Gabatarwa zuwa SSDs. Kashi na 1. Tarihi

Nazarin tarihin faifai shine farkon tafiya don fahimtar ƙa'idodin aiki na tuƙi mai ƙarfi. Kashi na farko na jerin labaran mu, "Gabatarwa ga SSDs," zai ɗauki yawon shakatawa na tarihi kuma ya ba ku damar fahimtar bambanci tsakanin SSD da abokin hamayyarsa, HDD.

Duk da ɗimbin na'urori daban-daban don adana bayanai, shaharar HDDs da SSDs a zamaninmu ba abin musantawa ba ne. Bambanci tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan tuƙi guda biyu a bayyane yake ga matsakaicin mutum: SSD ya fi tsada da sauri, yayin da HDD ya fi arha kuma ya fi sarari.

Ya kamata a ba da kulawa ta musamman ga naúrar ma'auni don ƙarfin ajiya: a tarihi, ana fahimtar prefixes na goma kamar kilo da mega a cikin mahallin fasahar bayanai a matsayin iko na goma da ashirin na biyu. Don kawar da ruɗani, an gabatar da prefixes na binary kibi-, mebi- da sauransu. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin waɗannan akwatunan saiti ya zama sananne yayin da ƙarar ƙarar ke ƙaruwa: lokacin siyan faifan 240 gigabyte, zaku iya adana gigabytes 223.5 na bayanai akansa.

Shiga cikin tarihi

Haɓaka rumbun kwamfutarka na farko ya fara ne a cikin 1952 ta IBM. Ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1956, an sanar da sakamakon ƙarshe na ci gaba - IBM 350 Model 1. Motar ta ƙunshi 3.75 mebibytes na bayanai tare da girman girman girman: 172 centimeters a tsawo, 152 centimeters a tsawon da 74 centimeters a fadin. A ciki akwai faifai na bakin ciki 50 wanda aka lulluɓe da ƙarfe mai tsafta tare da diamita na mm 610 (inci 24). Matsakaicin lokacin neman bayanai akan faifai ya ɗauki ~600 ms.

Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, IBM ya ci gaba da inganta fasahar. An gabatar da shi a cikin 1961 Farashin 1301 tare da damar 18.75 megabyte tare da karanta kawunan kan kowane farantin. IN Farashin 1311 harsashin faifai masu cirewa sun bayyana, kuma tun 1970, an shigar da tsarin gano kurakurai da tsarin gyara cikin IBM 3330. Bayan shekaru uku ya bayyana Farashin 3340 aka sani da "Winchester".

Winchester (daga bindigar Winchester na Ingilishi) - sunan gaba ɗaya na bindigogi da bindigogin da Kamfanin Maimaita Makamai na Winchester ya kera a Amurka a rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX. Waɗannan su ne ɗayan bindigogin harbi na farko masu maimaitawa waɗanda suka shahara sosai a tsakanin masu siye. Suna bin sunan su ga wanda ya kafa kamfanin, Oliver Fisher Winchester.

IBM 3340 ya ƙunshi dunƙule guda biyu na 30 MiB kowanne, shi ya sa injiniyoyi sun kira wannan diski "30-30". Sunan ya tuna da Winchester Model 1894 bindiga chambered a .30-30 Winchester, jagorancin Kenneth Haughton, wanda ya jagoranci ci gaban IBM 3340, ya ce "Idan yana da 30-30, dole ne ya zama Winchester." a 30 -30, to dole ne ya zama Winchester."). Tun daga wannan lokacin, ba kawai bindigogi ba, har ma da rumbun kwamfyuta ana kiransu "hard drives."

Shekaru uku bayan haka, an saki IBM 3350 "Madrid" tare da faranti 14-inch da lokacin samun damar 25 ms.

Dataram ya ƙirƙiri drive ɗin SSD na farko a cikin 1976. Driver ɗin Dataram BulkCore ya ƙunshi chassis mai sandunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar RAM guda takwas tare da ƙarfin 256 KiB kowanne. Idan aka kwatanta da rumbun kwamfutarka ta farko, BulkCore ya kasance kankanta: 50,8 cm tsayi, 48,26 cm fadi da 40 cm tsayi. A lokaci guda, lokacin samun damar bayanai a cikin wannan ƙirar ya kasance kawai 750 ns, wanda shine saurin sau 30000 fiye da na'urar HDD mafi zamani a wancan lokacin.

A cikin 1978, an kafa Shugart Technology, wanda bayan shekara guda ya canza suna zuwa fasahar Seagate don kauce wa rikici da Shugart Associates. Bayan shekaru biyu na aiki, Seagate ya saki ST-506 - rumbun kwamfutarka ta farko don kwamfutoci na sirri a cikin nau'in nau'in inch 5.25 kuma tare da karfin 5 MiB.

Baya ga bayyanar Shugart Technology, an tuna 1978 don sakin kasuwancin farko na SSD daga StorageTek. StorageTek STC 4305 yana riƙe da 45 MiB na bayanai. An haɓaka wannan SSD azaman maye gurbin IBM 2305, yana da girma iri ɗaya kuma ya kashe $ 400 mai ban mamaki.

A cikin 1982, SSD ya shiga kasuwar kwamfuta ta sirri. Kamfanin Axlon yana haɓaka faifan SSD akan kwakwalwan RAM da ake kira RAMDISK 320 musamman don Apple II. Tun da an ƙirƙiri tuƙi akan ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, an ba da baturi a cikin kit ɗin don kiyaye amincin bayanai. Ƙarfin baturi ya isa na awanni 3 na aiki mai zaman kansa idan aka sami asarar wutar lantarki.

Shekara guda bayan haka, Rodime zai saki rumbun kwamfutar RO352 10 MiB na farko a cikin nau'in nau'in 3.5-inch wanda ya saba da masu amfani da zamani. Duk da cewa wannan shine farkon kasuwancin kasuwanci a cikin wannan nau'i nau'i, Rodime da gaske bai yi wani sabon abu ba.

Samfurin farko a cikin wannan nau'i nau'i ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin floppy drive wanda Tandon da Shugart Associates suka gabatar. Bugu da ƙari, Seagate da MiniScribe sun yarda su ɗauki ma'aunin masana'antu na 3.5-inch, suna barin Rodime a baya, wanda ya fuskanci makomar "tambarin mallaka" da cikakkiyar fita daga masana'antar samarwa.

A cikin 1980, injiniyan Toshiba, Farfesa Fujio Masuoka, ya yi rajistar lamban kira don sabon nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai suna NOR Flash memory. Ci gaban ya ɗauki shekaru 4.

NO ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya babban matrix 2D ne na madugu, wanda a ciki aka shigar da tantanin halitta guda ɗaya a mahadar layuka da ginshiƙai (mai kama da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya akan muryoyin maganadisu).

A cikin 1984, Farfesa Masuoka ya yi magana game da abin da ya kirkiro a taron masu haɓaka kayan lantarki na kasa da kasa, inda Intel da sauri ya gane alkawarin wannan ci gaba. Toshiba, inda Farfesa Masuoka ya yi aiki, bai ɗauki Flash memory a matsayin wani abu na musamman ba, don haka ya bi buƙatar Intel na yin samfura da yawa don nazarin.

Sha'awar Intel ga ci gaban Fujio ya sa Toshiba ya ware injiniyoyi biyar don taimaka wa farfesa ya magance matsalar kasuwancin da aka kirkira. Ita kuwa Intel, ta jefa ma’aikata dari uku wajen samar da nata nau’in memory na Flash.

Yayin da Intel da Toshiba ke haɓaka haɓakawa a fagen ajiyar Flash, abubuwa biyu masu mahimmanci sun faru a cikin 1986. Na farko, SCSI, wani tsari na tarurruka don sadarwa tsakanin kwamfutoci da na'urori, an daidaita su a hukumance. Na biyu kuma, an samar da hanyar sadarwa ta AT Attachment (ATA), wacce aka fi sani da suna Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), wanda hakan ya sa aka matsar da na’urar sarrafa tuki a cikin injin.

Shekaru uku, Fujio Mausoka ya yi aiki don inganta fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar Flash kuma ta 1987 ya haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar NAND.

Ƙwaƙwalwar NAND iri ɗaya ce NO ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, an tsara shi zuwa tsararru mai girma uku. Babban bambanci shine algorithm don samun damar kowane tantanin halitta ya zama mafi rikitarwa, yankin tantanin halitta ya zama ƙarami, kuma jimlar ƙarfin ya karu sosai.

Bayan shekara guda, Intel ya ƙirƙira nata ƙwaƙwalwar NOR Flash, kuma Digipro ya yi tuƙi akan shi mai suna Flashdisk. Sigar farko ta Flashdisk a cikin mafi girman tsarin sa ya ƙunshi 16 MiB na bayanai kuma farashin ƙasa da $500

A ƙarshen 80s da farkon 90s, masana'antun rumbun kwamfyuta sun yi gasa don yin ƙarami. A cikin 1989, PrairieTek ya saki motar PrairieTek 220 20 MiB a cikin nau'in nau'in inch 2.5. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na 1820 "Mustang" ya yi tare da wannan girma, amma riga 1.8 inci. Shekara guda bayan haka, Hewlett-Packard ya rage girman diski zuwa inci 1.3.

Seagate ya kasance mai aminci ga tuƙi a cikin nau'in nau'i na 3.5-inch kuma ya dogara da haɓaka saurin jujjuyawa, yana sakin sanannen ƙirar Barracuda a cikin 1992, rumbun kwamfutarka ta farko tare da saurin igiya na 7200 rpm. Amma Seagate ba zai tsaya a nan ba. A cikin 1996, tuƙi daga layin Seagate Cheetah sun kai saurin jujjuyawar rpm 10000, kuma bayan shekaru huɗu gyare-gyaren X15 ya tashi zuwa 15000 rpm.

A cikin 2000, ATA interface ya zama sananne da PATA. Dalilin haka shi ne fitowar hanyar sadarwa ta Serial ATA (SATA) tare da ƙarin ƙananan wayoyi, goyon bayan musanya mai zafi da ƙara saurin canja wurin bayanai. Seagate shi ma ya jagoranci a nan, yana fitar da rumbun kwamfutarka ta farko tare da irin wannan hanyar sadarwa a cikin 2002.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta farko tana da tsada sosai don samarwa, amma farashin ya ragu sosai a farkon 2000s. Transcend ya yi amfani da wannan, yana sakin abubuwan tafiyar da SSD tare da iyakoki daga 2003 zuwa 16 MiB a cikin 512. Bayan shekaru uku, Samsung da SanDisk sun shiga samar da taro. A cikin wannan shekarar, IBM ya sayar da sashin faifan diski ga Hitachi.

Drivers na Jiha masu ƙarfi suna samun ci gaba kuma akwai matsala bayyananne: ƙirar SATA ta kasance a hankali fiye da SSDs da kansu. Don magance wannan matsalar, ƙungiyar NVM Express Workgroup ta fara haɓaka NVMe - ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ka'idojin samun dama ga SSDs kai tsaye akan bas ɗin PCIe, ketare "matsakaici" a cikin nau'in mai sarrafa SATA. Wannan zai ba da damar samun damar bayanai a saurin bas na PCIe. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, sigar farko ta ƙayyadaddun ya kasance a shirye, kuma bayan shekara guda na farko na NVMe ya bayyana.

Bambance-bambance tsakanin SSDs na zamani da HDDs

A matakin jiki, bambanci tsakanin SSD da HDD yana da sauƙin ganewa: SSD ba shi da abubuwa na inji, kuma ana adana bayanai a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa. Rashin abubuwan motsi yana haifar da saurin samun bayanai a kowane bangare na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, duk da haka, akwai iyaka akan adadin sake rubutawa. Saboda ƙayyadaddun adadin sake rubutawa ga kowane tantanin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, akwai buƙatar tsarin daidaitawa - daidaita lalacewa ta salula ta hanyar canja wurin bayanai tsakanin sel. Ana yin wannan aikin ta mai sarrafa faifai.

Don aiwatar da daidaitawa, mai sarrafa SSD yana buƙatar sanin waɗanne sel ne ke shagaltar da su kuma waɗanda ke da kyauta. Mai sarrafawa yana iya bin diddigin rikodin bayanai a cikin tantanin halitta kanta, wanda ba za a iya faɗi game da gogewa ba. Kamar yadda ka sani, Tsarukan aiki (OS) ba sa goge bayanai daga faifai lokacin da mai amfani ya share fayil, amma sanya madaidaitan wuraren ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a matsayin kyauta. Wannan maganin yana kawar da buƙatar jira aikin diski yayin amfani da HDD, amma bai dace da sarrafa SSD ba. Mai sarrafa tuƙi na SSD yana aiki da bytes, ba tsarin fayil ba, don haka yana buƙatar saƙo daban lokacin da aka share fayil.

Wannan shine yadda umarnin TRIM (Turanci-Trim) ya bayyana, wanda OS ke sanar da mai sarrafa faifai SSD don yantar da wani yanki na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Umurnin TRIM yana goge bayanai har abada daga diski. Ba duk tsarin aiki ba ne ya san aika wannan umarni zuwa faifai masu ƙarfi, kuma masu sarrafa RAID na hardware a cikin yanayin tsararrun faifai ba su taɓa aika TRIM zuwa faifai ba.

A ci gaba…

A cikin wadannan sassa za mu yi magana game da nau'i dalilai, dangane musaya da kuma ciki kungiyar m-jihar tafiyarwa.

A cikin dakin gwaje-gwajenmu Zaɓi Lab Kuna iya gwada HDD na zamani na zamani da SSD kuma ku zana shawarar ku.

Masu amfani da rajista kawai za su iya shiga cikin binciken. Shigadon Allah.

Kuna tsammanin SSD zai iya maye gurbin HDD?

• 71.2%Ee, SSDs sune gaba396

• 7.5%A'a, zamanin magneto-optical HDD42 yana gaba

• 21.2%Sigar matasan HDD + SSD118 zai yi nasara

556 masu amfani sun kada kuri'a. Masu amfani 72 sun kaurace.

source: www.habr.com