Adadin kalmomin "farko" a cikin labarin ba a kan jadawalin.
Shirin "Sannu, Duniya" na farko, wasan MUD na farko, mai harbi na farko, wasan mutuwa na farko, GUI na farko, tebur na farko, farkon Ethernet, linzamin kwamfuta na farko uku, linzamin kwamfuta na farko, linzamin kwamfuta na farko, na farko cikakken shafi mai saka idanu -sized duba) , wasan farko da yawa... kwamfuta ta farko ta sirri.
Shekara ta 1973
A cikin birnin Palo Alto, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na almara na R&D na Xerox - PARC (Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated), a ranar 1 ga Maris an sami sakin wata na'ura wanda daga baya za a kira shi kwamfuta ta farko a duniya (ba kwamfutar gida ba, amma don amfanin mutum).
Alto samfurin bincike ne ba samfurin kasuwanci ba. An yi zaton cewa Alto za ta zama mota da aka kera da yawa, amma ba a taɓa sanya ta cikin samarwa ba. Koyaya, an samar da jimlar Altos dubu da yawa, yawancin waɗanda Xerox PARC kanta da jami'o'i daban-daban suka yi amfani da su.
An kiyasta kudin motar Alto daya daga dala 12 zuwa 000.
Shekaru shida bayan fitowar Alto, Ayyuka za su gan shi kuma su aro shi kuma su bayyana tarin sabbin abubuwa ga duniya.
Domin ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar kwamfuta (, , , ) a 2004 samu , kuma Chuck Thacker kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Turing a cikin 2009.
A cikin watan Oktoba 2014 Xerox Alto a Gidan Tarihi na Kwamfuta.
Bari mu yi ƙoƙarin duba ƙarƙashin hular kuma mu san masu haɓakawa.
Ci gaban kwamfuta ya fara ne a cikin 1972 tare da takarda ("Me yasa Alto?") wanda Butler Lampson ya rubuta (wanda ya samo asali ne daga tunanin Douglas Engelbart. . Chuck Thacker ne ya tsara shi.
"Kowace matsala ta kwamfuta ana magance ta ta wani matakin abstraction."
A cikin 1960s, Lampson ya shiga a Berkeley, a lokacin da Berkeley Timesharing System aka ɓullo da don Scientific Data Systems SDS 940 kwamfuta.
A cikin 1970s, Lampson ya zama daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje , Inda ya shiga cikin ci gaban Alto, da kuma haɓaka fasahar bugu na Laser, hanyoyin sadarwa na Ethernet, sarrafa rubutu a ciki. , (2 PC), , na farko (LAN), ya ƙirƙira manyan yarukan shirye-shirye da yawa, misali, .
A cikin 80s, Lampson ya tafi Kamfanin Kayan Aikin Dijital. A halin yanzu yana aiki a Microsoft Research, inda yake aiki a kan tsaro da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi satar fasaha. Yana koyarwa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts.
Memo na Lapson "Me yasa Alto?"
XEROX Inter-Office MemorandumTo CSL Rana Disamba 19, 1972
daga Butler Lampson location Palo Alto
subject Me yasa Alto Kungiyar PARK
1. Gabatarwa
Wannan bayanin yana magana ne akan dalilan yin babbar lamba (10-30) na kwafin kwamfutocin da ake kira Alto wanda Chuck Thacker da sauransu suka tsara. Alan Kay ne ya samar da ainihin dalilin wannan na'ura, wanda ke buƙatar kusan 15-20 'Tsarin Dynabooks' Systems don binciken iliminsa. Alto yana da fa'idar aikace-aikacen da ya fi fa'ida fiye da yadda wannan asalin zai ba da shawara, duk da haka. Zan fara da bayyana halayensa, sannan in ci gaba da yin la'akari da wasu fa'idodi masu ban sha'awa waɗanda za a iya sanya Alto. Ya bayyana cewa akwai wasu hulɗa tare da kusan kowane shirin bincike na CSL.
2. Halaye
Tsarin Alto ya ƙunshi
48-64K 16-bit kalmomi na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (tare da daidaito kuma watakila gyara kuskure).
faifan Diablo megabyte megabyte 10 wanda ke tura kalma ɗaya kowane 7 mu, yana juyawa a cikin 25 ms, kuma yana da neman waƙa na 8 ms, kuma mafi munin neman 70 ms.
Na'urar kallon talabijin mai layi ta 901 wacce fuskar nuni ta kusan girman wannan shafin. Yana tsaye a tsaye, kuma an ƙera shi don a kore shi daga ɗan taswira a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Yana ɗaukar 32K na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don cika wurin nuni tare da murabba'i (825×620) raster. Waɗannan ɗigon sun kai murabba'in mil 1.4. Yana yiwuwa a rage girman su zuwa kusan mil 1, wanda ke ba da raster 825 × 860 da 44.3K na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Raster mai murabba'i na iya nuna haruffa 8000 5 × 7 tare da masu saukowa ko 2500 kyawawan haruffa masu tazara daidai gwargwado.
Maɓallin madannai wanda ba a buɗe ba wanda ke ba mai sarrafawa damar tantance daidai lokacin da kowane maɓalli ya ɓace ko aka saki, da linzamin kwamfuta ko wata na'ura mai nuni.
Mai sarrafawa wanda ke aiwatar da umarnin Nova a kusan 1.5 us/umarni, kuma ana iya ƙarawa tare da ƙarin umarnin da ya dace da fassarar Lisp, Bcpl, MPS, ko kowane abu.
Babban hanyar sadarwa mai girma (10 MHz) wanda har yanzu ba a bayyana cikakkun bayanai ba.
Zabi, ingantaccen janareta na haruffa mai kama da wanda Doug Clark ya tsara kuma ya gina shi. Wannan zai adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai yawa kuma zai ba da izinin haruffa masu inganci fiye da yadda za a iya yi tare da raster murabba'i, amma ba ya ƙara sabon ƙarfin gaske. Ya kamata ya zama kusan $ 500.
Zabi, firintar Diablo, XGP, ko wata na'urar kwafi.
Tebur mai faɗin 45" faɗi da 25" mai zurfi don ɗaukar injin da ɗaga nuni da madannai.
Mafi mahimmanci, farashin kusan $lO.5K, wanda za'a iya rage shi zuwa $9.7K ta amfani da faifan megabyte 2.5. Farashin ya kusan raba daidai tsakanin faifai, ƙwaƙwalwa, da komai. Mun kashe kusan sau biyu akan Maxc ga memba na CSL na 1974.
Tsarin yana iya yin kusan duk wani lissafin da PDP-10 za ta iya yi. Ga mafi yawan matsalolin yana iya isar da mafi kyawun aiki ga mai amfani fiye da 10 da aka raba lokaci, koda kuwa an ɗora na ƙarshe ɗin da sauƙi (bangare a bayyane: ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu iyo). Bugu da ƙari, muna da tsarin haɓaka Lisp, Bcpl, da tsarin MPS waɗanda zasu iya gudana akan Nova kuma saboda haka, tare da ɗan gyara, akan Alto. Tun da yawancin ayyukan software na mu na gaba ana tsammanin za a yi a cikin ɗayan waɗannan harsuna, yawancin ya kamata su iya aiki akan Alto.
Sakin layi na gaba yana nuna cewa yakamata a sami ƙarfin kwamfuta da yawa. Dukansu Lisp da MPS za su sami wasu nau'ikan taswira na taimakon kayan masarufi, saboda girman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba zai zama matsala ba; Irin wannan tsari na Bcpl yana da alama yana yiwuwa, amma ba a bincika ba.
A 64K Alto yana da yawancin ƙwayoyin Lisp kamar 32K na ƙwaƙwalwar PDP-l0. BBN yayi ikirarin tafiyar da masu amfani da Lisp tare da matsakaicin tsarin aiki 25K da tazarar kuskuren shafi 30 ms. Waƙoƙin faifai arba'in da biyu suna riƙe da ƙwayoyin Lisp 256K, kuma matsakaicin lokacin samun damar yin rikodin akan ɗayan waɗannan waƙoƙin shine kusan 32 ms, idan aka kwatanta da 17 ms na ganga na 10. Don haka, idan saurin aiwatarwa akan Alto shine rabin gudun 10 ko ƙasa da haka, paging ba zai wuce akan 10 na shirye-shiryen Lisp ba. Yana da kyau sosai cewa za mu iya samun tsarin Lisp akan Alto tare da wasu ƴan ƙwararrun umarni waɗanda zasu iya sadar da rabin aikin Tenex Lisp yana gudana a cikin sararin musanyawa na 32K. Ana iya sa ran sakamako kwatankwacin ga wasu harsuna.
3. Aikace-aikace
Duk aikace-aikacen da aka yi la'akari da su a nan sun dogara ne akan abubuwa biyu waɗanda suka taƙaita abubuwan da ke cikin sashe na ƙarshe:
Alto yana da ƙarfi fiye da tashar VTS da aka haɗa zuwa Tenex;
Alto yana da arha sosai wanda zamu iya siyan ɗaya ga kowane memba na CSL, idan hakan ya tabbatar da kyawawa.
a) Rarraba kwamfuta. Za mu iya sauƙi saka a cikin hanyar sadarwa na fakiti-kamar Aloha-zuwa-aya tsakanin Alto's, ta yin amfani da coax azaman ether (ko microwave tare da mai maimaitawa akan tudu don tashoshi gida). Sannan za mu iya yin gwaje-gwaje iri-iri da yawa tare da injuna da dama. Yana da sauƙi a gwada gwaje-gwajen da suka dogara da 'yancin kai na mahalarta da kuma waɗanda ke amfani da kayan aiki na musamman waɗanda dole ne su haɗa kai don cimma wani abu. Musamman ma, za mu iya tsara tsarin da kowane mai amfani yana da nasa fayilolin kuma ana yin sadarwa ne kawai don musanya bayanan da za a iya raba su, don haka ya ba da haske kan takaddamar da aka dade ana yi game da fa'idar wannan makirci sabanin manyan fayiloli.
b) Tsarin ofis. Za mu iya gudanar da NLS-gasa na tushen Peter's Lisp ko tsarin xNLS. Ƙarfin lissafin Alto zai ba mu damar mai da hankali kan iyawar tsarin maimakon inganta aikin sa. Bayanin da aka samu daga wannan hanyar yakamata ya dace da wanda aka samu daga gwaje-gwajen xNLS masu amfani da yawa. Hakanan yana iya yiwuwa a gudanar da waɗannan akan Alto don haka ku tsere daga dogaro da Nova; wannan yuwuwar na buƙatar ƙarin bincike.
c) Kwamfuta na sirri. Idan ka'idodinmu game da amfanin arha, kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi na sirri daidai ne, ya kamata mu iya nuna su cikin gamsarwa akan Alto. Idan sun yi kuskure, za mu iya gano dalilin. Ya kamata mu, alal misali, mu iya gamsar da masu amfani da Lisp masu nauyi kamar Warren da Peter tare da Alto. Wannan kuma zai ɗauki babban nauyin kwamfuta daga Maxc. Hakanan ya kamata ya zama mai sauƙi a kwaikwayi tsarin kayan masarufi na wasu kwamfutoci masu zaman kansu (misali, matakan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban) don haka don inganta waɗannan ƙira. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda ƙarin ƙananan injuna za su buƙaci saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin haɓaka aikin injiniya da ingantaccen ingantaccen tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
d) Zane-zane. Alto babban abin hawa ne don aikin zane-zane na Bob Flegal, kuma zai sa 'ya'yan wannan aikin su kasance ga al'umma mai fa'ida. Ba zai iya yin kayan Dick Shoup ba.
4. Gasa
Alto yana gasa da wasu abubuwan da mu ko SSL muke yi. Ina ganin wannan abu ne mai kyau, tun da yake yana ƙarfafa masu goyon bayan hanyoyin biyu don yin fice. Musamman;
a) VTS na iya yin haruffa masu inganci, yana da iko mai ƙarfi da kiftawa, farashin rabin zuwa kashi biyu cikin uku idan kuna son tashar tashar kawai, kuma kuna iya cin gajiyar canjin bidiyo. Ba zai iya yin zane-zane ba kuma yana iya fama da matsalolin jerin gwano na tsarin albarkatun da aka raba (an raba Nova da sadarwa). Kuma, ba shakka, yana da kyau kamar kwamfutar da ke amfani da ita.
b) Maxc na iya ƙididdigewa, kuma ga aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da software na yanzu, suna buƙatar manyan saitunan aiki, ko yin ɗimbin yawa, zai fi kyau. Har ila yau, an san cewa yana da kyau ga Lisp, da dai sauransu, yayin da dacewa da Alto don irin wannan manyan tsarin ya kasance ba a tabbatar da shi ba.
c) Novas waɗanda ba su da hadaddun musaya zuwa wasu kayan aikin (misali, Toy, XGP) na iya maye gurbinsu da Altos. Wadanda suke yin, kamar Maxc Nova ko, mai yiwuwa, VTS Nova, suna da tsaro.
d) Ba a san tasirin Alto ga cibiyar sadarwar gida ba.
e) An shafe Imlacs.
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Tare da Butler Lampson da sauran wadanda suka kammala digiri, ya kafa kamfanin Berkeley Computer Corporation, inda ya kera na'urorin lantarki na kwamfuta. Koyaya, kamfanin bai sami nasarar kasuwanci ba kuma Thacker ya ɗauki aiki a cibiyar bincike ta Xerox PARC.
A cikin shekarun 1970s da 80s, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓaka ka'idar Ethernet kuma ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar firinta na laser na farko. A cikin 1983, Thacker ya kafa cibiyar bincike ta Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC Systems Research Center), kuma a cikin 1997 ya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar dakin bincike na Microsoft a Cambridge. Bayan ya koma Amurka, Thacker ya ɓullo da kayan masarufi don Microsoft Tablet PC dangane da gogewarsa ta aiki akan Dynabook a Xerox PARC.
“Intanet ba ta shafi fasaha ba; game da sadarwa ne. Intanet tana haɗa mutanen da suka yi tarayya da juna, ra'ayoyi da buƙatu, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ƙasa ba."
Ya kasance darakta a ARPA's daga 1965 zuwa 1969, wanda ya kafa kuma darekta na dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa na Xerox PARC daga 1970 zuwa 1983, wanda ya kafa kuma darektan Kamfanin Kayan Aikin Dijital zuwa 1996.
Marubucin ra'ayin OOP ("Na ƙirƙiro kalmar object-oriented, kuma zan gaya muku menene, ba ina nufin C++ ba.") da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.
Af, Kay ya faɗi sanannen furcinsa "Hanya mafi kyau don hango ko hasashen nan gaba shine ƙirƙira shi" a 1971, kuma (Laureaten Nobel, mahaliccin holography) - a cikin ’63. Inventing the Future (1963): "Ba za a iya hasashen makomar gaba ba, amma ana iya ƙirƙira abubuwan gaba." (Bincike akan wannan al'amari .)
TED bidiyo
Babban darajar Xerox
Iron
Xerox Alto yana da 128 KB na RAM (cika dala $4000), wanda za'a iya faɗaɗa shi zuwa 512 KB, da kuma rumbun kwamfutarka tare da harsashi mai cirewa 2,5 MB.
Abubuwan diski
Saka idanu
Don nuna bayanan hoto, an yi amfani da mai duba monochrome mai girman 606×808 pixels, wanda aka ƙera shi a yanayin yanayin hoton da ba na al'ada ba.
Stone
Chip: Multi-chip sashe microprocessor naúrar lissafi-ma'ana (nau'in ƙididdiga-biti-yanki) dangane da tare da tallafin microcode (har zuwa ayyuka na layi ɗaya 16 tare da ƙayyadaddun fifiko). 5.8 MHz CPU
Klava
64-keyboard
A linzamin kwamfuta
Duk berayen da aka yi amfani da su tare da Alto ɓeraye ne masu maɓalli uku. Mouse na farko ya kasance injina, tare da ƙafafu biyu waɗanda aka sanya su daidai da juna. Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin wannan ƙirar da linzamin kwamfuta, wanda Bill English ya ƙirƙira. Daga baya, linzamin kwamfuta na gani ya bayyana, ya fara amfani da farin haske sannan kuma infrared radiation. Maballin da ke kan berayen na farko suna saman juna, ba kusa da juna ba, kamar yadda aka saba a yanzu.
An aiwatar da ra'ayoyin Engelbart a cikin ainihin duniya - linzamin kwamfuta da :
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Katin cibiyar sadarwa
Ethernet
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Software
Shirye-shiryen farko na Alto an rubuta su cikin yaren shirye-shirye (ta hanyar, shirin farko na "Hello duniya" da MUD na farko an rubuta su akan BCPL), sannan aka yi amfani da harshen. , wanda ba a yi amfani da shi sosai a wajen PARC ba, amma ya rinjayi wasu harsunan baya, kamar Modula. Allon madannai na Alto ba shi da maɓallin maɓalli wanda ke ɗauke da alamar kibiya ta hagu wadda Mesa ta yi amfani da ita azaman mai aiki. Wannan fasalin na madannai na Alto na iya zama dalilin salon gano sunan CamelCase. Wani fasalin Alto shine ikon mai amfani don tsara microcode mai sarrafawa kai tsaye.
Duk da ƙananan adadin RAM, shirye-shirye tare da menus mai hoto, gumaka da sauran abubuwan da suka saba da zuwan Mac OS da tsarin aiki na Microsoft Windows an haɓaka kuma an yi amfani da su don Xerox Alto.
- Bravo da Gypsy - farkon masu sarrafa kalma na WYSIWYG
- Laurel da Hardy - abokan cinikin imel na hanyar sadarwa
- Markup and Draw - masu gyara bitmap
- Neptune - mai sarrafa fayil
- FTP da kayan aiki na hira
- Wasanni - Chess, Finball, Othello da wasan Alto Trek ta Gene Ball
- Sil - editan zane-zane na vector don haɗaɗɗun da'irori da allunan kewaye da bugu
- Tsarin sarrafa nau'ikan gwaji na Officetalk
- Harsunan shirye-shirye - BCPL, LISP, Smalltalk, Mesa, da Poplar
Hotuna da dama / hotunan kariyar kwamfuta na software
Smalltalk
Bravo
Cedar
Alamar
Zana
LIS
Laurel
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ƙarin hotunan kariyar kwamfuta na shirye-shirye
Nuna daga shirin gwajin-kan madannai:
Maɓallin Alto yana da layin sigina daban don kowane maɓalli kuma yana iya faɗi lokacin da ake danna kowane adadin maɓallai lokaci guda. A cikin nunin, ana riƙe baƙaƙen maɓallan ƙasa. Ƙananan murabba'in da ke sama da madannai yana wakiltar linzamin kwamfuta (duba hoto 4); Hakanan ana danna maɓallin linzamin kwamfuta ɗaya.
Nuni na Alto Executive, tare da misalin tauraro da alamar tambaya.
NetExecutive (mai kama da Alto Executive, amma yana ba da damar samun albarkatu akan Ethernet.
Babban shirin Mesa wanda Bravo ke gyarawa; lura da nau'ikan nau'ikan rubutu daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen.
Directory daga editan kundin adireshi na Neptune. An zaɓi sunayen fayil ɗin a baki don ƙarin ayyuka kamar bugu ko gogewa. Ana nuna siginan kwamfuta azaman giciye a cikin da'irar.
Ƙarfin Bravo na canza haruffa (akwai ɗaruruwan haruffa don Alto, daga Gothic zuwa Elvish Runes; tsakiyar sakin layi a cikin wannan nunin an canza shi zuwa Girkanci). Dole ne a canza daftarin aiki a cikin taga na ƙasa zuwa hanyar da aka nuna a saman taga.
Ana sanya maki tare da siginan kwamfuta, kuma masu lanƙwasa da layi suna cike da shirin.
Ana iya yin fentin layi tare da nau'ikan "bushe-bushe" (mai siginar ya canza zuwa ƙaramin fenti).
An ba da rubutu zuwa layi; an ƙirƙiri layukan dige-dige tare da siginan almakashi.
Ana iya sarrafa hoton ta hanyar lissafi; ana iya ƙirƙira sabon adadi ta hanyar juyawa, karkata, ko shimfiɗa kwafin ainihin.
Ido yana wakiltar mutuniyar abokin hamayya. Duk wani Alto akan yanar gizo na iya shiga ko barin wasan a kowane lokaci.
Wasan Pinball:
Ana kunna faifai ta maɓallan motsi guda biyu; Ana iya haɗa tashar Alto zuwa lasifika don samar da ƙararrawa da sautunan buzzer.
Shirin Trek Multiplayer:
Ana kunna wannan wasan gaba ɗaya ƙarƙashin ikon linzamin kwamfuta. Ƙananan ɓangaren allon yana nuna siginar firikwensin ɗan gajeren zango; na sama shine nunin dogon zango, da kewayawa da sarrafa makamai.
Yanayin Cedar akan Alto
Shahararren allon "bakan gizo" akan Alto
games
- wasan farko da yawa
Kuna sarrafa tauraron taurari na ɗaya daga cikin jinsi uku: , ko
ta wasa
Matsayar mutuwa ta farko, kallon mutum na farko.
kuma:
- Astroroids
- dara
- Galaxiyawa
- Mazewar
- Umurni mai linzami
- Rinky Dink (shirin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Clint Parker)
- War Space
Screenshots
Abin da kwamfutoci ke yi kenan
DUP
Ba ni da lokacin dubawa, amma ina tsammanin zai yi amfani:
shekara ta 2001. Xerox Alto: Maimaitawa na Mutum
ƙarshe
“Kada ku taɓa shakka cewa ƙaramin rukunin mutane masu tunani da sadaukarwa za su iya canza duniya. A hakikanin gaskiya, su ne kawai suka kawo wadannan sauye-sauyen." Margaret Mead
A ganina, yana da ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa don zama shaida (har ma fiye da haka) a cikin ƙirƙirar sababbin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. Na yi sa'a don kasancewa kusa da ƙungiyar matasa da masu ƙarfin zuciya waɗanda suka kirkiro "Tsiferblat" (cafe na farko), ko da yake ba samfurin IT ba ne, amma har yanzu yana motsawa da sanyi. Na yi magana kadan tare da masu haɓakawa , suna da labarai masu ban sha'awa da yawa. Na ji daɗin kallon jerin . Idan wani ya san hanyoyin haɗi zuwa kayan aiki masu amfani, don Allah raba, kuma idan kai da kanka ka shiga cikin ƙirƙirar sabon abu, rubuta a cikin sharhi, zan yi godiya.
Tare da kamfanin Muna fara gudun marathon na wallafe-wallafe.
Zan yi ƙoƙarin zuwa ƙasa na tushen tushen fasahar IT, don fahimtar yadda suke tunani da menene ra'ayoyi a cikin zukatan majagaba, abin da suka yi mafarki, yadda suka ga duniyar nan gaba. Me yasa aka yi tunanin "kwamfuta", "cibiyar sadarwa", "hypertext", "ma'auni na hankali", "tsari don magance matsalolin gama gari", menene ma'anar suka sanya a cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyin, wadanne kayan aiki suke so don cimma sakamako.
Ina fatan waɗannan kayan sun ba da kwarin gwiwa ga waɗanda ke mamakin yadda za su canza (ƙirƙiri wani abu da bai taɓa wanzuwa ba). Ina son IT da "programming" su daina kasancewa kawai "codeing for money", kuma in tunatar da ku cewa an haife su a matsayin lever don canza hanyoyin yaki, ilimi, hanyar haɗin gwiwa, tunani da sadarwa, a matsayin yunƙurin warware matsalolin duniya da amsa ƙalubale, tsayawa a gaban ɗan adam. Wani abu kamar wannan.
Maris 0.
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source: www.habr.com