A wannan shekara kernel na Linux ya cika shekaru 27. OS bisa shi kamfanoni da yawa, hukumomin gwamnati, cibiyoyin bincike da ko'ina cikin duniya.
Fiye da kwata na ƙarni, an buga labarai da yawa (ciki har da kan Habré) suna ba da labari game da sassa daban-daban na tarihin Linux. A cikin wannan jerin kayan, mun yanke shawarar haskaka mafi mahimmanci kuma abubuwan ban sha'awa masu alaƙa da wannan tsarin aiki.
Bari mu fara da abubuwan da suka faru a gaban Linux da tarihin sigar farko ta kernel.
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Zamanin “kasuwar kyauta”
Fitowar Linux daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin buɗaɗɗen software. Haihuwar wannan tsarin aiki yana da yawa ga ra'ayoyi da kayan aikin da aka kafa da kuma "balagagge" shekaru da yawa a tsakanin masu haɓakawa. Saboda haka, da farko, bari mu juya zuwa asalin “motsi mai buɗewa”.
A farkon shekarun 50, ma'aikatan jami'o'i da dakunan gwaje-gwaje ne suka kirkiro mafi yawan software a Amurka. ba tare da wani hani ba. Anyi hakan ne don sauƙaƙe musayar ilimi a cikin al'ummar kimiyya. Maganin buɗaɗɗen tushen farko na wancan lokacin tsarin A-2, wanda aka rubuta don kwamfutar UNIVAC Remington Rand a 1953.
A cikin waɗannan shekarun, an kafa rukunin farko na masu haɓaka software kyauta, SHARE. Sun yi aiki bisa ga samfurin" Sakamakon aikin wannan rukunin zuwa ƙarshen 50s OS na suna iri ɗaya.
Wannan tsarin (da sauran samfuran SHARE) daga masu kera kayan aikin kwamfuta. Godiya ga manufar bude su, sun sami damar ba abokan ciniki ba kayan aiki kawai ba, har ma da software ba tare da ƙarin farashi ba.
Zuwan Kasuwanci da Haihuwar Unix
A cikin 1959, Binciken Bayanai na Aiwatarwa (ADR) ya karɓi oda daga ƙungiyar RCA - shirin don cikawa ta atomatik taswirar kwarara. Masu haɓakawa sun kammala aikin, amma ba su yarda da RCA akan farashin ba. Don kada a "jefa" samfurin da aka gama, ADR ya sake tsara mafita don dandalin IBM 1401 kuma ya fara aiwatar da shi da kansa. Duk da haka, tallace-tallace ba su da kyau sosai, saboda yawancin masu amfani suna jiran madadin kyauta ga maganin ADR wanda IBM ke shirin.
ADR ba zai iya ƙyale sakin samfurin kyauta mai irin wannan aiki ba. Don haka, mai haɓaka Martin Goetz daga ADR ya ba da takardar izinin shirin kuma a cikin 1968 ya zama na farko a tarihin Amurka. nasa. Daga yanzu zamanin tallace-tallace a cikin masana'antar haɓaka - daga “bonus” zuwa kayan masarufi, software ya zama samfur mai zaman kansa.
Kusan lokaci guda, ƙaramin ƙungiyar masu shirye-shirye daga Bell Labs sama da tsarin aiki don ƙaramin kwamfuta na PDP-7 - Unix. An ƙirƙiri Unix azaman madadin wani OS - Multics.
Ƙarshen ya kasance mai rikitarwa kuma kawai yayi aiki akan dandamali na GE-600 da Honeywell 6000. An sake rubuta shi a SI, Unix ya kamata ya zama mai ɗaukar hoto da sauƙi don amfani (mafi yawa godiya ga tsarin fayil na matsayi tare da tushen tushen tushen guda ɗaya).
A cikin 50s, AT&T riƙe, wanda a wancan lokacin ya haɗa da Bell Labs, wata yarjejeniya da gwamnatin Amurka ta hana kamfani sayar da manhaja. Don haka, farkon masu amfani da Unix - ƙungiyoyin kimiyya - Lambar tushen OS kyauta ne.
AT&T ya ƙaura daga manufar rarraba software kyauta a farkon 80s. Saboda Bayan an raba kamfanin zuwa kamfanoni da yawa, dokar hana siyar da software ta daina aiki, kuma riƙewar ta daina rarraba Unix kyauta. An yi wa masu haɓakawa barazana da ƙararraki don raba lambar tushe mara izini. Barazana ba ta da tushe - tun 1980, shirye-shiryen kwamfuta sun zama ƙarƙashin haƙƙin mallaka a Amurka.
Ba duk masu haɓakawa ne suka gamsu da yanayin da AT&T ya faɗa ba. Ƙungiya masu goyon baya daga Jami'ar California a Berkeley sun fara nemo wata hanyar warwarewa. A cikin 70s, makarantar ta sami lasisi daga AT&T, kuma masu sha'awar sun fara ƙirƙirar sabon rarraba bisa ga shi, wanda daga baya ya zama Unix Berkeley Software Distribution, ko BSD.
Buɗe tsarin Unix-kamar ya kasance nasara, wanda AT&T ya lura nan da nan. Kamfanin zuwa kotu, kuma dole ne marubutan BSD su cire su maye gurbin duk lambar tushe ta Unix da ke da hannu. Wannan ya ɗan sassauta faɗaɗa Rarraba Software na Berkeley kaɗan a waɗannan shekarun. An fito da sabon sigar tsarin a cikin 1994, amma ainihin gaskiyar buɗaɗɗen OS mai kyauta da buɗaɗɗiya ya zama muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin ayyukan buɗaɗɗen tushe.
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Komawa zuwa asalin software na kyauta
A cikin ƙarshen 70s, ma'aikatan Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts direba don firinta da aka sanya a ɗayan azuzuwan. Lokacin da matsi na takarda ya haifar da jerin gwano na ayyukan bugawa, masu amfani sun karɓi sanarwar da ke neman su gyara matsalar. Daga baya, sashen ya sami sabon firinta, wanda ma'aikata ke so su ƙara irin wannan aikin. Amma saboda wannan muna buƙatar lambar tushe na direba na farko. Ma'aikacin shirye-shirye Richard M. Stallman ya bukaci takwarorinsa, amma an ki amincewa da shi - ya zama cewa wannan bayanin sirri ne.
Wannan ƙaramin lamari na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman rabo a tarihin software na kyauta. Stallman ya fusata da halin da ake ciki. Bai ji daɗi da ƙuntatawa da aka sanya akan raba lambar tushe a cikin yanayin IT ba. Don haka, Stallman ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar tsarin aiki mai buɗewa kuma ya ba masu sha'awa damar yin canje-canje a cikin sa.
A cikin Satumba 1983, ya sanar da ƙirƙirar GNU Project - GNU's Ba UNIX ("GNU ba Unix") ba. Ya dogara ne a kan bayyani wanda kuma ya zama tushen lasisin software kyauta - GNU General Public License (GPL). Wannan matakin ya nuna farkon motsin buɗaɗɗen tushen motsin software.
Bayan 'yan shekaru, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Farfesa Andrew S. Tanenbaum ya haɓaka tsarin Unix-like Minix a matsayin kayan aikin koyarwa. Ya so ya sanya shi a matsayin mai yiwuwa ga dalibai. Mawallafin littafinsa, wanda ya zo da OS, aƙalla a ƙimar ƙima don aiki tare da tsarin. Andrew da mawallafin sun yi sulhu akan farashin lasisi na $69. A farkon 90s Minix shahara tsakanin masu ci gaba. Kuma ta kasance qaddara tushen ci gaban Linux.
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Haihuwar Linux da rarrabawar farko
A cikin 1991, wani matashi mai tsara shirye-shirye daga Jami'ar Helsinki, Linus Torvalds, yana ƙware Minix. Gwaje-gwajensa tare da OS don yin aiki akan sabon kwaya. A ranar 25 ga Agusta, Linus ya shirya wani buɗaɗɗen binciken ƙungiyar masu amfani da Minix game da abin da ba su ji daɗin wannan OS ba, kuma ya sanar da haɓaka sabon tsarin aiki. Wasiƙar Agusta ta ƙunshi mahimman abubuwa da yawa game da OS na gaba:
- tsarin zai kasance kyauta;
- tsarin zai yi kama da Minix, amma lambar tushe za ta bambanta sosai;
- tsarin ba zai zama "babba da ƙwararru kamar GNU ba."
Ana ɗaukar 25 ga Agusta ranar haihuwar Linux. Linus da kansa daga wani kwanan wata - Satumba 17. A wannan rana ne ya loda farkon sakin Linux (0.01) zuwa uwar garken FTP kuma ya aika saƙon imel ga mutanen da suka nuna sha'awar sanarwarsa da bincikensa. An adana kalmar "Freaks" a cikin lambar tushe na sakin farko. Abin da Torvalds ya shirya ke nan ya kira kwaya (haɗin kalmomin "kyauta", "freak" da Unix). Mai kula da uwar garken FTP ba ya son sunan kuma ya sake masa suna aikin zuwa Linux.
Jerin sabuntawa ya biyo baya. A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, an sake sakin kernel version 0.02, kuma a watan Disamba - 0.11. An fara rarraba Linux ba tare da lasisin GPL ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa masu haɓakawa za su iya amfani da kwaya kuma su gyara ta, amma ba su da ikon sake siyar da sakamakon aikinsu. Tun daga watan Fabrairu 1992, an ɗaga duk hane-hane na kasuwanci - tare da sakin sigar 0.12, Torvalds ya canza lasisi zuwa GNU GPL v2. Wannan matakin daga baya Linus ya kira ɗayan abubuwan da ke tabbatar da nasarar Linux.
Shahararriyar Linux a tsakanin masu haɓaka Minix sun girma. Na ɗan lokaci, an yi tattaunawa a cikin comp.os.minix Usenet feed. A farkon 92, mahaliccin Minix Andrew Tanenbaum ya ƙaddamar a cikin al'umma game da gine-ginen kernel, yana cewa "Linux ya ƙare." Dalilin, a cikin ra'ayinsa, shi ne monolithic OS kwaya, wanda a cikin adadi da yawa ya zama ƙasa da Minix microkernel. Wani korafi na Tanenbaum ya shafi "daure" na Linux zuwa layin sarrafawa na x86, wanda, bisa ga hasashen farfesa, ya kamata ya nutse cikin mantawa nan gaba. Shi kansa Linus da masu amfani da tsarin aiki guda biyu sun shiga muhawarar. Sakamakon takaddamar, an raba al'umma zuwa sansani biyu, kuma magoya bayan Linux sun sami nasu abincin - comp.os.linux.
Al'umma sun yi aiki don faɗaɗa ayyukan sigar asali - an haɓaka direbobi na farko da tsarin fayil. Sigar farko na Linux a kan faifai guda biyu kuma ya ƙunshi faifan boot tare da kernel da tushen faifai wanda ya shigar da tsarin fayil da wasu shirye-shirye na yau da kullun daga kayan aikin GNU.
A hankali, al'umma sun fara haɓaka rabon tushen Linux na farko. Yawancin nau'ikan farko an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar masu sha'awa maimakon kamfanoni.
Rabawar farko, MCC Interim Linux, an ƙirƙira shi bisa sigar 0.12 a cikin Fabrairu 1992. Marubucinsa masanin shirye-shirye ne daga Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Jami'ar Manchester - ci gaba a matsayin "gwaji" don kawar da wasu gazawa a cikin tsarin shigarwa na kwaya kuma ƙara yawan ayyuka.
Ba da daɗewa ba, adadin rarraba al'ada ya karu sosai. Yawancinsu sun kasance ayyukan gida, "» bai wuce shekaru biyar ba, misali, Softlanding Linux System (SLS). Duk da haka, akwai kuma rarrabawar da aka gudanar ba kawai don samun gindin zama a kasuwa ba, har ma ya yi tasiri ga ci gaba da bunkasa ayyukan bude ido. A cikin 1993, an fitar da rabe-rabe biyu - Slackware da Debian - waɗanda suka fara manyan canje-canje a cikin masana'antar software kyauta.
Debian Ian Murdock tare da tallafi daga Stallman Free Software Foundation. An yi niyya azaman madadin "sleek" ga SLS. Debian har yanzu ana tallafawa a yau kuma yana da ci gaba bisa Linux. A kan tushensa, bi da bi, an ƙirƙiri adadin sauran kayan rarrabawa masu mahimmanci ga tarihin kwaya - alal misali, Ubuntu.
Amma game da Slackware, wani farkon kuma aikin tushen Linux ne mai nasara. An fitar da sigar farko a shekarar 1993. By , bayan shekaru biyu, Slackware ya yi lissafin kusan kashi 80% na shigarwar Linux. Kuma bayan shekaru da yawa rarraba mashahuri tsakanin masu haɓakawa.
A cikin 1992, an kafa kamfanin SUSE (ƙaddamar da software- und System-Entwicklung - software da haɓaka tsarin) a Jamus. Ita ce ta farko Kayayyakin tushen Linux don abokan ciniki. Rarraba ta farko da SUSE ta fara aiki da ita shine Slackware, wanda aka daidaita don masu amfani da Jamusanci.
Daga wannan lokacin ne zamanin kasuwanci a cikin tarihin Linux ya fara, wanda za mu yi magana game da shi a cikin labarin na gaba.
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source: www.habr.com