Gano matakai tare da ayyukan diski a cikin Linux

TL, DR: Labarin yayi magana game da hanya mai dacewa, sauri da aminci don gano shirye-shiryen Linux waɗanda ke rubuta bayanai zuwa faifai, wanda ke taimakawa wajen gano babban ko rashin daidaituwa akai-akai akan tsarin faifai, kuma yana ba ku damar ƙididdige sama da tsarin fayil ɗin. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga SSDs a cikin PC, EMMCs, da ƙwaƙwalwar Flash a cikin kwamfutocin allo guda ɗaya.
Yayin rubuta wannan labarin, na gano cewa rubuta adadin kilobytes na bayanai zuwa tsarin fayil na BTRFS yana haifar da rubuta megabyte 3 na ainihin bayanai zuwa faifai.

Gabatarwar

"Oh, maganar banza, sel ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya akan SSDs na zamani za su gaza bayan shekarun da suka gabata na amfani da al'ada, kada ku damu da shi, ƙasa da musanyawa, injunan kama-da-wane da babban fayil ɗin bayanan burauzar zuwa HDD" - amsa ta yau da kullun game da tambaya. AMINCI na tuƙi mai ƙarfi tare da garantin ≈150 TBW. Idan kayi kiyasin adadin bayanai na software na yau da kullun zai iya rubutawa, da alama 10-20 GB a kowace rana ya riga ya zama babban adadi, bari a sami matsakaicin 40 GB, ƙari. Idan aka ba waɗannan lambobin, amsar tana da ma'ana - yana ɗaukar shekaru 10 don cimmawa garanti dabi'u don adadin sel da aka sake rubutawa, tare da 40 GB na bayanan da aka yi rikodin kullun.
Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru 6 na riga na yi amfani da SSD na uku: mai kula da na farko ya kasa, kuma na biyu ya fara motsa bayanai tsakanin sel sau da yawa a rana, wanda ya haifar da jinkiri na 30-na biyu a sabis na rikodin.

Bayan watanni 7 na amfani da sabon SSD, na yanke shawarar duba adadin bayanan da aka rubuta, kamar yadda motar ta ruwaito ta hanyar SMART.
19.7 TB.
A cikin watanni 7 kawai, na yi amfani da 13% na adadin garantin bayanan da aka yi rikodin, duk da cewa an saita shi daidai da shawarwarin daidaita sassan da kafa FS, kusan ban taɓa amfani da musanyawa ba, ana samun fayafai na injin kama-da-wane. na HDD!
Wannan adadi ne mai girman gaske; a wannan ƙimar, garantin TBW zai wuce kafin lokacin garantin diski na shekaru 5 ya kai. Kuma kwamfutata ba za ta iya rubuta gigabytes 93 a rana ba! Muna buƙatar bincika adadin bayanai da aka rubuta zuwa faifai a cikin mintuna 10 ...

Total:
Writes Queued: 24,712, 2,237MiB
Writes Completed: 25,507, 2,237MiB
Write Merges: 58, 5,472KiB

2.2 GiB, oh-ho-ho!

Ƙayyade adadin bayanan da aka rubuta zuwa na'urar faifai

Idan na'urarka tana goyan bayan S.M.A.R.T. (SSD, EMMC, wasu MicroSD masana'antu), to, abu na farko da yakamata kuyi shine neman bayanai daga tuƙi ta amfani da shirye-shirye. smartctl, skdump ko mmc (daga mmc-utils).

Misali fitarwa daga shirin smartctl

$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdb
smartctl 7.0 2019-03-31 r4903 [x86_64-linux-5.3.11-200.fc30.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-18, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Samsung based SSDs
Device Model:     Samsung SSD 860 EVO mSATA 250GB
Serial Number:    S41MNC0KA13477K
LU WWN Device Id: 5 002538 e700fa64b
Firmware Version: RVT41B6Q
User Capacity:    250 059 350 016 bytes [250 GB]
Sector Size:      512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate:    Solid State Device
Form Factor:      mSATA
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ACS-4 T13/BSR INCITS 529 revision 5
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Tue Nov 19 01:48:50 2019 MSK
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x00) Offline data collection activity
                                        was never started.
                                        Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                                        without error or no self-test has ever 
                                        been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection:                (    0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:                    (0x53) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                                        Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
                                        Suspend Offline collection upon new
                                        command.
                                        No Offline surface scan supported.
                                        Self-test supported.
                                        No Conveyance Self-test supported.
                                        Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                                        power-saving mode.
                                        Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                                        General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time:        (   2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:        (  85) minutes.
SCT capabilities:              (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
                                        SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
                                        SCT Feature Control supported.
                                        SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 1
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   100   100   010    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   098   098   000    Old_age   Always       -       5171
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       459
177 Wear_Leveling_Count     0x0013   096   096   000    Pre-fail  Always       -       62
179 Used_Rsvd_Blk_Cnt_Tot   0x0013   100   100   010    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
181 Program_Fail_Cnt_Total  0x0032   100   100   010    Old_age   Always       -       0
182 Erase_Fail_Count_Total  0x0032   100   100   010    Old_age   Always       -       0
183 Runtime_Bad_Block       0x0013   100   100   010    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
187 Uncorrectable_Error_Cnt 0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0032   058   039   000    Old_age   Always       -       42
195 ECC_Error_Rate          0x001a   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
199 CRC_Error_Count         0x003e   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
235 POR_Recovery_Count      0x0012   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       29
241 Total_LBAs_Written      0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       38615215765

SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged.  [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

My SSD yana adana adadin bayanan da aka rubuta a cikin siga 241 Total_LBAs_Written, a cikin tubalan ma'ana (LBA) maimakon bytes. Girman toshe mai ma'ana a cikin akwati na shine 512 bytes (ana iya gani a cikin fitowar smartctl, a cikin Girman Sashe). Don samun bytes, kuna buƙatar ninka ƙimar siga da 512.

38615215765 × 512 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 = 19,770 ТБ
38615215765 × 512 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024 = 17,981 ТиБ

Shirin skdump akan SSD dina yana ƙoƙarin fassara ƙimar Total_LBAs_Written ta wata hanya ta kansa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yake nunawa. 1296217.695 TB, wanda a fili ba daidai ba ne.

Don gano adadin bayanan da aka rubuta a matakin na'urar, za mu yi amfani da shirin btrace daga kunshin blktrace. Yana nuna duka ƙididdiga na gabaɗaya na tsawon lokacin da shirin ke gudana, da matakai da zaren ɗaiɗaikun (ciki har da kernels) waɗanda suka yi rikodin.

Gudun umarni mai zuwa don tattara bayanai a cikin mintuna 10, inda /dev/sdb shine faifan ku:

# btrace -w 600 -a write /dev/sdb

Fitowar umarni na al'ada

…
  8,16   0     3253    50.085433192     0  C  WS 125424240 + 64 [0]
  8,16   0     3254    50.085550024     0  C  WS 193577744 + 64 [0]
  8,16   0     3255    50.085685165     0  C  WS 197246976 + 64 [0]
  8,16   0     3256    50.085936852     0  C  WS 125736264 + 128 [0]
  8,16   0     3257    50.086060780     0  C  WS 96261752 + 64 [0]
  8,16   0     3258    50.086195031     0  C  WS 94948640 + 64 [0]
  8,16   0     3259    50.086327355     0  C  WS 124656144 + 64 [0]
  8,16   0     3260    50.086843733 15368  C WSM 310218496 + 32 [0]
  8,16   0     3261    50.086975238   753  A WSM 310218368 + 32 <- (8,20) 291339904
  8,16   0     3262    50.086975560   753  Q WSM 310218368 + 32 [dmcrypt_write/2]
  8,16   0     3263    50.086977345   753  G WSM 310218368 + 32 [dmcrypt_write/2]
  8,16   0     3264    50.086978072   753  I WSM 310218368 + 32 [dmcrypt_write/2]
  8,16   0     3265    50.086979159   753  D WSM 310218368 + 32 [dmcrypt_write/2]
  8,16   0     3266    50.087055685     0  C WSM 310218368 + 32 [0]
  8,16   0     3267    50.087060168   753  A WSM 310218592 + 160 <- (8,20) 291340128
  8,16   0     3268    50.087060367   753  Q WSM 310218592 + 160 [dmcrypt_write/2]
  8,16   0     3269    50.087061242   753  G WSM 310218592 + 160 [dmcrypt_write/2]
  8,16   0     3270    50.087061698   753  I WSM 310218592 + 160 [dmcrypt_write/2]
  8,16   0     3271    50.087062361   753  D WSM 310218592 + 160 [dmcrypt_write/2]
  8,16   0     3272    50.087386179     0  C WSM 310218592 + 160 [0]
  8,16   0     3273    50.087436417 15368  A FWS 0 + 0 <- (253,1) 0
  8,16   0     3274    50.087437471 15368  Q FWS [LS Thread]
  8,16   0     3275    50.087440862 15368  G FWS [LS Thread]
  8,16   0     3276    50.088300047     0  C  WS 0 [0]
  8,16   0     3277    50.088470917   753  A WFSM 18882688 + 8 <- (8,20) 4224
  8,16   0     3278    50.088471091   753  Q WFSM 18882688 + 8 [dmcrypt_write/2]
  8,16   0     3279    50.088471688   753  G WFSM 18882688 + 8 [dmcrypt_write/2]
  8,16   0     3280    50.088474334 32254  D WSM 18882688 + 8 [kworker/0:2H]
  8,16   0     3281    50.088515572     0  C WSM 18882688 + 8 [0]
  8,16   0     3282    50.089229069     0  C WSM 18882688 [0]
CPU0 (8,16):
 Reads Queued:           0,        0KiB  Writes Queued:         345,   25,932KiB
 Read Dispatches:        0,        0KiB  Write Dispatches:      331,   25,788KiB
 Reads Requeued:         0               Writes Requeued:         0
 Reads Completed:        0,        0KiB  Writes Completed:    1,597,  117,112KiB
 Read Merges:            0,        0KiB  Write Merges:            1,       16KiB
 Read depth:             0               Write depth:           177
 IO unplugs:             0               Timer unplugs:           0
CPU1 (8,16):
 Reads Queued:           0,        0KiB  Writes Queued:         502,   39,948KiB
 Read Dispatches:        0,        0KiB  Write Dispatches:      495,   40,076KiB
 Reads Requeued:         0               Writes Requeued:         0
 Reads Completed:        0,        0KiB  Writes Completed:        0,        0KiB
 Read Merges:            0,        0KiB  Write Merges:            0,        0KiB
 Read depth:             0               Write depth:           177
 IO unplugs:             0               Timer unplugs:           0
CPU2 (8,16):
 Reads Queued:           0,        0KiB  Writes Queued:         297,   26,800KiB
 Read Dispatches:        0,        0KiB  Write Dispatches:      287,   26,800KiB
 Reads Requeued:         0               Writes Requeued:         0
 Reads Completed:        0,        0KiB  Writes Completed:        0,        0KiB
 Read Merges:            0,        0KiB  Write Merges:            0,        0KiB
 Read depth:             0               Write depth:           177
 IO unplugs:             0               Timer unplugs:           0
CPU3 (8,16):
 Reads Queued:           0,        0KiB  Writes Queued:         418,   24,432KiB
 Read Dispatches:        0,        0KiB  Write Dispatches:      408,   24,448KiB
 Reads Requeued:         0               Writes Requeued:         0
 Reads Completed:        0,        0KiB  Writes Completed:        0,        0KiB
 Read Merges:            0,        0KiB  Write Merges:            2,      272KiB
 Read depth:             0               Write depth:           177
 IO unplugs:             0               Timer unplugs:           0

Total (8,16):
 Reads Queued:           0,        0KiB  Writes Queued:       1,562,  117,112KiB
 Read Dispatches:        0,        0KiB  Write Dispatches:    1,521,  117,112KiB
 Reads Requeued:         0               Writes Requeued:         0
 Reads Completed:        0,        0KiB  Writes Completed:    1,597,  117,112KiB
 Read Merges:            0,        0KiB  Write Merges:            3,      288KiB
 IO unplugs:             0               Timer unplugs:           0

Throughput (R/W): 0KiB/s / 2,338KiB/s
Events (8,16): 9,287 entries
Skips: 0 forward (0 -   0.0%)

btrace yana ba ka damar ganin ainihin adadin bayanan da aka yi rikodin a sarari, amma yana da wahala a fahimci shirye-shiryen da ke rikodin daga fitarwa.

Ƙayyade shirye-shiryen da aka rubuta zuwa ga tuƙi

Shirin iotop zai nuna matakan da aka rubuta zuwa faifai da girman bayanan da aka rubuta.
Ana samar da mafi dacewa da fitarwa ta waɗannan sigogi masu zuwa:

# iotop -obPat

Samfurin fitowar shirin

02:55:47 Total DISK READ :       0.00 B/s | Total DISK WRITE :      30.65 K/s
02:55:47 Actual DISK READ:       0.00 B/s | Actual DISK WRITE:       0.00 B/s
    TIME  PID  PRIO  USER     DISK READ  DISK WRITE  SWAPIN      IO    COMMAND
b'02:55:47   753 be/4 root          0.00 B      0.00 B  0.00 %  0.04 % [dmcrypt_write/2]'
b'02:55:47   788 be/4 root         72.00 K     18.27 M  0.00 %  0.02 % [btrfs-transacti]'
b'02:55:47 15057 be/4 valdikss    216.00 K    283.05 M  0.00 %  0.01 % firefox'
b'02:55:47  1588 ?dif root          0.00 B      0.00 B  0.00 %  0.00 % Xorg -nolisten tcp -auth /var/run/sddm/{398f030f-9667-4dff-b371-81eaae48dfdf} -background none -noreset -displayfd 18 -seat seat0 vt1'
b'02:55:47 15692 be/4 valdikss    988.00 K      9.41 M  0.00 %  0.00 % python3 /usr/bin/gajim'
b'02:55:47 15730 ?dif valdikss      9.07 M      0.00 B  0.00 %  0.00 % telegram-desktop --'
b'02:55:47  2174 ?dif valdikss   1840.00 K      2.47 M  0.00 %  0.00 % yakuake'
b'02:55:47 19827 be/4 root         16.00 K    896.00 K  0.00 %  0.00 % [kworker/u16:7-events_unbound]'
b'02:55:47 19074 be/4 root         16.00 K    480.00 K  0.00 %  0.00 % [kworker/u16:4-btrfs-endio-write]'
b'02:55:47 19006 be/4 root         16.00 K   1872.00 K  0.00 %  0.00 % [kworker/u16:1-events_unbound]'
b'02:55:47  1429 be/4 root        484.00 K      0.00 B  0.00 %  0.00 % accounts-daemon'
b'02:55:47 15820 be/4 valdikss    312.00 K      0.00 B  0.00 %  0.00 % firefox -contentproc -childID 6 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 7894 -prefMapSize 223880 -parentBuildID 20191022164834 -greomni /usr/lib64/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib64/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib64/firefox/browser 15057 tab'
b'02:55:47  2125 ?dif valdikss      0.00 B     92.00 K  0.00 %  0.00 % plasmashell'
b'02:55:47  1268 be/3 root          0.00 B      4.00 K  0.00 %  0.00 % auditd'
b'02:55:47  1414 be/4 root          0.00 B      4.00 K  0.00 %  0.00 % sssd_nss --uid 0 --gid 0 --logger=files'
b'02:55:47 15238 be/4 valdikss      0.00 B      4.00 K  0.00 %  0.00 % thunderbird'
b'02:55:47 18605 be/4 root          0.00 B      3.19 M  0.00 %  0.00 % [kworker/u16:0-btrfs-endio-write]'
b'02:55:47 18867 be/4 root          0.00 B     96.00 K  0.00 %  0.00 % [kworker/u16:5-btrfs-endio-meta]'
b'02:55:47 19070 be/4 root          0.00 B    160.00 K  0.00 %  0.00 % [kworker/u16:2-btrfs-freespace-write]'
b'02:55:47 19645 be/4 root          0.00 B      2.17 M  0.00 %  0.00 % [kworker/u16:3-events_unbound]'
b'02:55:47 19982 be/4 root          0.00 B    496.00 K  0.00 %  0.00 % [kworker/u16:6-btrfs-endio-write]'

Firefox ta kama ido, tana yin rikodin megabytes 283 a cikin 'yan mintuna kaɗan na iotop yana gudana.

Ƙayyade fayilolin da za a rubuta zuwa ga

Bayani game da tsarin da ke lalata faifai yana da kyau, amma hanyoyin da aka yi rikodin sun fi kyau.

Mu yi amfani da shirin fatrace, wanda ke bibiyar canje-canje ga tsarin fayil.

# fatrace -f W

Samfurin fitowar shirin

firefox(15057): CW /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): CW /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): CW /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/usage-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/usage
firefox(15057): CW /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/usage
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): CW /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite

Fatrace ba zai iya nuna adadin bayanan da aka yi rikodin ba saboda amfani da sauƙi mai sauƙi na gaskiyar cewa ana samun damar fayiloli ta hanyar inotify.

Daga fitowar za ku iya ganin yadda Habr ke adana labarina a cikin ma'ajiyar mashigar yanar gizo yayin da nake rubuta shi, da kuma fadada Rukunin Speed ​​​​Dial, wanda, kamar yadda muka iya gano ta amfani da fatrace, yana karanta bayanansa kowane lokaci. 30 seconds. Yana karantawa, ba ya rubuta: CW kafin fayil ɗin ya ce an buɗe fayil ɗin don karantawa da rubutu, tare da ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin lokaci guda idan ya ɓace (wanda ake kira openat tare da tutar O_RDWR|O_CREAT), amma baya faɗi cewa ainihin an rubuta kowane bayani akan fayil ɗin.

Kawai idan, don tabbatar da wannan, bari mu yi amfani da strace, tare da tace don kiran tsarin fayil:

strace -yy -e trace=open,openat,close,write -f -p 15057 2>&1 | grep extension

Fitowar umarni

[pid 20352] openat(AT_FDCWD, "/home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite", O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC, 0644) = 153</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>
[pid 20352] read(153</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>, "SQLite format 3 20 22 @   d 23"..., 100) = 100
[pid 20352] read(153</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>, "SQLite format 3 20 22 @   d 23"..., 4096) = 4096
[pid 20352] openat(AT_FDCWD, "/home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite-wal", O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC, 0644) = 166</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite-wal>
…
[pid 20352] read(54</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>, " r4304364354354364-  4204!4'414" 250 &"..., 4096) = 4096
[pid 20352] read(54</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>, " 136Pt2262504 O24532016:"16.27 r245306>2461t1q370"..., 4096) = 4096
[pid 20352] close(77</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite-wal>) = 0
[pid 20352] close(54</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>) = 0

Babu kira write(), wanda ke nuna cewa babu shigarwa cikin fayil ɗin.

Ƙayyade Tsarin Fayil na Sama

Babban bambanci a cikin karatu iotop и btrace ya ba ni ra'ayin gwada tsarin fayil ta hanyar rubuta bayanai da hannu zuwa fayil da kuma lura da karatun btrace.

Idan ka cire gaba ɗaya rubutu zuwa faifai ta hanyar booting zuwa tsarin gaggawa na tsarin kuma rubuta da hannu bytes biyu bayanai zuwa fayil ɗin data kasance, btrace zuwa SSD daga btrfs rahoton rikodi 3 megabytes hakikanin data. Tsarin fayil ɗin da aka ƙirƙira akan filasha 8 GB yana rubuta mafi ƙarancin 264 KiB lokacin rubuta byte ɗaya.
Don kwatantawa, rubuta bytes biyu zuwa fayil akan ext4 yana ƙare rubuta 24 kilobytes na bayanai zuwa faifai.

A cikin 2017, Jayashree Mohan, Rohan Kadekodi da Vijay Chidambaram ya gudanar da nazarin haɓakar rubuce-rubucen tsarin fayil daban-daban, Sakamakon su na btrfs da ext4 a 4KB ya rubuta sun yi daidai da nawa.

Gano matakai tare da ayyukan diski a cikin Linux

Ƙarshe da ƙarshe

Ta hanyar magudin da aka kwatanta an gano shi:

  1. Yawan shiga aikin firinta ta CUPS buga daemon zuwa /var/cache/kofuna kowane minti daya. An gyara matsalar ta share /var/spool/ kofuna (ko da yake babu ayyukan bugawa);
  2. Gaskiyar cewa ana karanta ma'ajin bayanai kowane daƙiƙa 30 ta hanyar tsawaita saurin sauri na rukuni don Firefox;
  3. Yin rajista na lokaci-lokaci ta ayyuka daban-daban na bin diddigin ayyuka a cikin Fedora, wanda ya haifar da yawancin megabyte na bayanai ana rubuta su zuwa btrfs: pmcd.service, pmie.service, pmlogger.service;
  4. Babban haɓakawa lokacin rubuta ƙaramin adadin bayanai ta amfani da btrfs.

Kammalawa: bai kamata ku yi amfani da btrfs ba idan shirye-shirye sukan rubuta ƙaramin adadin bayanai ('yan kilobytes), in ba haka ba zai haifar da megabyte na rubutaccen bayanan. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kwamfutocin allo guda tare da OS akan MicroSD.

source: www.habr.com

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