Saboda cin abinci na tsarin Windows, yanayin VPS ya mamaye rabe-raben Linux masu nauyi: Mint, Colibri OS, Debian ko Ubuntu, ba tare da yanayin tebur mai nauyi wanda ba dole ba don dalilanmu. Kamar yadda suke faɗa, kawai console, kawai hardcore! Kuma a gaskiya ma, wannan ba ƙari ba ne: Debian iri ɗaya yana farawa akan 256 MB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kuma cibiya ɗaya tare da agogon 1 Ghz, wato, akan kusan kowane "kututture". Don aikin jin daɗi za ku buƙaci aƙalla 512 MB da mai sarrafawa mai sauri. Amma idan mun gaya muku cewa zaku iya yin kusan abu ɗaya akan VPS mai gudana Windows? Me ya sa ba kwa buƙatar fitar da Windows Server mai nauyi, wanda ke buƙatar kadada uku zuwa huɗu na RAM kuma aƙalla nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka rufe a 1,4 GHz? Kawai amfani da Core Windows Server - kawar da GUI da wasu ayyuka. Za mu yi magana game da yadda ake yin wannan a cikin labarin.
Wanene wannan Windows Server Core?
Babu wani takamaiman bayani game da abin da Windows (uwar garken) Core yake har ma a kan gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Mikes, ko kuma a maimakon haka, komai yana da ruɗani a can wanda ba za ku fahimta nan da nan ba, amma ambaton farko ya koma zamanin Windows Server 2008. Mahimmanci, Windows Core Sabar kernel ce mai aiki ta Windows (ba zato ba tsammani!), “Mai bakin ciki” ta girman GUI nata da kusan rabin sabis na gefe.
Babban fasalin Windows Core shine kayan aikin sa marasa buƙata da cikakken sarrafa kayan wasan bidiyo ta PowerShell.
Idan kun je gidan yanar gizon Microsoft kuma ku bincika buƙatun fasaha, to don fara Windows Server 2016/2019 kuna buƙatar aƙalla gigs 2 na RAM kuma aƙalla cibiya ɗaya tare da saurin agogo na 1,4 GHz. Amma duk mun fahimci cewa tare da irin wannan tsarin za mu iya kawai tsammanin tsarin zai fara, amma tabbas ba aikin jin daɗin OS ɗin mu ba ne. Don haka ne Windows Server galibi ana keɓance ƙarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aƙalla zaren guda 2/4 daga na'urar, idan ba su samar masa da na'ura mai tsadar gaske akan wasu Xeon ba, maimakon na'ura mai arha.
A lokaci guda kuma, tushen tsarin uwar garken kanta yana buƙatar 512 MB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai, kuma waɗannan kayan aikin da GUI ke cinyewa don kawai a zana su akan allon tare da kiyaye yawancin ayyukan sa ana iya amfani da su don wani abu mafi amfani.
Anan ga kwatancen ayyukan Windows Core da aka goyan baya daga cikin akwatin da cikakken Windows Server daga gidan yanar gizon Microsoft na hukuma:
aikace-aikace
ainihin sabar
uwar garken dagogewar tebur
Umurnin gaggawa
akwai
akwai
Windows PowerShell/Microsoft .NET
akwai
akwai
Perfmon.exe
babu
akwai
Windbg (GUI)
goyan
akwai
Resmon.exe
babu
akwai
Regedit
akwai
akwai
Fsutil.exe
akwai
akwai
Disksnapshot.exe
babu
akwai
Diskpart.exe
akwai
akwai
Diskmgmt. msc
babu
akwai
devmgmt.msc
babu
akwai
Mai sarrafa fayil
babu
akwai
mmc.exe
babu
akwai
Eventvwr
babu
akwai
Wevtutil (Tambayoyin taron)
akwai
akwai
Ayyuka. msc
babu
akwai
Control Panel
babu
akwai
Sabunta Windows (GUI)
babu
akwai
Windows Explorer
babu
akwai
Taskbar
babu
akwai
Sanarwa na Taskbar
babu
akwai
Taskmgr
akwai
akwai
Internet Explorer ko Edge
babu
akwai
Tsarin taimako da aka gina a ciki
babu
akwai
Windows 10 Shell
babu
akwai
Fayil ɗin mai jarida ta Windows
babu
akwai
PowerShell
akwai
akwai
PowerShell ISE
babu
akwai
PowerShell IME
akwai
akwai
Mstsc.exe
babu
akwai
Ayyukan Desktop Far
akwai
akwai
Mai sarrafa Hyper-V
babu
akwai
Kamar yadda kake gani, an yanke abubuwa da yawa daga Windows Core. Ayyuka da tafiyar matakai da ke da alaƙa da GUI na tsarin, da kuma duk wani "datti" wanda ba shakka ba a buƙata a kan na'ura mai mahimmanci na kayan aikin mu, misali, Windows Media Player, ya shiga ƙarƙashin wuka.
Kusan kamar Linux, amma ba shi ba
Ina so in kwatanta Windows Server Core tare da rarraba Linux, amma a gaskiya wannan ba daidai ba ne. Haka ne, waɗannan tsarin suna kama da juna dangane da rage yawan amfani da albarkatu saboda watsi da GUI da yawancin ayyuka na gefe, amma dangane da aiki da wasu hanyoyin da za a iya haɗuwa, wannan har yanzu Windows ne, kuma ba tsarin Unix ba.
Misali mafi sauƙi shine ta hanyar gina kwaya ta Linux da hannu sannan shigar da fakiti da ayyuka, ko da rarraba Linux mai nauyi za a iya juya zuwa wani abu mai nauyi kuma mai kama da wuka na Sojojin Switzerland (a nan ina son yin ba'a game da Python. kuma saka hoto daga jerin "Idan Harsunan Shirye-shiryen Sun kasance Makamai", amma ba za mu yi ba). A cikin Windows Core akwai irin wannan 'yanci da yawa, saboda muna, bayan haka, mu'amala da samfurin Microsoft.
Windows Server Core ya zo da shiri, wanda za'a iya ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun tsarin sa daga teburin da ke sama. Idan kuna buƙatar wani abu daga jerin marasa tallafi, dole ne ku ƙara abubuwan da suka ɓace akan layi ta cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo. Gaskiya ne, kada ku manta game da Feature akan buƙata da ikon sauke abubuwan da aka gyara azaman fayilolin CAB, wanda za'a iya ƙarawa zuwa taron kafin shigarwa. Amma wannan rubutun baya aiki idan kun riga kun gano yayin aiwatar da cewa kuna rasa ɗayan ayyukan yanke.
Amma abin da ke bambanta nau'in Core daga cikakken sigar shine ikon sabunta tsarin da ƙara ayyuka ba tare da tsayawa aiki ba. Windows Core yana goyan bayan fakiti masu zafi, ba tare da sake yi ba. A sakamakon haka, bisa la'akari da aiki: na'urar da ke aiki da Windows Core yana buƙatar sake kunnawa ~ sau 6 kasa da wanda ke aiki da Windows Server, wato sau ɗaya a kowane wata shida, ba sau ɗaya a wata ba.
Kyakkyawan kari ga masu gudanarwa shine cewa idan ana amfani da tsarin kamar yadda aka yi niyya - ta hanyar na'ura wasan bidiyo, ba tare da RDP ba - kuma ba a juya zuwa Windows Server na biyu ba, to yana da aminci sosai idan aka kwatanta da cikakken sigar. Bayan haka, yawancin raunin Windows Server sun kasance saboda RDP da ayyukan mai amfani wanda, ta wannan RDP, yana yin wani abu da bai kamata a yi ba. Yana da wani abu kamar labarin tare da Henry Ford da kuma halinsa game da launi na mota: "Kowane abokin ciniki zai iya sa motar ta fentin kowane launi da yake so idan dai ita ce. black" Daidai ne tare da tsarin: mai amfani zai iya sadarwa tare da tsarin ta kowace hanya, babban abu shine ya aikata ta ta hanyar. na'ura wasan bidiyo.
Shigarwa da sarrafa Windows Server 2019 Core
Mun ambata a baya cewa Windows Core shine ainihin Windows Server ba tare da kunsa na GUI ba. Wato, zaku iya amfani da kusan kowace sigar Windows Server azaman sigar asali, wato, watsi da GUI. Don samfura a cikin dangin Windows Server 2019, wannan shine 3 cikin 4 ginin uwar garken: ana samun ainihin yanayin don Windows Server 2019 Standard Edition, Windows Server 2019 Datacenter da Hyper-V Server 2019, wato, kawai Windows Server 2019 Essentials ba a cire. daga wannan lissafin.
A wannan yanayin, ba kwa buƙatar gaske nemo fakitin shigarwa na Windows Server Core. A cikin daidaitaccen mai sakawa na Microsoft, ana ba da sigar asali ta zahiri ta tsohuwa, yayin da sigar GUI dole ne a zaɓi sigar da hannu:
A zahiri, akwai ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka don sarrafa tsarin fiye da wanda aka ambata PowerShell, wanda masana'anta ke bayarwa ta tsohuwa. Kuna iya sarrafa injin kama-da-wane akan Windows Server Core ta hanyoyi daban-daban aƙalla guda biyar:
- PowerShell mai nisa;
- Kayayyakin Gudanar da Sabar (RSAT);
- Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Windows;
- Sconfig;
- Manajan Sabis.
Matsayi uku na farko sune mafi girman sha'awa: daidaitaccen PowerShell, RSAT da Cibiyar Gudanar da Windows. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa yayin da muke karɓar fa'idodin ɗayan kayan aikin, muna kuma karɓar iyakokin da ya sanya.
Ba za mu bayyana iyawar na'urar wasan bidiyo ba; PowerShell PowerShell ne, tare da fa'idodinsa da fursunoni. Tare da RSAT da WAC komai ya ɗan fi rikitarwa.
WAC yana ba ku dama ga mahimman sarrafa tsarin kamar gyara wurin yin rajista da sarrafa fayafai da na'urori. RSAT a farkon yanayin yana aiki ne kawai a yanayin gani kuma ba zai ba ku damar yin kowane canje-canje ba, kuma don sarrafa fayafai da na'urori na zahiri Kayan aikin Gudanarwa na nesa na buƙatar GUI, wanda ba haka bane a cikin yanayinmu. Gabaɗaya, RSAT ba zai iya aiki tare da fayiloli ba kuma, daidai da haka, sabuntawa, shigarwa/cire shirye-shirye a gyara wurin yin rajista.
▍ Gudanar da tsarin
WAC
RSAT
Sarrafa sassa
A
A
Editan rajista
A
Babu
Gudanar da hanyar sadarwa
A
A
Mai Kallon Biki
A
A
Raba Jakunkuna
A
A
Gudanar da diski
A
Sai kawai don sabobin masu GUI
Jadawalin Aiki
A
A
Gudanar da na'ura
A
Sai kawai don sabobin masu GUI
Gudanar da fayil
A
Babu
sarrafa mai amfani
A
A
Gudanar da rukuni
A
A
Gudanar da takaddun shaida
A
A
Ana ɗaukakawa
A
Babu
Cire shirye-shirye
A
Babu
Tsarin Kulawa
A
A
A gefe guda, RSAT yana ba mu cikakken iko akan ayyukan na'ura, yayin da Windows Admin Center ba zai iya yin komai a zahiri game da wannan ba. Anan ga kwatancen iyawar RSAT da WAC ta wannan fanni, don bayyanawa:
▍ Gudanar da aikin
WAC
RSAT
Babban Kariyar Zare
GABATARWA
Babu
Fayil na Windows
GABATARWA
A
Kwantena
GABATARWA
A
AD Cibiyar Gudanarwa
GABATARWA
A
AD Domain da Amintattu
Babu
A
Shafukan AD da ayyuka
Babu
A
DHCP
GABATARWA
A
DNS
GABATARWA
A
Manajan DFS
Babu
A
Manajan GPO
Babu
A
IIS Manager
Babu
A
Wato, ya riga ya bayyana cewa idan muka watsar da GUI da PowerShell don goyon bayan sauran sarrafawa, ba za mu iya yin nasara tare da yin amfani da wani nau'in kayan aiki na mono-mono ba: don cikakken gudanarwa ta kowane bangare, za mu buƙaci aƙalla. hadewar RSAT da WAC.
Koyaya, kuna buƙatar tuna cewa zaku biya megabyte 150-180 na RAM don amfani da WAC. Lokacin da aka haɗa, Cibiyar Gudanar da Windows tana ƙirƙirar zaman 3-4 a gefen uwar garken, waɗanda ba a kashe su ko da lokacin da aka cire haɗin kayan aiki daga na'ura mai mahimmanci. WAC kuma baya aiki tare da tsofaffin nau'ikan PowerShell, don haka kuna buƙatar aƙalla PowerShell 5.0. Duk wannan ya saba wa tsarin mu na austerity, amma dole ne ku biya don ta'aziyya. A cikin yanayinmu - RAM.
Wani zaɓi don sarrafa Core Server shine shigar da GUI ta amfani da kayan aikin ɓangare na uku, don kada a ja daɗaɗɗen datti da ke zuwa tare da keɓancewa a cikin babban taro.
A wannan yanayin, muna da zaɓuɓɓuka biyu: mirgine ainihin Explorer akan tsarin ko amfani da Explorer ++. A matsayin madadin na ƙarshe, kowane mai sarrafa fayil ya dace: Total Commander, FAR Manager, Double Commander, da sauransu. Na ƙarshe ya fi dacewa idan adana RAM yana da mahimmanci a gare ku. Kuna iya ƙara Explorer++ ko kowane mai sarrafa fayil ta ƙirƙirar babban fayil ɗin cibiyar sadarwa da ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa ko mai tsarawa.
Shigar da cikakken Explorer zai ba mu ƙarin dama dangane da aiki tare da software sanye take da UI. Don wannan mu to Server Core App Compatibility Feature on Demand (FOD) wanda zai dawo da MMC, Eventvwr, PerfMon, Resmon, Explorer.exe har ma da Powershell ISE zuwa tsarin. Koyaya, dole ne mu biya wannan, kamar yadda yake a cikin WAC: za mu yi asarar kusan megabytes 150-200 na RAM ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, wanda Explorer.exe da sauran ayyuka za su lalata su ba tare da jin ƙai ba. Ko da babu mai amfani mai aiki akan na'urar.
Wannan shine yadda amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta tsarin yayi kama da injina tare da kuma ba tare da kunshin Explorer na asali ba.
Tambaya mai ma'ana ta taso a nan: me yasa duk wannan rawa tare da PowerShell, FOD, masu sarrafa fayil, idan kowane mataki hagu ko dama yana haifar da karuwa a cikin RAM? Me yasa za ku shafe kanku da tarin kayan aiki kuma ku shuɗe daga gefe zuwa gefe don tabbatar da aiki mai daɗi akan Windows Server Core, lokacin da kawai zaku iya saukar da Windows Server 2016/2019 kuma ku rayu kamar farin mutum?
Akwai dalilai da yawa don amfani da Core Server. Na farko: amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na yanzu kusan rabin hakan. Idan kun tuna, wannan yanayin shine tushen labarinmu a farkon farawa. Don kwatantawa, ga yawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Windows Server 2019, kwatanta da hotunan kariyar kwamfuta da ke sama:
Don haka, 1146 MB na amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya maimakon 655 MB akan Core.
Tsammanin ba kwa buƙatar WAC kuma za ku yi amfani da Explorer++ maimakon ainihin Explorer, sannan ku har yanzu za ku ci kusan rabin hectare akan kowace na'ura mai kama da Windows Server. Idan na'ura mai kama-da-wane ne kawai, to karuwar ba ta da mahimmanci, amma idan sun kasance biyar? Wannan shine inda samun GUI ke da mahimmanci, musamman idan ba kwa buƙatar sa.
Abu na biyu, duk wani raye-raye a kusa da Windows Server Core ba zai kai ku ga yaƙar babbar matsalar sarrafa Windows Server ba - RDP da tsaro (mafi dai-daita, cikakkiyar rashinsa). Windows Core, ko da an lulluɓe shi da FOD, RSAT da WAC, har yanzu uwar garken ce ba tare da RDP ba, wato, ba ta da sauƙi ga 95% na hare-haren da ake ciki.
Ya rage
Gabaɗaya, Windows Core yana da ɗan kiba fiye da kowane rarraba Linux, amma yana da ƙarin aiki. Idan kuna buƙatar 'yantar da albarkatu kuma kuna shirye don yin aiki tare da na'ura wasan bidiyo, WAC da RSAT, kuma kuyi amfani da masu sarrafa fayil maimakon cikakken GUI, to Core ya cancanci kulawa. Bugu da ƙari, tare da shi za ku iya guje wa ƙarin biyan kuɗi don cikakken Windows, kuma ku kashe kuɗin da aka ajiye don haɓakawa ku. , ƙara a can, misali, RAM. Don saukakawa, mun ƙara Windows Server Core zuwa namu .
source: www.habr.com