Duk wani mai ba da girgije yana ba da sabis na ajiyar bayanai. Waɗannan na iya zama ma'ajiyar sanyi da zafi, ƙanƙara-sanyi, da sauransu. Adana bayanai a cikin gajimare ya dace sosai. Amma ta yaya aka adana bayanai a zahiri shekaru 10, 20, 50 da suka gabata? Cloud4Y ya fassara labari mai ban sha'awa wanda yayi magana akan wannan kawai.
Ana iya adana byte na bayanai ta hanyoyi daban-daban, yayin da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai masu ci gaba da sauri suke bayyana koyaushe. Byte wani yanki ne na ajiya da sarrafa bayanan dijital, wanda ya ƙunshi rago takwas. Daya bit zai iya ƙunsar ko dai 0 ko 1.
Idan akwai katunan naushi, ana adana bit ɗin azaman kasancewar/rashin rami a cikin katin a wani wuri. Idan muka koma gaba kadan zuwa Injin Analytical Engine na Babbage, rajistar da aka adana lambobin gears ne. A cikin na'urorin ajiya na maganadisu kamar kaset da fayafai, an wakilta wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na takamaiman yanki na fim ɗin maganadisu. A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ƙarfi ta zamani (DRAM), yawanci ana wakilta kaɗan azaman cajin lantarki mai matakai biyu da aka adana a cikin na'urar da ke adana ƙarfin lantarki a cikin wutar lantarki. Akwatin da aka caje ko cirewa yana adana ɗan bayanai.
A watan Yuni na shekarar 1956 ya ƙirƙira kalmar don nuna rukunin raƙuman ruwa da aka yi amfani da su don ɓoye harafi ɗaya . Bari mu ɗan yi magana game da shigar da haruffa. Bari mu fara da daidaitattun lambar Amurka don musayar bayanai, ko ASCII. ASCII ya dogara ne akan haruffan Ingilishi, don haka kowane harafi, lamba da alama (az, AZ, 0-9, +, - , /, ",!, da sauransu). An wakilta shi azaman lamba 7-bit daga 32 zuwa 127. Wannan ba daidai bane "abokai" ga wasu harsuna Don tallafawa wasu harsuna, Unicode ta tsawaita ASCII. , ƙananan haruffa j shine U+006A, inda U ke tsaye da Unicode sannan kuma lambar hexadecimal.
UTF-8 shine ma'auni don wakiltar haruffa a matsayin rago takwas, yana barin kowace lamba a cikin kewayon 0-127 don adana shi a cikin byte ɗaya. Idan muka tuna ASCII, wannan al'ada ce ga haruffan Ingilishi, amma sauran haruffan harshe galibi ana bayyana su cikin bytes biyu ko fiye. UTF-16 shine ma'auni don wakiltar haruffa a matsayin 16 ragowa, kuma UTF-32 shine ma'auni don wakiltar haruffa a matsayin 32 rago. A cikin ASCII, kowane hali byte ne, amma a cikin Unicode, wanda galibi ba gaskiya bane gaba ɗaya, hali na iya ɗaukar 1, 2, 3 ko fiye bytes. Labarin zai yi amfani da ƙungiyoyi masu girma dabam dabam na rago. Adadin ragowa a cikin byte ya bambanta dangane da ƙirar kafofin watsa labarai.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi tafiya a baya ta hanyar kafofin watsa labaru daban-daban don zurfafa cikin tarihin ajiyar bayanai. Babu wani hali da za mu fara zurfafa nazarin kowane matsakaicin ajiya guda da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Wannan labarin labarai ne mai daɗi wanda ko kaɗan ba ya da'awar cewa yana da mahimmancin encyclopedic.
Mu fara. Bari mu ce muna da data byte don adanawa: harafin j, ko dai a matsayin byte 6a, ko a matsayin binary 01001010. Yayin da muke tafiya cikin lokaci, za a yi amfani da data byte a cikin fasahar ajiya da yawa da za a bayyana.
1951
Labarinmu ya fara ne a cikin 1951 tare da UNIVAC UNISERVO kaset na kwamfuta na UNIVAC 1. Ita ce kaset na farko da aka kirkira don kwamfutar kasuwanci. An yi bandeji daga bakin bakin ciki na tagulla da aka yi da nickel, faɗin 12,65 mm (wanda ake kira Vicalloy) kuma tsayin kusan mita 366. Ana iya adana bytes ɗin bayanan mu a haruffa 7 a cikin daƙiƙa akan tef ɗin da ke motsawa a mita 200 a cikin daƙiƙa guda. A wannan lokaci a cikin tarihi, zaku iya auna saurin algorithm ta nisan tef ɗin ya yi tafiya.
1952
Saurin ci gaba a shekara har zuwa 21 ga Mayu, 1952, lokacin da IBM ta sanar da sakin naúrar Magnetic tape ta farko, IBM 726. Yanzu ana iya motsa byte ɗinmu daga kaset ɗin ƙarfe na UNISERVO zuwa IBM Magnetic tef. Wannan sabon gida ya zama mai daɗi sosai don ƙananan bayanan mu, tunda tef ɗin na iya adana har zuwa lambobi miliyan biyu. Wannan tef ɗin maganadisu mai lamba 2 yana motsawa a mita 7 a sakan daya tare da ƙimar baud na 1,9 ko xnumx (a wancan lokacin ake kira copy groups) a sakan daya. Don tunani: matsakaicin labarin akan Habré yana da kusan haruffa 10.
Tef ɗin IBM 726 yana da waƙoƙi bakwai, shida daga cikinsu an yi amfani da su don adana bayanai, ɗaya kuma don sarrafa daidaito. Reel ɗaya zai iya ɗaukar har zuwa mita 400 na tef tare da faɗin cm 1,25. Saurin canja wurin bayanai bisa ka'ida ya kai haruffa dubu 12,5 a sakan daya; Yawan rikodi shine 40 rago a santimita. Wannan tsarin ya yi amfani da hanyar "vacuum channel" inda madauki na tef ya zagaya tsakanin maki biyu. Wannan ya ba da damar tef ɗin ya fara da tsayawa cikin ɗan daƙiƙa kaɗan. An cimma wannan ta hanyar sanya dogayen ginshiƙai tsakanin faifan tef da kan karantawa/rubutu don shawo kan karuwar tashin hankali a cikin tef ɗin, ba tare da wanda tef ɗin yawanci zai karye. Zoben filastik mai cirewa a bayan tef ɗin ya ba da kariya ta rubutu. Reel ɗaya na tef zai iya adana kusan 1,1 .
Tuna kaset na VHS. Me ya kamata ka yi don sake kallon fim ɗin? Mayar da tef ɗin! Sau nawa ka yi wa ɗan wasan ka kaset a kan fensir, don kada ka ɓata batura kuma a sami tef ɗin ya yage ko cushe? Hakanan ana iya faɗi game da kaset ɗin da ake amfani da su na kwamfuta. Shirye-shiryen ba za su iya tsalle a cikin tef ɗin kawai ba ko samun damar bayanai ba da gangan ba, suna iya karantawa da rubuta bayanai daidai da jeri.
1956
Saurin ci gaba a cikin ƴan shekaru zuwa 1956, kuma zamanin ajiyar faifai Magnetic ya fara da IBM ta kammala tsarin RAMAC 305 na kwamfuta, wanda Zellerbach Paper ya kawo wa. . Wannan kwamfutar ita ce ta farko da ta fara amfani da rumbun kwamfutarka tare da kai mai motsi. Driver faifan RAMAC ya ƙunshi farantin ƙarfe hamsin magnetized tare da diamita na 60,96 cm, masu ikon adana kusan haruffa miliyan biyar na bayanai, 7 rago a kowane hali, da jujjuyawa a juyi 1200 a minti daya. Wurin ajiya ya kasance kusan megabyte 3,75.
RAMAC ya ba da damar samun dama ga adadi mai yawa na bayanai na ainihi, sabanin kaset ɗin maganadisu ko katunan naushi. IBM ta tallata RAMAC a matsayin mai iya adana kwatankwacin 64 . A baya, RAMRAC ya gabatar da manufar ci gaba da sarrafa ma'amaloli yayin da suke faruwa, ta yadda za a iya dawo da bayanai nan da nan yayin da suke sabo. Ana iya samun damar bayanan mu na RAMAC a cikin saurin 100 . A baya, lokacin amfani da kaset, dole ne mu rubuta da karanta bayanan jeri, kuma ba za mu iya tsalle zuwa sassa daban-daban na tef ɗin ba da gangan. Samun damar bazuwar bayanai na lokaci-lokaci ya kasance da gaske juyin juya hali a lokacin.
1963
Mu ci gaba zuwa 1963 lokacin da aka gabatar da DECtape. Sunan ya fito ne daga Kamfanin Kayan Aikin Dijital, wanda aka sani da DEC. DECtape ba shi da tsada kuma abin dogaro, don haka an yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙarni da yawa na kwamfutocin DEC. Ya kasance tef 19mm, laminated kuma sandwiched tsakanin yadudduka biyu na Mylar akan reel mai inci huɗu (10,16 cm).
Ba kamar nauyi, manyan magabata, DECtape za a iya ɗauka da hannu. Wannan ya sanya ya zama kyakkyawan zaɓi ga kwamfutoci na sirri. Ba kamar takwarorinsa na waƙa 7 ba, DECtape yana da waƙoƙin bayanai guda 6, waƙoƙi 2, da 2 don agogo. An yi rikodin bayanai a 350 ragowa a cikin inch (138 ragi a cikin cm). Bayanan bayanan mu, wanda shine 8 rago amma ana iya fadada shi zuwa 12, zai iya canjawa wuri zuwa DECtape a 8325 12-bit kalmomi a sakan daya a saurin tef na 93 (± 12) inci kowace. . Wannan shine ƙarin lambobi 8% a cikin daƙiƙa fiye da tef ɗin ƙarfe na UNISERVO a 1952.
1967
Bayan shekaru hudu, a cikin 1967, wata karamar ƙungiyar IBM ta fara aiki a kan floppy drive IBM, mai suna. . Sa'an nan kuma an ba tawagar alhakin samar da ingantacciyar hanyar da ba ta da tsada don loda microcodes a ciki IBM System/370. Daga baya aka sake fasalin aikin kuma aka sake yin amfani da shi don loda microcode zuwa cikin mai sarrafa IBM 3330 Direct Access Storage Facility, mai suna Merlin.
Za a iya adana byte ɗinmu a kan faifan faifai na Mylar masu rufaffiyar maganadisu mai inci 8 kawai, wanda aka sani a yau azaman faifai floppy. A lokacin fitowar, ana kiran samfurin IBM 23FD Floppy Disk Drive System. Fayilolin na iya ɗaukar kilobytes 80 na bayanai. Ba kamar rumbun kwamfyuta ba, mai amfani zai iya motsa faifai cikin sauƙi a cikin harsashi mai kariya daga wannan tuƙi zuwa wancan. Daga baya, a cikin 1973, IBM ya fitar da faifan karantawa / rubuta, wanda ya zama masana'antu. .
1969
A shekarar 1969, an harba na'urar Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) mai dauke da memory na igiya a cikin kumbon Apollo 11, wanda ya dauki 'yan sama jannatin Amurka zuwa wata da baya. An yi wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar igiya da hannu kuma tana iya ɗaukar kilobytes 72 na bayanai. Samar da ƙwaƙwalwar igiya ya kasance mai aiki mai ƙarfi, jinkirin, kuma ƙwarewar da ake buƙata kamar saƙa; zai iya ɗauka . Amma shi ne kayan aiki da ya dace don waɗannan lokutan lokacin da yake da mahimmanci don dacewa da matsakaicin matsakaicin wuri mai iyaka. Lokacin da waya ta wuce ta ɗaya daga cikin madauwari, tana wakiltar 1. Wayar da ke wucewa a kusa da igiya tana wakiltar 0. Data byte ɗinmu yana buƙatar mutum ya saƙa da yawa mintuna a cikin igiyar.
1977
A cikin 1977, an saki Commodore PET, kwamfuta ta farko (nasara) na sirri. PET ta yi amfani da Commodore 1530 Datasette, wanda ke nufin bayanai da kaset. PET ta canza bayanan zuwa siginar sauti na analog, waɗanda aka adana su . Wannan ya ƙyale mu mu ƙirƙiri ingantaccen tsarin ajiya mai tsada da abin dogaro, duk da jinkirin sosai. Ana iya canja wurin ƙananan bayanan mu a cikin gudun kusan 60-70 bytes kowace . Cassettes na iya ɗaukar kimanin kilobytes 100 a kowane gefen minti 30, tare da bangarori biyu a kowane tef. Misali, gefe ɗaya na kaset zai iya ɗaukar hotuna kusan 55 KB biyu. Hakanan an yi amfani da bayanan bayanan a cikin Commodore VIC-20 da Commodore 64.
1978
Bayan shekara guda, a cikin 1978, MCA da Philips sun gabatar da LaserDisc a ƙarƙashin sunan "Discovision". Jaws shine fim na farko da aka sayar akan LaserDisc a Amurka. ingancin sautinsa da bidiyo ya fi masu fafatawa, amma laserdisc ya yi tsada sosai ga yawancin masu amfani. Ba za a iya yin rikodin LaserDisc ba, sabanin kaset na VHS da mutane ke yin rikodin shirye-shiryen talabijin a kansu. Laserdiscs yayi aiki tare da bidiyon analog, analog FM sitiriyo audio da lambar bugun jini , ko PCM, audio na dijital. Fayilolin suna da diamita na inci 12 (30,47 cm) kuma sun ƙunshi fayafai na aluminum mai gefe guda biyu wanda aka lulluɓe da filastik. A yau ana tunawa da LaserDisc a matsayin tushen CD da DVD.
1979
Bayan shekara guda, a cikin 1979, Alan Shugart da Finis Conner sun kafa fasahar Seagate tare da ra'ayin daidaita rumbun kwamfutarka zuwa girman faifan floppy 5 ¼-inch, wanda yake daidai a lokacin. Samfurinsu na farko a cikin 1980 shine Seagate ST506 hard drive, rumbun kwamfutarka ta farko don ƙananan kwamfutoci. Faifan ya rike megabyte biyar na bayanai, wanda a lokacin ya ninka girman faifai sau biyar. Wadanda suka kafa sun sami damar cimma burinsu na rage girman diski zuwa girman faifai 5¼-inch. Sabuwar na'urar ma'ajiyar bayanai wani tsayayyen farantin karfe ne wanda aka lullube shi a bangarorin biyu tare da siririn kayan ajiyar bayanan maganadisu. Za a iya canja wurin bytes ɗin mu zuwa faifai a gudun kilobytes 625 kowace . Yana da kusan .
1981
Saurin ci gaba shekaru biyu zuwa 1981, lokacin da Sony ya gabatar da fayafai na 3,5-inch na farko. Hewlett-Packard ya zama farkon wanda ya fara amfani da wannan fasaha a cikin 1982 tare da HP-150. Wannan ya sanya floppy diski mai girman inci 3,5 suka shahara kuma ya ba su amfani da yawa a duk faɗin duniya. . Fayilolin floppy sun kasance masu gefe guda tare da tsararriyar ƙarfin 161.2 kilobytes da ƙarfin da ba a tsara shi na 218.8 kilobytes ba. A cikin 1982, an fitar da sigar mai gefe biyu, kuma kwamitin masana'antar Microfloppy (MIC) na kamfanonin watsa labaru 23 sun dogara da ƙayyadaddun floppy inch 3,5 akan ainihin ƙirar Sony, suna daidaita tsarin zuwa tarihi kamar yadda muka sani a yau. . Yanzu ana iya adana bayanan mu akan sigar farko ta ɗayan mafi yawan kafofin watsa labarai na ma'ajiya: faifan floppy inch 3,5. Daga baya, biyu na 3,5-inch floppies tare da ya zama muhimmin bangare na kuruciyata.
1984
Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin 1984, an ba da sanarwar fitar da Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM). Waɗannan CD-ROMs megabyte 550 ne daga Sony da Philips. Tsarin ya girma daga CD ɗin masu sauti na dijital, ko CD-DA, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don rarraba kiɗa. CD-DA Sony da Philips ne suka kirkira a shekarar 1982 kuma yana da karfin mintuna 74. A cewar almara, lokacin da Sony da Philips ke tattaunawa akan ma'aunin CD-DA, daya daga cikin mutane hudun ya dage cewa zai iya. duka Tara Symphony. Samfurin farko da aka saki akan CD shine Grolier's Electronic Encyclopedia, wanda aka buga a 1985. Encyclopedia ya ƙunshi kalmomi miliyan tara, waɗanda suka ɗauki kashi 12% kawai na sararin faifai, wanda shine 553. . Za mu sami fiye da isashen sarari don encyclopedia da byte na bayanai. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin 1985, kamfanoni na kwamfuta sun yi aiki tare don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar faifai ta yadda kowace kwamfuta za ta iya karanta su.
1984
Har ila yau, a cikin 1984, Fujio Masuoka ya ƙirƙiri wani sabon nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar gate mai iyo mai suna flash memory, wanda zai iya gogewa da sake rubutawa sau da yawa.
Bari mu ɗauki ɗan lokaci don duba ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filasha ta amfani da transistor gate mai iyo. Transistor ƙofofin lantarki ne waɗanda za a iya kunnawa da kashe su ɗaya ɗaya. Tun da kowane transistor zai iya kasancewa a cikin jihohi biyu daban-daban (a kunnawa da kashewa), yana iya adana lambobi daban-daban guda biyu: 0 da 1. Ƙofar da ke iyo tana nufin kofa ta biyu da aka ƙara zuwa tsakiyar transistor. Wannan kofa ta biyu tana da rufin siraran oxide. Wadannan transistor suna amfani da dan karamin wuta da ake amfani da su a kofar transistor don nuna ko a kunne ne ko a kashe, wanda kuma ke fassara zuwa 0 ko 1.
Tare da ƙofofi masu iyo, lokacin da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki mai dacewa ta cikin Layer oxide, electrons suna gudana ta cikinsa kuma su makale a kan ƙofofin. Saboda haka, ko da lokacin da aka kashe wutar lantarki, electrons sun kasance a kansu. Lokacin da babu electrons akan ƙofofin da ke iyo, suna wakiltar 1, kuma lokacin da electrons suka makale, suna wakiltar 0. Juyawa wannan tsari da amfani da wutar lantarki mai dacewa ta hanyar Layer oxide a gefe guda yana haifar da electrons don gudana ta cikin ƙofofin iyo. da kuma mayar da transistor zuwa matsayinsa na asali. Don haka an sanya sel masu shirye-shirye kuma . Ana iya tsara byte ɗin mu a cikin transistor kamar 01001010, tare da electrons, tare da electrons makale a cikin ƙofofin iyo don wakiltar sifili.
Zane na Masuoka ya ɗan fi araha amma ba shi da sassauƙa fiye da PROM (EEPROM) mai iya gogewa ta hanyar lantarki, saboda yana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin sel da yawa waɗanda dole ne a goge su tare, amma wannan kuma ya ɗauki saurinsa.
A lokacin, Masuoka yana aiki da Toshiba. A karshe ya bar aiki a jami’ar Tohoku saboda bai ji dadin yadda kamfanin ba ya ba shi ladan aikin da ya yi. Masuoka ya kai karar Toshiba, yana neman diyya. A shekarar 2006, an biya shi yuan miliyan 87, kwatankwacin dalar Amurka dubu 758. Wannan har yanzu yana da alama ba shi da mahimmanci idan aka yi la'akari da yadda tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya ya zama mai tasiri a cikin masana'antar.
Yayin da muke magana game da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha, yana da kyau a lura da menene bambanci tsakanin NOR da NAND flash memory. Kamar yadda muka riga muka sani daga Masuoka, filasha tana adana bayanai a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya waɗanda suka ƙunshi transistor gate masu iyo. Sunayen fasahar suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da yadda ake tsara ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa.
A cikin filasha NOR, ana haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwalƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a layi daya don samar da damar bazuwar. Wannan gine-gine yana rage lokacin karantawa da ake buƙata don samun dama ga umarnin microprocessor. NO filashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana da kyau don ƙananan ƙa'idodi waɗanda aka fara karantawa kawai. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin CPUs ke loda firmware ɗin su, yawanci daga NO flash memory. Masuoka da abokan aikinsa sun gabatar da sabuwar fasahar NOR flash a shekarar 1984 da kuma NAND flash in .
Masu haɓaka NAND Flash sun watsar da fasalin samun damar bazuwar don cimma ƙaramin girman ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarami girman guntu da ƙananan farashi kowane bit. NAND flash memory architecture ya ƙunshi transistor memori guda takwas da aka haɗa cikin jeri. Wannan yana samun babban adadin ma'ajiyar ajiya, ƙaramin adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da saurin rubuta bayanai da gogewa saboda yana iya tsara tubalan bayanai lokaci guda. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar buƙatar sake rubuta bayanai lokacin da ba a rubuta su a jere ba kuma bayanan sun riga sun wanzu a ciki. .
1991
Bari mu ci gaba zuwa 1991, lokacin da SanDisk ya ƙirƙiri samfurin solid-state drive (SSD), wanda aka sani da suna. . Ƙirar ta haɗe tsararrun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar walƙiya, guntuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mara canzawa, da mai sarrafawa mai hankali don ganowa da gyara sel marasa lahani ta atomatik. Ƙarfin faifan ya kasance megabytes 20 tare da nau'in nau'in inci 2,5, kuma an kiyasta farashinsa a kusan $1000. IBM yayi amfani da wannan faifai a cikin kwamfuta .
1994
Ɗaya daga cikin kafofin watsa labaru na sirri da na fi so tun lokacin yaro shine Zip Disks. A cikin 1994, Iomega ya saki Zip Disk, harsashi mai girman megabyte 100 a cikin nau'in nau'in inci 3,5, game da ɗan ƙaramin kauri fiye da daidaitaccen tuƙi mai inci 3,5. Daga baya juzu'in faifai na iya adana har zuwa gigabytes 2. Dacewar waɗannan faifai shine girman girman faifan floppy, amma suna da ikon adana adadi mai yawa na bayanai. Za a iya rubuta bytes ɗin mu zuwa faifan Zip akan megabytes 1,4 a sakan daya. Idan aka kwatanta, a wancan lokacin, an rubuta 1,44 megabytes na floppy disk mai inci 3,5 a gudun kusan kilobytes 16 a cikin daƙiƙa guda. A kan faifan Zip, shugabannin suna karantawa/ rubuta bayanai ba tare da tuntuɓar su ba, kamar suna tashi sama da ƙasa, wanda yayi kama da aikin rumbun kwamfutarka, amma ya bambanta da tsarin aiki na sauran floppy diski. Fayilolin zip ɗin ba da daɗewa ba sun daina aiki saboda amintacce da matsalolin samuwa.
1994
A wannan shekarar, SanDisk ya gabatar da CompactFlash, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin kyamarori na bidiyo na dijital. Kamar yadda yake a cikin CD ɗin, CompactFlash gudun yana dogara ne akan ƙimar "x" kamar 8x, 20x, 133x, da dai sauransu. Ana ƙididdige madaidaicin ƙimar canja wurin bayanai bisa ƙimar bit na CD mai jiwuwa na asali, kilobytes 150 a sakan daya. Matsakaicin canja wuri yayi kama da R = Kx150 kB/s, inda R shine ƙimar canja wuri kuma K shine saurin ƙima. Don haka don 133x CompactFlash, za a rubuta byte ɗin bayanan mu a 133x150 kB/s ko kusan 19 kB/s ko 950 MB/s. An kafa Ƙungiyar CompactFlash a cikin 19,95 tare da burin ƙirƙirar ma'auni na masana'antu don katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
1997
Bayan 'yan shekaru, a cikin 1997, an sake rubutawa Compact Disc Rewritable (CD-RW). An yi amfani da wannan faifan gani don adana bayanai da kwafi da canja wurin fayiloli zuwa na'urori daban-daban. Ana iya sake rubuta CD ɗin kusan sau 1000, wanda ba ƙayyadaddun abu ba ne a lokacin tunda da wuya masu amfani su sake rubuta bayanai.
CD-RWs sun dogara ne akan fasaha da ke canza yanayin haske. A cikin yanayin CD-RW, canje-canjen lokaci a cikin wani shafi na musamman wanda ya ƙunshi azurfa, tellurium da indium yana haifar da ikon yin tunani ko rashin nuna alamar karantawa, wanda ke nufin 0 ko 1. Lokacin da fili yake cikin yanayin crystalline, shi ne. translucent, wanda ke nufin 1. Lokacin da fili ya narke ya zama yanayin amorphous, ya zama maras kyau kuma ba ya nunawa, wanda ya zama abin ƙyama. 0. Don haka za mu iya rubuta byte ɗinmu a matsayin 01001010.
DVDs daga ƙarshe sun karɓi yawancin kason kasuwa daga CD-RWs.
1999
Mu ci gaba zuwa shekarar 1999, lokacin da IBM ya gabatar da mafi kankantar hard drives a duniya a lokacin: IBM 170MB da 340MB microdrives. Waɗannan ƙananan rumbun kwamfyutoci ne na cm 2,54 waɗanda aka tsara don dacewa da ramukan CompactFlash Type II. An tsara shi don ƙirƙirar na'urar da za a yi amfani da ita kamar CompactFlash, amma tare da girman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbinsu da faifan kebul na USB sannan ta manyan katunan CompactFlash yayin da suka samu. Kamar sauran rumbun kwamfyuta, microdrives sun kasance injina kuma suna ɗauke da ƙananan faifai masu juyawa.
2000
Bayan shekara guda, a cikin 2000, an ƙaddamar da kebul na filashin USB. Motocin sun ƙunshi ƙwaƙƙwaran filasha da ke ƙulle cikin ƙaramin siffa tare da kebul na USB. Dangane da nau'in kebul na kebul ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi, gudun zai iya bambanta. USB 1.1 yana iyakance zuwa 1,5 megabits a sakan daya, yayin da USB 2.0 zai iya ɗaukar megabits 35 a sakan daya. , kuma USB 3.0 shine 625 megabits a sakan daya. An ba da sanarwar farko na USB 3.1 Type C a cikin Maris 2015 kuma yana karantawa / rubuta saurin megabits 530 a sakan daya. Ba kamar faifan floppy da na'urorin gani ba, na'urorin USB sun fi wahalar karce, amma duk da haka suna da irin wannan damar don adana bayanai, da kuma canja wurin fayiloli da adanawa. An maye gurbin floppy da faifan CD da sauri da tashoshin USB.
2005
A cikin 2005, masana'antun kera rumbun faifai (HDD) sun fara jigilar kayayyaki ta amfani da rikodin maganadisu na perpendicular, ko PMR. Abin sha'awa shine, wannan ya faru ne a daidai lokacin da iPod Nano ya sanar da yin amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha maimakon 1-inch hard drive a cikin iPod Mini.
Hard Drive na yau da kullun yana ƙunshe da rumbun kwamfyuta ɗaya ko fiye da aka lulluɓe da fim ɗin maganadisu wanda aka yi da ƙananan ƙwayar maganadisu. Ana yin rikodin bayanai lokacin da mai rikodin maganadisu ya tashi sama da faifan juyi. Wannan yayi kama da na'urar rikodi na al'adar gramophone, kawai bambanci shine cewa a cikin na'urar gramo stylus yana cikin hulɗar jiki tare da rikodin. Yayin da fayafai ke juyawa, iskar da ke hulɗa da su tana haifar da iska mai laushi. Kamar yadda iska a kan reshe na jirgin sama ke haifar da ɗagawa, iska takan haifar da ɗagawa a kan iska . Kai da sauri yana canza magnetization na yanki mai maganadisu ɗaya na hatsi ta yadda igiyar maganadisu ta nuna sama ko ƙasa, yana nuna 1 ko 0.
Wanda ya riga ya zama PMR shine rikodin maganadisu na tsaye, ko LMR. Yawan rikodin PMR na iya zama fiye da sau uku na LMR. Babban bambanci tsakanin PMR da LMR shine tsarin hatsi da daidaitawar maganadisu na bayanan da aka adana na kafofin watsa labarai na PMR shine columnar maimakon a tsaye. PMR yana da mafi kyawun kwanciyar hankali na thermal da ingantaccen sigina-zuwa amo rabo (SNR) saboda mafi kyawun rabuwar hatsi da daidaito. Hakanan yana fasalta ingantaccen rikodin rikodi godiya ga filayen kai masu ƙarfi da ingantacciyar daidaitawar kafofin watsa labarai na maganadisu. Kamar LMR, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwan PMR sun dogara ne akan kwanciyar hankali na zafin raƙuman bayanan da magnet ke rubutawa da buƙatar samun isasshen SNR don karanta bayanan da aka rubuta.
2007
A cikin 2007, an sanar da farkon rumbun kwamfutar TB 1 daga Hitachi Global Storage Technologies. Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000 ya yi amfani da faranti 3,5-inch 200GB guda biyar kuma ya zagaya a rpm Wannan babban ci gaba ne a kan rumbun kwamfutarka ta farko a duniya, IBM RAMAC 350, wanda ke da karfin kusan megabyte 3,75. Oh, yaya nisa muka zo a cikin shekaru 51! Amma jira, akwai wani abu kuma.
2009
A cikin 2009, aikin fasaha ya fara ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mara ƙarfi, ko . Ƙwaƙwalwar da ba ta da ƙarfi (NVM) wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda zai iya adana bayanai har abada, sabanin ƙwaƙwalwar da ba ta da ƙarfi, wanda ke buƙatar iko akai-akai don adana bayanai. NVMe yana ba da buƙatu don ƙirar mai sarrafa mai ƙima mai ƙima don abubuwan haɗin keɓantattun na'urori masu ƙarfi na PCIe, don haka sunan NVMe. Sama da kamfanoni 90 ne aka haɗa cikin rukunin aiki don haɓaka aikin. Wannan duk ya dogara ne akan aiki don ayyana ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mu'amalar Mai watsa shiri na Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa (NVMHCIS). Mafi kyawun na'urorin NVMe na yau suna iya ɗaukar kusan megabyte 3500 a cikin sakan ɗaya na karantawa da megabytes 3300 a cikin sakan na rubutu. Rubutun j data byte da muka fara da shi yana da sauri sosai idan aka kwatanta da mintuna biyu na ƙwaƙwalwar igiya ta saƙa don Kwamfuta Guidance Apollo.
Yanzu da nan gaba
Orywaƙwalwar ajiyar ajiya
Yanzu da muka yi tafiya a baya (ha!), bari mu kalli halin da ake ciki na Ƙwaƙwalwar Aji na Ajiye. SCM, kamar NVM, yana da ƙarfi, amma SCM kuma yana ba da aikin da ya fi ko kwatankwacin babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma . Manufar SCM ita ce warware wasu matsalolin cache na yau, kamar ƙananan ma'aunin damar samun damar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (SRAM). Tare da Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Rarraba Mai Rarraba (DRAM), za mu iya samun mafi kyawun ƙima, amma wannan yana zuwa da tsadar samun dama. DRAM kuma yana fama da buƙatar ci gaba da ƙarfi don sabunta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Bari mu fahimci wannan kadan. Wutar lantarki ya zama dole saboda cajin wutar lantarki akan capacitors yana zubewa kaɗan kaɗan, ma'ana cewa ba tare da sa baki ba, bayanan da ke kan guntu za su ɓace nan da nan. Don hana irin wannan yabo, DRAM na buƙatar da'irar sabunta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta waje wanda ke sake rubuta bayanan lokaci-lokaci a cikin capacitors, maido da su zuwa cajin su na asali.
Ƙwaƙwalwar canjin lokaci (PCM)
A baya, mun kalli yadda yanayin ke canzawa don CD-RW. PCM yayi kama. Kayan canjin lokaci yawanci Ge-Sb-Te, wanda kuma aka sani da GST, wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin jihohi daban-daban guda biyu: amorphous da crystalline. Jihar amorphous yana da tsayin daka mafi girma, yana nuna 0, fiye da yanayin crystalline, yana nuna 1. Ta hanyar ba da ƙimar bayanai zuwa tsaka-tsakin juriya, ana iya amfani da PCM don adana jihohi da yawa kamar yadda yake. .
Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa (STT-RAM)
STT-RAM ya ƙunshi ferromagnetic guda biyu, madaurin maganadisu na dindindin da aka raba ta hanyar dielectric, insulator wanda ke iya watsa ƙarfin lantarki ba tare da gudanarwa ba. Yana adana raƙuman bayanai dangane da bambance-bambance a cikin kwatancen maganadisu. Ɗaya daga cikin faifan maganadisu, wanda ake kira maƙallin magana, yana da madaidaiciyar shugabanci na maganadisu, yayin da ɗayan magnetic Layer, wanda ake kira Layer free, yana da shugabanci na maganadisu wanda ake sarrafa shi ta hanyar wucewa ta yanzu. Don 1, an daidaita jagorancin magnetization na yadudduka biyu. Domin 0, duka yadudduka suna da kishiyar kwatancen maganadisu.
Ƙwaƙwalwar damar samun damar juriya (ReRAM)
Tantanin halitta na ReRAM ya ƙunshi na'urorin lantarki guda biyu na ƙarfe waɗanda aka rabu da Layer oxide na ƙarfe. Kamar ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar filasha ta Masuoka, inda electrons ke shiga cikin Layer oxide kuma su makale a cikin ƙofar da ke iyo, ko kuma akasin haka. Koyaya, tare da ReRAM, ana ƙayyade yanayin tantanin halitta bisa ga yawan iskar oxygen kyauta a cikin Layer oxide na ƙarfe.
Ko da yake waɗannan fasahohin suna da alƙawarin, har yanzu suna da illa. PCM da STT-RAM suna da babban latency na rubutu. Latency PCM ya ninka DRAM sau goma, yayin da latencies STT-RAM ya ninka SRAM sau goma. PCM da ReRAM suna da iyaka kan tsawon lokacin da rubutu zai iya faruwa kafin babban kuskure ya faru, ma'ana ɓangaren ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ya makale a kan. .
A cikin watan Agusta 2015, Intel ya sanar da sakin Optane, samfurin sa na tushen 3DXPoint. Optane yana da'awar sau 1000 aikin NAND SSDs akan farashi sau huɗu zuwa biyar sama da ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya. Optane tabbaci ne cewa SCM ya wuce fasahar gwaji kawai. Zai zama mai ban sha'awa don kallon ci gaban waɗannan fasahohin.
Hard Drive (HDD)
Helium HDD (HHDD)
faifan helium babban rumbun faifai ne mai ƙarfi (HDD) wanda ke cike da helium kuma an rufe shi ta hanyar hermetically yayin aikin kera. Kamar sauran rumbun kwamfutoci, kamar yadda muka fada a baya, yana kama da na’urar juyi mai rufaffiyar kadi. Kwamfutoci na yau da kullun suna da iska a cikin rami, amma wannan iska tana haifar da juriya yayin da platters ke juyawa.
Balloons na helium suna iyo saboda helium ya fi iska haske. A haƙiƙa, helium shine 1/7 yawan yawan iska, wanda ke rage ƙarfin birki yayin da faranti ke juyawa, yana haifar da raguwar adadin kuzarin da ake buƙata don juyar da fayafai. Koyaya, wannan fasalin na sakandare ne, babban bambance bambancen halayyar Helium shi ne cewa yana ba ku damar ɗaukar kwatancen jirgin sama iri ɗaya waɗanda bazai iya tuna kwatancen jirgin sama ba, to, wannan cikakkiyar ƙalami ce . Saboda helium yana rage ja, an kawar da tashin hankali.
Mun kuma san cewa helium balloons sun fara nutsewa bayan 'yan kwanaki saboda helium yana fitowa daga cikinsu. Hakanan ana iya faɗi game da na'urorin ajiya. An ɗauki shekaru kafin masana'antun su sami damar ƙirƙirar akwati wanda ya hana helium tserewa daga sigar sigar a duk tsawon rayuwar tuƙi. Backblaze ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje kuma ta gano cewa rumbun kwamfyutocin helium suna da adadin kuskuren shekara-shekara na 1,03%, idan aka kwatanta da 1,06% don daidaitaccen tuƙi. Tabbas, wannan bambance-bambancen kadan ne wanda mutum zai iya yanke hukunci mai tsanani daga gare ta .
Siffofin da ke cike da helium na iya ƙunsar rumbun kwamfutarka da aka lulluɓe ta amfani da PMR, wanda muka tattauna a sama, ko rikodin maganadisu na microwave (MAMR) ko rikodin maganadisu mai zafi (HAMR). Ana iya haɗa duk wani fasaha na ajiya na maganadisu tare da helium maimakon iska. A cikin 2014, HGST ya haɗu da fasahohi guda biyu masu yankewa a cikin rumbun kwamfutar sa na helium na 10TB, wanda yayi amfani da rikodin maganadisu mai ɗaukar hoto, ko SMR (Shingled Magnetic rikodin). Bari mu ɗan yi magana game da SMR sannan mu kalli MAMR da HAMR.
Tile Magnetic Record Technology
A baya can, mun duba perpendicular Magnetic rikodin (PMR), wanda shi ne wanda ya gabace zuwa SMR. Ba kamar PMR ba, SMR yana yin rikodin sabbin waƙoƙi waɗanda suka mamaye ɓangaren waƙar maganadisu da aka yi rikodin a baya. Wannan kuma yana sa waƙar da ta gabata ta kunkuntar, yana ba da damar haɓakar waƙa mafi girma. Sunan fasahar ya fito ne daga gaskiyar cewa waƙoƙin cinya suna kama da tikitin rufin.
SMR yana haifar da tsarin rubutu mai rikitarwa da yawa, tunda rubutu zuwa waƙa ɗaya yana sake rubuta waƙar da ke kusa. Wannan baya faruwa lokacin da faifan faifai babu komai kuma bayanan suna jere. Amma da zaran ka yi rikodin zuwa jerin waƙoƙi waɗanda suka riga sun ƙunshi bayanai, bayanan da ke kusa suna gogewa. Idan waƙar da ke kusa ta ƙunshi bayanai, dole ne a sake rubuta ta. Wannan yayi kama da filashin NAND da muka yi magana akai a baya.
Na'urorin SMR suna ɓoye wannan sarƙaƙƙiya ta hanyar sarrafa firmware, yana haifar da keɓance mai kama da kowane rumbun kwamfutarka. A gefe guda, na'urorin SMR da ke sarrafa mai masaukin baki, ba tare da daidaitawa na musamman na aikace-aikace da tsarin aiki ba, ba za su ƙyale amfani da waɗannan abubuwan tafiyarwa ba. Dole ne mai watsa shiri ya rubuta zuwa na'urori daidai da jeri. A lokaci guda, aikin na'urorin yana da tsinkaya 100%. Seagate ya fara jigilar motocin SMR a cikin 2013, yana da'awar 25% mafi girma Girman PMR.
Rikodin maganadisu na Microwave (MAMR)
Rikodin maganadisu ta Microwave (MAMR) fasaha ce ta ƙwaƙwalwar maganadisu wacce ke amfani da makamashi mai kama da HAMR (an tattauna gaba) Wani muhimmin sashi na MAMR shine Spin Torque Oscillator (STO). STO kanta tana kusa da shugaban rikodi. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da halin yanzu zuwa STO, ana samar da filin lantarki madauwari mai mitar 20-40 GHz saboda polarization na spins na lantarki.
Lokacin da aka fallasa zuwa irin wannan filin, resonance yana faruwa a cikin feromagnet da ake amfani da shi don MAMR, wanda ke haifar da fifikon lokutan maganadisu na yanki a cikin wannan filin. Ainihin, lokacin maganadisu yana karkata daga axis kuma don canza alkiblarsa (juyawa), shugaban rikodi yana buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi sosai.
Yin amfani da fasahar MAMR yana ba da damar ɗaukar abubuwa na ferromagnetic tare da ƙarfin tilastawa, wanda ke nufin cewa ana iya rage girman wuraren maganadisu ba tare da tsoron haifar da tasirin superparamagnetic ba. STO janareta yana taimakawa wajen rage girman shugaban rikodi, wanda ke ba da damar yin rikodin bayanai akan ƙananan wuraren maganadisu, sabili da haka yana ƙara yawan rikodi.
Western Digital, wanda kuma aka sani da WD, ya gabatar da wannan fasaha a cikin 2017. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin 2018, Toshiba ya goyi bayan wannan fasaha. Yayin da WD da Toshiba ke bin fasahar MAMR, Seagate yana yin fare akan HAMR.
Rikodin Thermomagnetic (HAMR)
Heat-assisted Magnetic recording (HAMR) fasaha ce mai amfani da makamashi mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya ƙara yawan adadin bayanan da za a iya adanawa a kan na'urar maganadisu, kamar rumbun kwamfutarka, ta amfani da zafin rana da Laser ke bayarwa don taimakawa rubutawa. da bayanai zuwa saman rumbun kwamfutarka substrates. Dumama yana haifar da sanya ragowar bayanai kusa da juna akan faifan faifai, yana ba da damar haɓaka yawan bayanai da iya aiki.
Wannan fasaha yana da wahalar aiwatarwa. 200mW Laser sauri ƙaramin yanki na har zuwa 400 ° C kafin yin rikodin, ba tare da tsoma baki ko lalata sauran bayanan da ke cikin faifai ba. Dole ne a kammala aikin dumama, rikodin bayanai da tsarin sanyaya cikin ƙasa da nanosecond. Magance waɗannan ƙalubalen yana buƙatar haɓaka nanoscale surface plasmons, kuma aka sani da saman-shiryar Laser, maimakon kai tsaye Laser dumama, kazalika da sabon iri gilashin faranti da thermal management coatings don jure da sauri tabo dumama ba tare da žata rikodi shugaban ko wani kusa. bayanai, da sauran kalubalen fasaha daban-daban da ke buƙatar shawo kan su.
Duk da maganganun shakku da yawa, Seagate ya fara nuna wannan fasaha a cikin 2013. Fayafai na farko sun fara jigilar kaya a cikin 2018.
Ƙarshen fim, je zuwa farkon!
Mun fara a 1951 kuma mun ƙare labarin tare da duban makomar fasahar ajiya. Adana bayanai sun canza sosai a tsawon lokaci, daga tef ɗin takarda zuwa ƙarfe da Magnetic, ƙwaƙwalwar igiya, diski mai jujjuyawa, fayafai na gani, ƙwaƙwalwar filasha da sauran su. Ci gaba ya haifar da sauri, ƙarami, da ƙarin na'urorin ajiya masu ƙarfi.
Idan kun kwatanta NVMe zuwa tef ɗin ƙarfe na UNISERVO daga 1951, NVMe na iya karanta ƙarin lambobi 486% a sakan daya. Lokacin kwatanta NVMe zuwa ga abin da na fi so na ƙuruciya, Zip Drives, NVMe na iya karanta ƙarin lambobi 111% a sakan daya.
Abinda ya rage gaskiya shine amfani da 0 da 1. Hanyoyin da muke yin hakan sun bambanta sosai. Ina fatan cewa lokaci na gaba da kuka ƙona CD-RW na waƙoƙi don aboki ko adana bidiyo na gida zuwa Taskar Fayil na gani, kuna tunanin yadda yanayin da ba ya jujjuya shi zuwa 0 kuma shimfidar haske tana fassara zuwa 1. Ko kuma idan kuna yin rikodin cakudewa akan kaset, ku tuna cewa yana da alaƙa sosai da Datasette da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Commodore PET. A ƙarshe, kar a manta da ku kasance masu kirki da ja da baya.
Спасибо и don tidbits (Ba zan iya taimaka masa ba) cikin labarin!
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source: www.habr.com