ba da shawarar da ta dace, kuma a cikin 1967 ya tsara wani diski mai cirewa tare da akwati mai kariya, wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar amfani da faifai na musamman. Shekaru 4 bayan haka, IBM ya gabatar da faifan floppy na farko a duniya, wanda yake da karfin kilobytes 80 da diamita na inci 8, kuma tuni a shekarar 1972 aka fitar da tsararraki na biyu na floppy disks, wanda karfinsa ya riga ya kai kilobytes 128.
IBM 8-inch floppy disk tare da damar 128 kilobytes
A cikin farkawa na nasarar floppy faifai, riga a cikin 1973, Alan Shugart yanke shawarar barin kamfanin da kuma sami nasa kamfanin, mai suna Shugart Associates. Sabuwar masana'antar ta fara haɓaka kayan aikin floppy: a cikin 1976, kamfanin ya gabatar da ƙaramin faifan floppy inch 5,25 da na asali na floppy, wanda ya sami ingantaccen mai sarrafawa da dubawa. Kudin Shugart SA-400 mini-floppy a farkon tallace-tallace shine $ 390 don motar kanta da $ 45 don saitin fayafai goma. A cikin dukan tarihin kamfanin, shi ne SA-400 wanda ya zama mafi nasara samfurin: yawan jigilar sababbin na'urori ya kai raka'a 4000 a kowace rana, kuma a hankali 5,25-inch floppy disks ya tilasta fitar da manyan takwarorinsu na inci takwas. kasuwa.
Duk da haka, kamfanin Alan Shugart bai iya mamaye kasuwa na dogon lokaci ba: tuni a cikin 1981, Sony ya ɗauki sandar, yana gabatar da ƙaramin faifan floppy faifai, diamita wanda kawai 90 mm ne, ko inci 3,5. Kwamfuta ta farko da ta yi amfani da ginanniyar faifan sabon tsarin ita ce HP-150, wanda Hewlett-Packard ya fitar a 1984.
Kwamfuta ta farko da ke da faifan faifai 3,5-inch Hewlett-Packard HP-150
Fayil ɗin floppy na Sony ya zama mai nasara sosai wanda ya maye gurbin duk sauran hanyoyin da za a magance a kasuwa, kuma tsarin sigar da kanta ya daɗe kusan shekaru 30: yawan samar da floppy diski mai inci 3,5 ya ƙare ne kawai a cikin 2010. Shahararriyar sabon samfurin ya kasance saboda dalilai da yawa:
- akwati mai wuyar filastik da maɗaɗɗen ƙarfe mai zamewa sun ba da kariya mai aminci ga faifan kanta;
- saboda kasancewar hannun riga na ƙarfe tare da rami don daidaitaccen matsayi, babu buƙatar yin rami kai tsaye a cikin faifan maganadisu, wanda kuma yana da tasiri mai fa'ida akan amincinsa;
- ta yin amfani da maɓalli mai zamewa, an aiwatar da kariyar sake rubutawa (a baya, don toshe yiwuwar maimaita rikodi, yankewar sarrafawa akan faifan floppy ɗin dole ne a rufe shi da tef).
Classic Classic - Sony 3,5-inch floppy disk
Tare da haɓakawa, faifan floppy inch 3,5 suma suna da ƙarfi sosai idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda suka gabace su. Don haka, mafi girma na 5,25-inch high density floppy disks, wanda ya bayyana a 1984, ya ƙunshi 1200 kilobytes na bayanai. Ko da yake samfurin 3,5-inch na farko yana da damar 720 KB kuma sun kasance a cikin wannan yanayin daidai da 5-inch quadruple-density floppy disks, riga a cikin 1987 high-density 1,44 MB floppy faifai ya bayyana, kuma a cikin 1991 - Extended density floppy disks. saukar da 2,88 MB na bayanai.
Wasu kamfanoni sun yi ƙoƙari su ƙirƙiri ƙananan faifan diski (misali, Amstrad ya ƙirƙiri faifan floppy 3-inch waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin ZX Spectrum +3, kuma Canon ya samar da fayafai na musamman na 2-inch don yin rikodi da adana bidiyo mai haɗawa), amma ba su taɓa yin ba. kama. Amma na'urorin waje sun fara bayyana a kasuwa, wadanda a akida suka fi kusanci da na'urorin waje na zamani.
Akwatin Bernoulli na Iomega da mummunan "mutuwa danna"
Duk abin da mutum zai iya faɗi, ɗimbin faifan floppy sun yi ƙanƙanta don adana isassun bayanai masu yawa: ta tsarin zamani ana iya kwatanta su da matakan shigarwa. Amma menene, a cikin wannan yanayin, ana iya kiransa analogue na rumbun kwamfutarka ta waje ko madaidaicin jiha? Kayayyakin Iomega sun fi dacewa da wannan rawar.
Na'urarsu ta farko, wacce aka gabatar a cikin 1982, ita ce abin da ake kira Bernoulli Box. Duk da babban ƙarfin wannan lokacin (na'urori na farko suna da damar 5, 10 da 20 MB), na'urar ta asali ba ta shahara ba saboda, ba tare da ƙari ba, girman girmansa: "floppy disks" daga Iomega yana da girma na 21 by 27,5 cm, wanda yayi daidai da takardar A4.
Wannan shine abin da ainihin harsashi na akwatin Bernoulli yayi kama
Na'urorin kamfanin sun sami karbuwa tun daga Bernoulli Box II. An rage girman ma'aunin faifai: sun riga sun sami tsayin 14 cm da faɗin 13,6 cm (wanda yake daidai da daidaitattun faifan floppy 5,25-inch, idan ba ku la'akari da kauri na 0,9 cm), yayin da yana nuna ƙarfin da ya fi ban sha'awa: daga 20 MB don ƙirar layin shigarwa zuwa 230 MB don tuki waɗanda aka ci gaba da siyarwa a cikin 1993. Irin waɗannan na'urori sun kasance a cikin nau'i biyu: azaman na'urori na ciki don PCs (godiya ga raguwar girman su, ana iya shigar da su a maimakon masu karanta diski mai girman inch 5,25) da tsarin ajiyar waje da aka haɗa da kwamfutar ta hanyar haɗin SCSI.
Akwatin Bernoulli ƙarni na biyu
Magada kai tsaye na akwatin Bernoulli sune Iomega ZIP, wanda kamfanin ya gabatar a cikin 1994. Haɗin gwiwar Dell da Apple sun sami sauƙaƙa sosai don shaharar su, waɗanda suka fara shigar da mashinan ZIP a cikin kwamfutocin su. Samfurin farko, ZIP-100, ya yi amfani da faifai masu ƙarfin 100 bytes (kimanin 663 MB), yana alfahari da saurin canja wurin bayanai na kusan 296 MB/s da lokacin samun bazuwar da bai wuce millisecond 96 ba, kuma ana iya yin tafiyar da waje. an haɗa zuwa PC ta hanyar LPT ko SCSI. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci, ZIP-1 tare da damar 28 bytes (250 MB) ya bayyana, kuma a ƙarshen jerin - ZIP-250, waɗanda ke dacewa da faifai na ZIP-640 da aiki tare da ZIP-384 a cikin yanayin gado ( daga tsofaffin tafiyarwa ba zai yiwu ba kawai karanta bayanai). Af, alamun waje har ma sun sami damar karɓar tallafi don USB 239 da FireWire.
Iomega ZIP-100 na waje
Tare da zuwan CD-R / RW, abubuwan da Iomega ya yi a dabi'a sun nutse cikin mantawa - tallace-tallace na na'urori sun fara raguwa, bayan da ya ragu kusan sau hudu a shekara ta 2003, kuma tuni ya ɓace gaba ɗaya a cikin 2007 (ko da yake ƙaddamar da samarwa ya faru ne kawai a cikin 2010). Wataƙila abubuwa sun kasance daban idan ZIP ba ta da wasu al'amuran dogaro.
Abun shine cewa aikin na'urorin, masu ban sha'awa ga waɗannan shekarun, an tabbatar da su ta hanyar rikodin RPM: faifan floppy yana juyawa a cikin saurin 3000 rpm! Wataƙila kun riga kun yi hasashen dalilin da yasa ba a kira na'urorin farko da komai ba sai akwatin Bernoulli: saboda saurin jujjuyawar farantin maganadisu, iskar da ke tsakanin rubutun da saman ta ya yi sauri, iska ta faɗi, sakamakon haka. wanda faifan ya matsa kusa da firikwensin (Dokar Bernoulli a aiki). A ka'ida, wannan fasalin yakamata ya sanya na'urar ta zama abin dogaro, amma a aikace, masu amfani sun fuskanci irin wannan mummunan al'amari kamar Clicks of Death. Duk wani, har ma da ƙarami, burar akan farantin maganadisu da ke motsawa cikin babban gudu na iya lalata kan rubutun ba tare da jurewa ba, bayan haka tuƙi zai yi fakin mai kunnawa kuma ya maimaita ƙoƙarin karantawa, wanda ke tare da dannawa halaye. Irin wannan rashin lafiyan ya kasance "mai saurin kamuwa da cuta": idan mai amfani bai sami damar yin amfani da shi nan da nan ba kuma ya shigar da wani floppy diski a cikin na'urar da ta lalace, to bayan yunƙurin karantawa shi ma ya zama wanda ba za a iya amfani da shi ba, tunda rubutun da ya karye na lissafin lissafi da kansa ya lalace. surface na floppy faifai. A lokaci guda, floppy disk tare da burrs zai iya "kashe" wani mai karatu nan da nan. Saboda haka, waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da kayayyakin Iomega dole ne a hankali duba da serviceability na floppy faifai, da kuma a kan daga baya model ko da m alamun gargadi ya bayyana.
Fayafai na gani na Magneto: HAMR retro salon
A ƙarshe, idan muna magana game da kafofin watsa labaru masu ɗaukar hoto, ba za mu iya kasa ambaton irin wannan mu'ujiza ta fasaha kamar magneto-optical disks (MO). Na'urorin farko na wannan ajin sun bayyana a farkon 80s na karni na 1988, amma sun zama mafi tartsatsi ne kawai a cikin 256, lokacin da NeXT ya gabatar da PC ta farko mai suna NeXT Computer, wanda ke da injin magneto-optical drive wanda Canon ya kera kuma yana tallafawa aikin. tare da faifai tare da damar XNUMX MB.
NeXT Computer - PC na farko sanye take da injin magneto-optical drive
Kasancewar magneto-optical disks yana sake tabbatar da daidaiton epigraph: kodayake fasahar rikodin thermomagnetic (HAMR) an tattauna sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kawai, an sami nasarar amfani da wannan hanyar a MO fiye da shekaru 30 da suka gabata! Ka'idar yin rikodi akan fayafai na magneto-optical yana kama da HAMR, ban da wasu nuances. Fayafai da kansu an yi su ne da ferromagnets - gami da ke da ikon kiyaye maganadisu a yanayin zafi ƙasa da ma'aunin Curie (kimanin ma'aunin Celsius 150) in babu fallasa zuwa filin maganadisu na waje. A lokacin rikodi, saman farantin ya kasance mai zafi da Laser zuwa zafin jiki na wurin Curie, bayan haka wani kan maganadisu da ke gefen baya na faifai ya canza magnetization na wurin da ya dace.
Babban bambanci tsakanin wannan hanya da HAMR shine cewa an kuma karanta bayanin ta amfani da Laser mai ƙarancin ƙarfi: wani katako na Laser da aka yi amfani da shi ya wuce ta cikin farantin faifai, wanda aka nuna daga ma'auni, sa'an nan kuma, wucewa ta tsarin tsarin mai karatu, ya buga. na'urar firikwensin, wanda ya yi rikodin canji a polarization Laser jirgin sama. Anan za ku iya lura da aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen Kerr (tasirin lantarki-quadratic electro-optical), ainihin abin da shine canza ma'anar refractive na kayan gani daidai da murabba'in ƙarfin filin lantarki.
Ka'idar karantawa da rubuta bayanai akan faifan magneto-optical
Fayilolin na farko na magneto-optical ba su goyi bayan sake rubutawa ba kuma an tsara su ta hanyar gajeriyar WORM (Rubuta Sau ɗaya, Karanta Manya), amma daga baya samfuran sun bayyana waɗanda ke goyan bayan rubutawa da yawa. An sake rubutawa a cikin hanyoyi guda uku: na farko, an goge bayanan daga faifai, sa'an nan kuma an yi rikodin da kansa, bayan haka an duba amincin bayanan. Wannan hanya ta tabbatar da ingancin rikodin rikodi, wanda ya sa MOs ya fi aminci fiye da CD da DVD. Kuma sabanin floppy faifai, magneto-Optical kafofin watsa labarai kusan ba batun demagnetization: bisa ga masana'antun' kimanta, da ajiya lokaci na bayanai a kan rewritable MOs ne a kalla shekaru 50.
Tuni a cikin 1989, injina mai girman inci 5,25 mai fuska biyu masu karfin 650 MB sun bayyana a kasuwa, suna ba da saurin karantawa har zuwa 1 MB/s da lokutan shiga bazuwar daga 50 zuwa 100 ms. A ƙarshen shahararren MO, mutum zai iya samun samfura akan kasuwa waɗanda zasu iya ɗaukar har zuwa 9,1 GB na bayanai. Koyaya, ƙananan faifai 90 mm masu ƙarfin aiki daga 128 zuwa 640 MB ana amfani da su sosai.
Karamin 640 MB magneto-optical drive daga Olympus
A shekara ta 1994, farashin naúrar na 1 MB na bayanai da aka adana akan irin wannan tuƙi ya tashi daga 27 zuwa 50 cents dangane da masana'anta, wanda, tare da babban aiki da aminci, ya sa su zama cikakkiyar gasa. Ƙarin fa'idar na'urorin magneto-optical idan aka kwatanta da ZIPs iri ɗaya shine tallafi don kewayon musaya, gami da ATAPI, LPT, USB, SCSI, IEEE-1394a.
Duk da fa'idodin, magneto-optics shima yana da ƙarancin rashin amfani. Alal misali, tafiyarwa daga daban-daban brands (kuma MO da aka samar da yawa manyan kamfanoni, ciki har da Sony, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Maxell, Mitsubishi, Olympus, Nikon, Sanyo da sauransu) ya zama m tare da juna saboda tsara fasali. Hakanan, yawan amfani da wutar lantarki da kuma buƙatar ƙarin tsarin sanyaya sun iyakance amfani da irin waɗannan na'urori a cikin kwamfyutocin. A ƙarshe, sake zagayowar sau uku yana ƙaruwa lokacin yin rikodi, kuma an warware wannan matsala ne kawai a shekara ta 1997 tare da zuwan fasahar LIMDOW (Light Intensity Modulated Direct Overwrite), wanda ya haɗu da matakai biyu na farko zuwa ɗaya ta hanyar ƙara magneto da aka gina a cikin diski. harsashi, wanda ya aiwatar da bayanan gogewa. Sakamakon haka, magneto-optics a hankali ya rasa dacewa har ma a fagen adana bayanai na dogon lokaci, yana ba da hanya ga masu rafi na LTO na gargajiya.
Kuma koyaushe ina rasa wani abu...
Duk abin da aka ambata a sama yana kwatanta sauƙi mai sauƙi cewa ko yaya ƙwararrun ƙirƙira ta kasance, dole ne, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya dace da lokaci. IBM Simon ya yanke hukunci ga gazawa, tunda a lokacin bayyanarsa mutane ba sa buƙatar cikakken motsi. Magneto-optical faifai ya zama kyakkyawan madadin HDDs, amma ya kasance ƙwararrun ƙwararru da masu sha'awar, tunda a wancan lokacin saurin, dacewa kuma, ba shakka, ƙananan farashi sun fi mahimmanci ga mabukaci mai yawa, wanda matsakaicin mai siye ya shirya. don sadaukar da aminci. Waɗancan ZIP ɗin guda ɗaya, duk da fa'idodin su, ba su taɓa samun damar zama na yau da kullun ba saboda gaskiyar cewa mutane ba sa son kallon kowane faifan floppy a ƙarƙashin gilashin ƙara girma, suna neman burrs.
Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa zaɓin yanayi a ƙarshe ya keɓance kasuwa a fili zuwa wurare guda biyu masu daidaitawa: kafofin watsa labarai masu cirewa (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray), fayafai (don adana ƙananan bayanai) da rumbun kwamfyuta na waje (na adadi mai yawa). Daga cikin na ƙarshe, ƙananan nau'ikan inci 2,5 a cikin mutum ɗaya sun zama ƙa'idodin da ba a faɗi ba, bayyanar wanda muke binta da farko ga kwamfyutocin. Wani dalili na shaharar su shine ingancin farashin su: idan HDDs na 3,5-inch na zamani a cikin yanayin waje da kyar ba za a iya kiran su "mai ɗaukar hoto", kuma dole ne su haɗa ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki (wanda ke nufin har yanzu dole ne ku ɗauki adaftar tare da ku). ), sannan mafi yawan abin da injinan inci 2,5 ke buƙata shine ƙarin haɗin kebul na USB, kuma daga baya kuma samfura masu ƙarfi ba su buƙatar ko da wannan.
Af, muna bin bayyanar ƙaramin HDDs ga PrairieTek, ƙaramin kamfani wanda Terry Johnson ya kafa a 1986. Shekaru uku kacal da gano sa, PrairieTek ya gabatar da babbar rumbun kwamfutarka mai inci 2,5 a duniya mai karfin 20 MB, mai suna PT-220. 30% ƙarin ƙarami idan aka kwatanta da mafita na tebur, injin ɗin yana da tsayin 25 mm kawai, ya zama zaɓi mafi kyau don amfani a cikin kwamfyutocin. Abin takaici, ko da a matsayin majagaba na ƙaramar kasuwar HDD, PrairieTek ba su taɓa iya cin nasara a kasuwa ba, suna yin kuskuren dabarun ƙima. Bayan kafa samar da PT-220, sun mayar da hankali a kan kokarin kara miniaturization, nan da nan saki PT-120 model, wanda, tare da wannan iya aiki da kuma gudun halaye, yana da kauri na kawai 17 mm.
2,5-inch na biyu ƙarni na PrairieTek PT-120 rumbun kwamfutarka
Kuskuren da aka yi shi ne yayin da injiniyoyin PrairieTek ke fafatawa na kowane milimita, masu fafatawa kamar JVC da Conner Peripherals suna ƙara ƙarar rumbun kwamfyuta, kuma wannan ya zama mai yanke hukunci a cikin irin wannan arangamar da ba ta dace ba. Ƙoƙarin kama jirgin, PrairieTek ya shiga tseren makamai, yana shirya samfurin PT-240, wanda ke ƙunshe da 42,8 MB na bayanai kuma yana da rikodin ƙarancin wutar lantarki na wancan lokacin - kawai 1,5 W. Amma kash, ko da wannan bai ceci kamfanin daga lalacewa ba, kuma a sakamakon haka, a cikin 1991 ya daina wanzuwa.
Labarin PrairieTek wani kwatanci ne bayyananne na yadda ci gaban fasaha, ko ta yaya za su iya zama kamar, kasuwa ba za a iya ɗauka ba kawai saboda rashin lokacinsu. A farkon shekarun 90s, masu amfani da su ba su lalace ta hanyar ultrabooks da wayowin komai da ruwan ka ba, don haka babu buƙatar gaggawar irin waɗannan abubuwan. Ya isa a tuno kwamfutar hannu ta GridPad na farko, wanda GRiD Systems Corporation ya fitar a cikin 1989: na'urar "mai ɗaukar nauyi" tana auna fiye da 2 kg kuma kauri ya kai 3,6 cm!
GridPad - kwamfutar hannu ta farko a duniya
Kuma irin wannan "baby" a wancan zamanin an yi la'akari da shi sosai kuma mai dacewa: mai amfani kawai bai ga wani abu mafi kyau ba. A lokaci guda kuma, batun sararin faifai ya fi matsi. GridPad guda ɗaya, alal misali, ba shi da rumbun kwamfyuta: an aiwatar da ma'ajin bayanai bisa ga kwakwalwan RAM, wanda cajin da batir ɗin da aka gina a ciki yake kiyaye shi. Idan aka kwatanta da makamantan na'urori, Toshiba T100X (DynaPad) da ya bayyana daga baya ya yi kama da wani abin al'ajabi na gaske saboda kasancewarsa na'ura mai nauyin gaske mai nauyin 40 MB a cikin jirgin. Gaskiyar cewa na'urar "wayar hannu" ta kasance 4 centimeters lokacin farin ciki bai dame kowa ba.
Toshiba T100X kwamfutar hannu, wanda aka fi sani da Japan a matsayin DynaPad
Amma, kamar yadda ka sani, ci yana zuwa tare da cin abinci. Kowace shekara, buƙatun masu amfani sun ƙaru, kuma ya zama da wuya a gamsar da su. Yayin da iya aiki da saurin kafofin watsa labaru ke ƙaruwa, mutane da yawa sun fara tunanin cewa na'urorin hannu za su iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma ikon samun damar yin amfani da abin hawa mai ɗaukar hoto wanda zai iya ɗaukar duk fayilolin da ake bukata zai zo da amfani. A takaice dai, an sami buƙatu a kasuwa na na'urorin da suka bambanta dangane da dacewa da ergonomics, waɗanda dole ne a gamsu, kuma adawar da ke tsakanin kamfanonin IT ta ci gaba da sabunta ƙarfi.
Anan yana da daraja a sake duba fassarar yau. Zamanin tuƙi mai ƙarfi ya fara tun kafin shekarun 1984: ƙirar farko ta ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya ta injiniya Fujio Masuoka ne ya ƙirƙira ta Toshiba Corporation a cikin 1988, kuma samfurin kasuwanci na farko dangane da shi, Digipro FlashDisk, ya bayyana a kasuwa. da 16. Mu'ujiza ta fasaha ta ƙunshi megabytes na bayanai 5000, kuma farashinsa ya kai dala XNUMX.
Digipro FlashDisk - farkon kasuwancin SSD
Sabuwar yanayin ya sami goyon bayan Digital Equipment Corporation, wanda ya gabatar da na'urori masu girman 90-inch EZ5,25x tare da goyan bayan mu'amalar SCSI-5 da SCSI-1 a farkon 2s. Kamfanin M-Systems na Isra'ila bai tsaya a gefe ba, yana ba da sanarwar a cikin 1990 dangin ingantattun tutoci mai suna Fast Flash Disk (ko FFD), waɗanda suka fi tunawa da na zamani: SSDs suna da tsarin 3,5-inch kuma suna iya riƙewa. daga 16 zuwa 896 megabyte data. Model na farko, wanda ake kira FFD-350, an sake shi a cikin 1995.
M-Systems FFD-350 208 MB - samfurin SSDs na zamani
Ba kamar rumbun kwamfyutoci na gargajiya ba, SSDs sun fi ƙanƙanta, suna da babban aiki kuma, mafi mahimmanci, sun kasance masu juriya ga girgiza da girgiza mai ƙarfi. Mai yuwuwa, wannan ya sa su kusan ƴan takarar da suka dace don ƙirƙirar na'urorin ajiyar wayar hannu, idan ba don “amma” ɗaya ba: tsadar farashi a kowace naúrar ajiyar bayanai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa irin waɗannan hanyoyin sun zama marasa dacewa ga kasuwar mabukaci. Sun kasance sananne a cikin yanayin kamfanoni, an yi amfani da su a cikin jirgin sama don ƙirƙirar "akwatunan baƙar fata," kuma an shigar da su a cikin manyan kwamfutoci na cibiyoyin bincike, amma ƙirƙirar samfurin tallace-tallace a lokacin ba a cikin tambaya: babu wanda zai saya su ko da idan. kowane kamfani ya yanke shawarar siyar da irin waɗannan abubuwan tuƙi akan farashi.
Amma canje-canjen kasuwa bai daɗe ba. Haɓaka ɓangaren mabukaci na abubuwan tafiyarwa na SSD mai cirewa ya sami sauƙi sosai ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto na dijital, saboda a cikin wannan masana'antar ne aka sami ƙarancin ƙarancin kafofin watsa labarai masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Ka yi wa kanka hukunci.
Kyamarar dijital ta farko ta bayyana a duniya (tuna da kalmomin Mai-Wa'azi) a cikin Disamba 1975: Stephen Sasson, injiniya a Kamfanin Eastman Kodak ne ya ƙirƙira ta. Samfurin ya ƙunshi allunan da'ira da aka buga dozin da yawa, na'urar gani da aka aro daga Kodak Super 8, da na'urar rikodin kaset (an yi rikodin hotuna akan kaset na yau da kullun). An yi amfani da batura 16 nickel-cadmium a matsayin tushen wutar lantarki don kyamarar, kuma duka abu ya kai kilogiram 3,6.
Samfurin kyamarar dijital na farko da Kamfanin Eastman Kodak ya kirkira
Matsakaicin matrix na CCD na wannan "yaro" shine kawai 0,01 megapixels, wanda ya ba da damar samun firam na 125 × 80 pixels, kuma kowane hoto ya ɗauki 23 seconds don ƙirƙirar. Yin la'akari da irin waɗannan halayen "m", irin wannan naúrar ya kasance ƙasa da SLRs na gargajiya na gargajiya ta kowane fanni, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙirƙirar samfurin kasuwanci a kan shi ya kasance ba a cikin tambaya ba, ko da yake an gane abin da aka kirkiro a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci. Mahimmanci a cikin tarihin ci gaban daukar hoto, kuma an shigar da Steve a hukumance a cikin Babban Zauren Kayan Lantarki na Mabukaci.
Shekaru 6 bayan haka, Sony ya karɓi yunƙurin daga Kodak, yana ba da sanarwar a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 1981 kyamarar bidiyo mara fim Mavica (sunan gajarta don kyamarar Bidiyo na Magnetic).
Samfurin kyamarar dijital ta Sony Mavica
Kyamara daga giant ɗin Jafananci ya fi ban sha'awa sosai: samfurin ya yi amfani da matrix CCD na 10 zuwa 12 mm kuma yana alfahari da matsakaicin ƙuduri na 570 x 490 pixels, kuma an yi rikodin rikodi akan ƙananan faifan Mavipack 2-inch, waɗanda ke da ikon rike daga firam 25 zuwa 50 dangane da yanayin harbi. Abin da ake yi shi ne, firam ɗin da aka kafa ya ƙunshi filayen talabijin guda biyu, kowannensu an naɗa shi azaman bidiyo mai haɗaka, kuma yana yiwuwa a naɗa filayen biyu lokaci ɗaya, ko ɗaya kawai. A cikin yanayin ƙarshe, ƙudurin firam ɗin ya ragu da sau 2, amma irin wannan hoton yana auna rabin.
Sony ya fara shirin fara samar da Mavica mai yawa a cikin 1983, kuma farashin dillalan kyamarori ya kamata ya zama $ 650. A aikace, na farko masana'antu kayayyaki ya bayyana ne kawai a 1984, da kuma kasuwanci aiwatar da aikin a cikin nau'i na Mavica MVC-A7AF da Pro Mavica MVC-2000 ga haske kawai a 1986, da kyamarori kudin kusan wani tsari na girma fiye. fiye da yadda aka tsara tun farko.
Kamara na Dijital Sony Pro Mavica MVC-2000
Duk da farashi mai ban sha'awa da ƙima, yana da wuya a kira Mavica na farko mafita mai kyau don amfani da ƙwararru, kodayake a wasu yanayi irin waɗannan kyamarori sun zama mafita mai kyau. Misali, masu ba da rahoto na CNN sun yi amfani da Sony Pro Mavica MVC-5000 lokacin da suke rufe abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 4 ga Yuni a dandalin Tiananmen. Ingantacciyar ƙirar ta karɓi matrix CCD masu zaman kansu guda biyu, ɗayan wanda ya haifar da siginar bidiyo mai haske, ɗayan kuma - siginar bambancin launi. Wannan hanya ta sa ya yiwu a watsar da amfani da tace launi na Bayer kuma ƙara ƙuduri a kwance zuwa 500 TVL. Koyaya, babban fa'idar kyamarar shine tallafinta don haɗin kai tsaye zuwa tsarin PSC-6, wanda ke ba ku damar watsa hotuna da aka karɓa ta hanyar rediyo kai tsaye zuwa ofishin edita. Godiya ga wannan ne CNN ta kasance ta farko da ta fara buga rahoto daga wurin, kuma daga baya Sony ya sami lambar yabo ta Emmy na musamman saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen haɓaka watsa hotunan labarai na dijital.
Sony Pro Mavica MVC-5000 - kyamarar kyamarar da ta sa Sony ya lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy
Amma idan mai daukar hoto yana da dogon tafiya na kasuwanci daga wayewa? A wannan yanayin, zai iya ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin kyamarorin Kodak DCS 100 masu ban mamaki, waɗanda aka saki a watan Mayu 1991. Wani babban nau'in nau'in kyamarar Nikon F3 HP SLR mai ƙananan tsari tare da akwatin saitin dijital na DCS Digital Film Back sanye take da winder, an haɗa shi zuwa sashin Ma'ajiya na Dijital na waje (dole ne a sa shi akan madaurin kafada) ta amfani da na USB.
Kodak DCS 100 kyamarar dijital ita ce siffa ta "ƙaddara"
Kodak ya ba da samfura guda biyu, kowannensu yana da bambance-bambance da yawa: launi DCS DC3 da baƙar fata da fari DCS DM3. Duk kyamarorin da ke cikin layin an sanye su da matrices tare da ƙudurin megapixels 1,3, amma sun bambanta da girman ma'ajin, wanda ya ƙayyade matsakaicin adadin firam ɗin da aka yarda yayin ci gaba da harbi. Alal misali, gyare-gyare tare da 8 MB a kan jirgin zai iya yin harbi a gudun 2,5 firam a sakan daya a cikin jerin firam 6, kuma mafi ci gaba, 32 MB, ya ba da izinin jerin tsayin firam 24. Idan wannan madaidaicin ya wuce, saurin harbi ya ragu zuwa firam 1 a cikin daƙiƙa 2 har sai an share maƙerin gaba ɗaya.
Dangane da sashin DSU, an sanye shi da 3,5-inch 200 MB rumbun kwamfutarka, mai iya adanawa daga hotuna 156 "raw" zuwa 600 da aka matsa ta amfani da na'urar JPEG na hardware (wanda aka saya da shigar da ƙari), da nunin LCD don kallon hotuna. . Ma'ajiya mai wayo har ma yana ba ku damar ƙara taƙaitaccen bayanin hoto, amma wannan yana buƙatar haɗa maɓallin madannai na waje. Tare da batura, nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 3,5, yayin da jimlar nauyin kit ɗin ya kai kilogiram 5.
Duk da jin dadi da farashi daga 20 zuwa 25 dubu daloli (a cikin matsakaicin matsakaici), kimanin 1000 irin na'urorin da aka sayar a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, wanda, ban da 'yan jarida, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya masu sha'awar, 'yan sanda da dama na masana'antu. A cikin kalma, akwai buƙatar irin waɗannan samfurori, da kuma buƙatar gaggawa don ƙarin ƙananan kafofin watsa labaru. SanDisk ya ba da mafita mai dacewa lokacin da ya gabatar da ƙa'idar CompactFlash a cikin 1994.
CompactFlash katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya waɗanda SanDisk ke ƙera da adaftar PCMCIA don haɗa su zuwa PC
Sabuwar tsarin ya zama mai nasara sosai cewa an yi amfani da shi cikin nasara a yau, kuma CompactFlash Association, wanda aka kirkiro a 1995, a halin yanzu yana da fiye da kamfanoni 200 masu shiga ciki, ciki har da Canon, Eastman Kodak Company, Hewlett-Packard, Hitachi Global Systems Technologies, Lexar. Media , Reneas Technology, Socket Communications da sauran su.
Katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na CompactFlash sun fahariya gabaɗaya girman 42 mm ta 36 mm tare da kauri na 3,3 mm. Keɓancewar zahirin abubuwan tafiyarwa shine ainihin PCMCIA da aka cire (filin 50 maimakon 68), godiya ga wanda irin wannan katin za'a iya haɗa shi cikin sauƙi zuwa PCMCIA Nau'in fadada katin II ta amfani da adaftar m. Yin amfani da, sake, adaftar m, CompactFlash na iya musayar bayanai tare da na'urori na gefe ta hanyar IDE (ATA), kuma masu adaftar aiki na musamman sun ba da damar yin aiki tare da musaya masu alaƙa (USB, FireWire, SATA).
Duk da ƙananan ƙarfin aiki (na farko CompactFlash zai iya riƙe 2 MB na bayanai kawai), katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na irin wannan suna cikin buƙata a cikin ƙwararrun yanayi saboda ƙayyadaddun su da ingancinsu (daya irin wannan motar ta cinye kusan 5% na wutar lantarki idan aka kwatanta da 2,5 na al'ada. -inch HDDs, wanda ya ba da damar tsawaita rayuwar baturi na na'ura mai ɗaukuwa) da haɓaka, wanda aka samu ta hanyar duka tallafi don musaya daban-daban da ikon yin aiki daga tushen wutar lantarki tare da ƙarfin lantarki na 3,3 ko 5 volts, kuma Mafi mahimmanci - juriya mai ban sha'awa ga abubuwan da suka wuce 2000 g, wanda kusan mashaya ne wanda ba za a iya samu ba don faifan diski na gargajiya.
Abun shine a zahiri ba zai yuwu a ƙirƙira da gaske masu jure girgiza ba saboda fasalin ƙirar su. Lokacin faɗuwa, kowane abu yana fuskantar tasirin motsa jiki na ɗaruruwa ko ma dubban g (daidaitaccen haɓakawa saboda nauyi daidai da 9,8 m/s2) a cikin ƙasa da miliyon 1, wanda ga HDDs na gargajiya yana cike da sakamako mara kyau. , daga cikinsu ya zama dole a haskaka:
- zamewa da ƙaurawar faranti na magnetic;
- bayyanar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin bearings, su da wuri-wuri;
- bugun kawunan kan saman faranti na maganadisu.
Halin na ƙarshe shine mafi haɗari ga tuƙi. Lokacin da tasirin tasirin tasirin ya kasance kai tsaye ko kuma a ɗan kwana kaɗan zuwa jirgin saman kwance na HDD, kawuna na maganadisu da farko sun karkata daga matsayinsu na asali sannan su faɗi ƙasa sosai zuwa saman pancake, suna taɓa shi da gefen, sakamakon haka. wanda farantin maganadisu yana karɓar lalacewar ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ba kawai wurin da tasirin ya faru ba (wanda, ta hanyar, zai iya samun tasiri mai mahimmanci idan ana yin rikodin bayanai ko karantawa a lokacin faɗuwar), amma har ma wuraren da ɓangarorin ƙananan ƙwayoyin magnetic suka kasance. warwatse: kasancewa magnetized , ba sa canzawa a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfin centrifugal zuwa gaɓoɓin, sauran a saman farantin maganadisu, suna tsoma baki tare da ayyukan karantawa / rubuta na yau da kullun kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin lalacewa ga duka pancake kanta da kuma rubutun kai. Idan tasirin yana da ƙarfi sosai, hakan na iya haifar da firikwensin ya tsage kuma abin tuƙi ya gaza gaba ɗaya.
Bisa la'akari da duk abubuwan da ke sama, ga masu ba da rahoto na hoto sababbin abubuwan tafiyarwa sun kasance da gaske ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba: yana da kyau a sami katunan dozin ko biyu marasa ma'ana tare da ku fiye da ɗaukar wani abu mai girman VCR a bayanku, wanda ya kusan 100. % mai yiyuwa gazawa daga ƙaramar bugun ƙarfi. Koyaya, katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya har yanzu suna da tsada sosai ga masu siye. Shi ya sa Sony ya samu nasarar mamaye kasuwar batu-da-harbi tare da Mavica MVC-FD cube, wanda ya adana hotuna zuwa daidaitattun faifan diski mai inci 3,5 da aka tsara a cikin DOS FAT12, wanda ya tabbatar da dacewa da kusan kowane PC na lokacin.
Kamara dijital mai son Sony Mavica MVC-FD73
Kuma wannan ya ci gaba kusan har zuwa karshen shekaru goma, har IBM ya shiga tsakani. Duk da haka, za mu yi magana game da wannan a talifi na gaba.
Wadanne na'urori da ba a saba gani ba kuka ci karo da su? Wataƙila kun sami damar yin harbi akan Mavica, kalli azabar ZIP na Iomega da idanunku, ko amfani da Toshiba T100X? Raba labarun ku a cikin sharhi.
source: www.habr.com