Muna ci gaba da tunawa da tarihin ci gaban ɗayan samfuran mafi mahimmanci a cikin buɗe tushen duniya. A cikin labarin da ya gabata mun game da abubuwan da suka faru kafin zuwan Linux, kuma sun ba da labarin haihuwar sigar farko ta kernel. A wannan lokacin za mu mai da hankali kan lokacin kasuwanci na wannan buɗewar OS, wanda ya fara a cikin 90s.
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Haihuwar Kayayyakin Kasuwanci
Lokaci na ƙarshe da muka tsaya a SUSE, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara tallata OS na tushen Linux a cikin 1992. Ya fara sakin samfuran don abokan ciniki na kasuwanci dangane da sanannen rarraba Slackware. Don haka, kamfanin ya nuna cewa za a iya yin buɗaɗɗen haɓakawa ba kawai don nishaɗi ba, har ma don riba.
Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara bin wannan yanayin shine ɗan kasuwa Bob Young da mai haɓaka Marc Ewing daga Amurka. A 1993 Bob kamfani mai suna ACC Corporation kuma ya fara siyar da samfuran software na buɗaɗɗen tushe. Amma Mark, a farkon 90s yana aiki ne kawai akan sabon rarraba Linux. Ewing ya sanya wa aikin suna Red Hat Linux bayan jar hular da ya saka a lokacin da yake aiki a dakin binciken kwamfuta a Jami’ar Carnegie Mellon. Beta na rarrabawa a lokacin rani na 1994 dangane da Linux kernel 1.1.18.
Saki na gaba na Red Hat Linux a watan Oktoba kuma an kira shi Halloween. Ya bambanta da farkon beta a gaban takardun da ikon zaɓar tsakanin nau'ikan kwaya guda biyu - 1.0.9 da 1.1.54. Bayan wannan, ana fitar da sabuntawa kusan kowane watanni shida. Al'ummar haɓakawa sun amsa da kyau ga wannan jadawalin sabuntawa kuma da son rai sun shiga gwada shi.
Tabbas, shaharar tsarin bai wuce Bob Young ba, wanda yayi gaggawar ƙara samfurin a cikin kundinsa. Fayafai da fayafai tare da sigar farko na Red Hat Linux ana siyar da su kamar waina. Bayan irin wannan nasarar, dan kasuwa ya yanke shawarar saduwa da Mark da kansa.
Ganawar tsakanin Matasa da Ewing ya haifar da samuwar Red Hat a cikin 1995. An nada Bob sunan Shugaba. Shekarun farko na wanzuwar kamfanin sun kasance masu wahala. Don ci gaba da kamfani, Bob ya yi kudade daga katunan bashi. A wani lokaci, jimlar bashin ya kai dala dubu 50. Duk da haka, farkon cikakken sakin Red Hat Linux akan kernel 1.2.8 ya gyara halin da ake ciki. Ribar da aka samu tana da yawa, wanda ya ba Bob damar biyan bankunan.
Af, a lokacin ne duniya ta ga wani sananne , wanda yake rike da jaka a hannu daya rike da jar hula da daya.
A shekara ta 1998, kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara daga tallace-tallace na rarraba Red Hat ya fi dala miliyan 5. A shekara mai zuwa, adadi ya ninka sau biyu, kuma kamfanin. IPO ku dala biliyan da dama.
Ci gaba mai aiki na ɓangaren kamfani
A tsakiyar 90s, lokacin da Red Hat Linux rarraba alkukinsa a kasuwa, kamfanin ya dogara ga ci gaban sabis. Masu haɓakawa sigar kasuwanci ta OS wanda ya haɗa da takardu, ƙarin kayan aikin, da tsarin shigarwa mai sauƙi. Kuma kadan daga baya, a 1997, kamfanin wadanda. goyon bayan abokin ciniki.
A cikin 1998, tare da Red Hat, haɓaka ɓangaren kamfanoni na Linux ya riga ya kasance Oracle, Informix, Netscape da Core. A cikin wannan shekarar, IBM ta ɗauki matakin farko don magance buɗaɗɗen tushen mafita. WebSphere, dangane da buɗaɗɗen tushen sabar gidan yanar gizon Apache.
Glyn Moody, marubucin littattafai game da Linux da Linus Torvalds, , cewa a wannan lokacin ne IBM ya hau hanyar da, bayan shekaru 20, ya jagoranci ta siyan Red Hat akan dala biliyan 34. Wata hanya ko wata, tun daga lokacin, IBM ya kara kusantar da yanayin yanayin Linux da Red Hat a ciki. musamman. A cikin 1999 kamfanin ƙoƙarin yin aiki akan tsarin kasuwancin IBM dangane da Red Hat Linux.
Bayan shekara guda, Red Hat da IBM sun cimma sabuwar yarjejeniya - su inganta da aiwatar da hanyoyin Linux daga kamfanoni biyu a cikin masana'antu a duniya. Yarjejeniyar ta shafi kayayyakin IBM kamar DB2, WebSphere Application Server, Lotus Domino da IBM Small Business Pack. A cikin 2000, IBM duk dandamalin uwar garken sa sun dogara ne akan Linux. A wancan lokacin, da dama ayyuka-m albarkatun na kamfanin sun riga aiki a kan tushen da wannan tsarin aiki. Daga cikinsu akwai, alal misali, wani babban kwamfuta a Jami'ar New Mexico.
Baya ga IBM, Dell ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Red Hat a waɗannan shekarun. Babban godiya ga wannan, a cikin 1999 kamfanin uwar garken farko tare da Linux OS da aka riga aka shigar. A cikin ƙarshen 90s da farkon 2000s, Red Hat ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da wasu kamfanoni - tare da HP, SAP, Compaq. Duk wannan ya taimaka wa Red Hat samun gindin zama a bangaren masana'antu.
Juyi a cikin tarihin Red Hat Linux ya zo a cikin 2002-2003, lokacin da kamfanin ya canza sunan babban samfurinsa na Red Hat Enterprise Linux kuma ya yi watsi da rarraba kyauta. Tun daga wannan lokacin, a ƙarshe ya sake dawo da kansa zuwa ɓangaren kamfani kuma, a wata ma'ana, ya zama jagoransa - yanzu kamfanin. kusan kashi uku na duka kasuwar uwar garken.
Amma duk da wannan, Red Hat bai juya baya ga software na kyauta ba. Magajin kamfanin a wannan yanki shine rarraba Fedora, sigar farko wacce (wanda aka saki a cikin 2003) dangane da Red Hat Linux kernel 2.4.22. A yau, Red Hat yana goyan bayan haɓaka Fedora kuma yana amfani da ci gaban ƙungiyar a cikin samfuran sa.
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Fara gasar
Rabin farko na wannan labarin shine kusan gaba ɗaya game da Red Hat. Amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa wasu ci gaba a cikin yanayin yanayin Linux ba su bayyana a cikin shekaru goma na farko na OS ba. Red Hat ya fi mayar da hankali ga vector na ci gaban tsarin aiki da kuma rarraba da yawa, amma ko da a cikin kamfanoni kashi kamfanin ba kawai player.
Baya ga ita, SUSE, TurboLinux, Caldera da sauransu sun yi aiki a nan, waɗanda kuma suka shahara kuma “sun girma” tare da al'umma masu aminci. Kuma irin waɗannan ayyukan ba su kula da masu fafatawa ba, musamman Microsoft.
A cikin 1998, Bill Gates ya yi kalamai na ƙoƙarin rage girman Linux. Misali, shi cewa "bai taba ji daga abokan ciniki game da irin wannan tsarin aiki ba."
Koyaya, a waccan shekarar, a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara zuwa Hukumar Tsaro da Musanya ta Amurka, Microsoft Linux yana cikin masu fafatawa. A lokaci guda kuma akwai yoyon abin da ake kira - bayanin kula daga ma'aikacin Microsoft, wanda yayi nazarin kasada masu gasa daga Linux da buɗaɗɗen software.
Tabbatar da duk tsoron Microsoft a cikin 1999, ɗaruruwan masu amfani da Linux daga ko'ina cikin duniya a rana ɗaya. zuwa ofisoshin kamfanoni. Sun yi niyyar mayar da kuɗi don tsarin Windows da aka riga aka shigar a kan kwamfutocin su a zaman wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe na duniya - Windows Refund Day. Don haka, masu amfani sun nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da keɓantacce na OS na Microsoft a cikin kasuwar PC.
Rikicin da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin giant IT da al'ummar Linux ya ci gaba da karuwa a farkon 2000s. A lokacin Linux fiye da kwata na kasuwar uwar garken kuma ya ci gaba da haɓaka rabonsa. Dangane da bayanan wadannan rahotanni, an tilasta wa Shugaban Microsoft Steve Ballmer ya shigar da Linux a fili a matsayin babban mai fafatawa a kasuwar uwar garke. Kusan lokaci guda ya bude OS "ciwon daji" na kayan fasaha kuma a zahiri yana adawa da duk wani ci gaba tare da lasisin GPL.
Muna ciki Mun tattara kididdigar OS don sabar masu aiki da abokan cinikinmu.
Idan muka yi magana game da rarrabawar mutum ɗaya, Ubuntu ya kasance mafi shahara tsakanin abokan cinikin 1cloud - 45%, sannan CentOS (28%) da Debian (26%) suka biyo baya kaɗan.
Wani gaba a cikin gwagwarmayar Microsoft tare da al'ummomin masu haɓakawa shine sakin Lindows OS bisa tushen Linux kernel, sunan wanda Windows ya kwafi. A cikin 2001 Microsoft Amurka da kamfanin haɓaka OS, suna neman canza sunan. A martanin da ta mayar, ta yi ƙoƙari ta soke haƙƙin Microsoft na ɗaya daga cikin kalmomin Ingilishi da abubuwan da suka samo asali. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, kamfanin ya lashe wannan jayayya - sunan LindowsOS ku Linspire. Duk da haka, masu haɓaka buɗaɗɗen OS sun yanke wannan shawarar ne bisa radin kansu don gujewa ƙarar Microsoft a wasu ƙasashe inda ake rarraba tsarin aikin su.
Me game da Linux kernel?
Duk da tashe-tashen hankulan da aka samu tsakanin kamfanoni da kuma kalamai masu tsauri akan software kyauta daga manyan manajojin manyan kamfanoni, al'ummar Linux sun ci gaba da bunkasa. Masu haɓakawa sun yi aiki akan sabbin rarrabawa buɗe kuma sun sabunta kwaya. Godiya ga yaduwar Intanet, wannan ya zama mafi sauƙi. A cikin 1994, an saki sigar 1.0.0 na Linux kernel, bayan shekaru biyu ta hanyar sigar 2.0. Tare da kowane saki, OS yana goyan bayan aiki akan adadin masu sarrafawa da manyan firam ɗin.
A cikin tsakiyar 90s, Linux, wanda ya riga ya shahara tsakanin masu haɓakawa, ya haɓaka ba kawai a matsayin samfurin fasaha ba, har ma a matsayin alama. A shekarar 1995 Expo na farko na Linux da taro, wanda ke nuna sanannun masu magana a cikin al'umma, gami da Mark Ewing. A cikin ƴan shekaru, Expo ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a duniyar Linux.
A cikin 1996, duniya ta fara ganin alamar tare da sanannen penguin , wanda har yanzu yana tare da samfuran Linux. Nasa mai tsara shirye-shirye kuma mai tsara Larry Ewing bisa labarai game da wani "penguin mai ban tsoro" wanda wata rana ya kai wa Linus Torvalds hari kuma ya kamu da cutar da ake kira "penguinitis".
A cikin ƙarshen 90s, samfurori biyu masu mahimmanci a cikin tarihin Linux an sake su ɗaya bayan ɗaya - GNOME da KDE. Godiya ga waɗannan kayan aikin, tsarin Unix, gami da Linux, sun sami ingantacciyar mu'amala mai hoto ta giciye. Sakin waɗannan kayan aikin za a iya kiransa ɗaya daga cikin matakan farko zuwa kasuwa mai yawa. Za mu ba ku ƙarin bayani game da wannan mataki na tarihin Linux a kashi na gaba.
A kan 1cloud kamfani blog:
source: www.habr.com