Shekaru 30 na Koyarwar Minix OS

A ranar 14 ga Janairu, ranar farko ta sabuwar shekara ta 2017, labarin “Mutum. Kwamanda Norton".

shekara 1987

Bayan karanta shi, wanda ya haifar da motsin rai da yawa, shekara ta 1987 ta zo a hankali, a cikin hanyarta ta zama shekara mai mahimmanci a rayuwata. Wannan ita ce shekarar da ni, daga ɗan ƙaramin mai bincike na yau da kullun, na zama shugaban ɗaya daga cikin manyan sashe a wata cibiyar bincike, wacce aka ba wa alhakin tabbatar da mafi girman sarrafa tsarin binciken kimiyya.

Sabili da haka, shekaru 30 da suka wuce, yanzu a cikin 1987, Andrew Tanenbaum ya rubuta tsarin aiki na Minix mai jituwa na Unix a matsayin littafi don littafinsa "Tsarin Ayyuka: Zane da Aiwatarwa" (1987, ISBN 0-13-637406-9). Rukunin layukan tushe guda 12000, waɗanda aka rubuta da farko a cikin yaren shirye-shiryen C, na Minix kernel, tsarin sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da tsarin fayil an buga su a cikin littafin. Andrew Tanenbaum ya haɓaka Minix OS don IBM PC da IBM PC/AT kwamfutocin da ake dasu a lokacin. A wannan lokacin, kwamfutoci masu dacewa da IBM PC sun fara bayyana a ƙasarmu EU-1840/41/42 har ma da ES-1845, wanda, kamar yadda ya faru daga baya, ya sami nasarar gudanar da Minix OS.

A irin wannan shekarar 1987, na fara rubuta ginshiƙin “INJINI DA KWAMFUTA” a cikin mujallar “Fasahar da Kimiyya”. Littafi na farko a wannan sashe talifi ne na 7 na mujallar mai jigo “Tsarin aiki: me yasa injiniyoyi ke buƙatar su" Kuma wannan labarin ya ce tsarin aiki ne da ke ba ka damar canzawa zuwa "kai" daga kwamfuta.

Amma a cikin fitowar ta gaba na mujallar an buga labarin tare da taken "Gabatarwa ga tsarin aiki na UNIX":

A cikin wannan lokacin, Amurka ta gabatar da Shirin Tsaro na Dabarun (SDI), kuma USSR ta haɓaka shirin Anti-SDI.

Tsayawar kwaikwayo

A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan shirin, an tsara shi don ƙirƙirar simulation modeling stand (SIM) da kuma tsarin bincike na kwamfuta (CADR), wanda zai ba da damar ba kawai don kwatanta sakamakon aiwatar da SOI ba, har ma don gabatar da gaba. buƙatun don tsarin da ke kawar da waɗannan sakamakon. Tushen fasaha na SIM/SAIPR shine ya zama cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta mai ƙarfi wacce ke haɗa hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta na cikin sassan kimiyya:

Ya kamata hanyar sadarwar ta ƙunshi manyan kwamfutocin ES, nau'in ES-1066, da kwamfutoci na sirri kusan guda 200. Amma mafi mahimmanci, waɗannan kwamfutoci yakamata su shigar da tsarin aiki na UNIX masu jituwa MOS EC. Idan kuma ba a samu matsala da manyan injuna aka sanya OS MOS EC a kansu ba, to an samu matsaloli wajen sanya su a kwamfutoci kamar ES-1840, saboda ana buƙatar rumbun kwamfutarka, kuma an jinkirta sakin OS. Kuma isar da kwamfutoci su kansu abu ne mai matukar wahala. Sun yi rashi sosai. Za a iya samun su kawai ta hanyar yanke shawara na kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU da Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet, tun da farko sun amince da duk wannan tare da sassan da ke da sha'awar, irin su Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Tarayyar Soviet (yanzu Majalisar Tarayya na Rasha). Federation yana cikin gininsa), Kwamitin Jiha na VTI (Kwamitin Jiha akan Injiniyan Kwamfuta da Informatics, Kwamitin Jiha na USSR akan fasahar kwamfuta, wanda aka kafa a cikin Afrilu 1986) da wasu da yawa.

Wani lamari mai ban dariya ya faru lokacin da aka amince da shirin samar da kayan aikin kwamfuta zuwa rukunin VTI.

Sun zo maka

Mu ukun mun isa wurin - ni mai matsayi na manyan, sanye da takalma na chrome, da bindiga a cikin holster a kan bel na, da akwati da aka rufe a hannuna. A'a, ba akwatin nukiliya ba ne, yana kunshe da daftarin kudurin nan gaba na Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet No. 931-226 mai kwanan wata 8.08.87 ga Agusta, XNUMX. Na kasance tare don kare mutunci (wannan shine umarnin shugaban cibiyar, Laftanar Janar Volkov L.I.) Manjo Janar Bordyukov M .M. da kuma ainihin Kanar Boyarsky A.G. Lokacin da muka haura zuwa dakin liyafar shugaban, abubuwa biyu suka same mu - wata kyakkyawar sakatariya mai farin gashi da kwalayen PC Olivetty da aka taru a duk inda ake liyafar. Babban mafarki ne a sami aƙalla irin waɗannan kwamfutoci da yawa a cibiyar.

A tambayar da muka yi ko za a iya isa wurin shugaban, sakataren ya amsa da cewa bai zo ba tukuna, amma ya kamata ya zo kowane minti daya kuma ya ba da izinin jira. Bayan wani lokaci sai shugaban da mataimakinsa suka bayyana. Ga tambayar da shugaban ya yi shiru, sakataren ya amsa da gaske:- "Yana da ku!". Shiru yayi ya shiga office din, muna binsa.

Kuma da ya gano abin da muka zo dominsa, mun sami sa hannun amincewarsa ba tare da wata tambaya ba. A wancan lokacin, wadannan su ne manyan kayayyaki - dozin da rabi manyan kwamfutoci, har zuwa ES-1066, da kuma game da 200 ES-1841/45 inji mai kwakwalwa, kusan dukan shekara-shekara samar da kwamfutoci a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Kuma dole ne in ce, duk da jinkiri, mun karɓi waɗannan kwamfutoci:

Tafi!

Amma akwai wasu misalai. Ya zama dole don samun takardar visa daga Mataimakin Shugaban Sadarwa na Rundunar Sojan Tarayyar Soviet.
An gudanar da wannan matsayi a wancan lokacin da Laftanar Janar Kirill Nikolaevich Trofimov, dan takara a cikin Great Patriotic War, Hero of Socialist Labor. A cikin alƙawari tare da Trofimov K.N. Na isa, kamar ko da yaushe, tare da rakiyar janar na "wajibi". Trofimov K.N. gayyace ni zuwa teburin kuma mun tattauna na dogon lokaci game da matsalolin sarrafa kansa, ba da kayan aikin kwamfyuta cibiyoyin na yankin Moscow. Babban tambaya shine me yasa yakamata a sami abubuwan da ake so a gare ku. Amma a ƙarshe ya ce: "Ba ni takardunku, zan sa hannu." Amma yayin da nake fitar da su, an ji muryar janar na "wajibi" (Ba zan ba da sunansa na ƙarshe ba): "Me ya sa ba ku fahimci cikakkiyar mahimmancin ..." ba. Kuma wannan an ce wa K.N. Trofimov ... Na kasance m. Kuma saboda kyawawan dalilai. Janar Trofimov K.N. shiru yayi ya mik'e, ya d'auki jakar dake d'auke da takardunmu muka jefar zuwa wajen fita: "Fita daga nan!" Amma duk yana da kyau wanda ya ƙare da kyau. Na sake zuwa na gan shi, na ba shi hakuri, aka karbi biza. Abin takaici, wannan janar din da ake mutuntawa ya mutu ne a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1987 a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Mi-8 a kasar Hungary.

Shugaban farko na Hukumar Fasaha ta Rasha / FSTEC na Rasha

A lokaci guda tare da daidaitawa da tsare-tsaren samar da kayan aikin kwamfuta, haɓakawa da amincewa da ƙayyadaddun fasaha don ƙirƙira SIM / CAIPR yana gudana. Cibiyar fasaha ta Cybernetics na Kwalejin Kimiyya na BSSR, darektan Semenkov O.I., an zaba a matsayin jagoran kwangila. Af, a wani lokaci Cibiyar Cybernetics na Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences aka kuma dauke. Amma har yanzu an ba da fifiko ga ITK na Kwalejin Kimiyya na BSSR. Kuma ya zuwa karshen shekarar 1986, an shirya bayanan fasaha, abin da ya rage shi ne samun takardar biza daga wajen mataimakin babban kwamandan kwamanda na farko, Kanar-Janar Yu.A. Yashin, da kuma amincewa da shi daga shugaban Kwalejin Kwalejin. Kimiyya na BSSR, Academician na USSR Academy of Sciences N.A. Borisevich. da Babban Kwamandan. Bayan haka, mirgine hannayen riga kuma kammala aikin da aka ba ku. Sannan a tsakiyar watan Disamba na samu labarin cewa Janar Yu.A. Yashin ya isa cibiyar. Na ɗauki akwati tare da daftarin bayanai na fasaha kuma na garzaya ƙasa daga matakan gefe zuwa wurin liyafar shugaban cibiyar. Kuma a kan matakalar ina fuskantar gaba da gaba da shugaban cibiyar da Janar Yashin Yu.A. Ba tare da jinkiri ba, na nemi izinin Yu.A. Yashin. tuntubi shugaban cibiyar. Abin ya ba shi mamaki, amma ya kyale shi. Na kai rahoto ga shugaban cibiyar cewa lokaci ya kure kuma muna bukatar biza daga Yu.A. Yashin. Ga shi kuma, an sami wannan bizar nan a kan matakan hawa.
A cikin Janairu 1992, Yashin Yu.A. ya zama shugaban riko, kuma a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1993 aka nada shi shugaban hukumar fasaha ta jihar da aka sake tsara a karkashin shugaban kasar Rasha, rawar da matsayi wanda ya karu sosai (Shugaban Hukumar ya kasance daidai da Ministan). Daga wata ƙungiya ta musamman ta soja, Hukumar Fasaha ta Jiha ta zama hukumar tarayya da ke da alhakin tsaron bayanai. A halin yanzu, Hukumar Fasaha ta Rasha ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Tarayya don Kula da Fasaha da Fitarwa (FSTEC na Rasha). Kuma a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2002, an ba wa bawanka mai tawali’u kyautar agogon shugaban Hukumar Fasaha ta Jiha na Rasha a ƙarƙashin Shugaban Tarayyar Rasha.

Ba tare da tagogi da kofofi ba

Duk abin da ya rage shi ne mataki na karshe - don amincewa da shugaban Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya na BSSR, Masanin Kimiyya na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Tarayyar Soviet N.A. Borisevich. Kuma kwanaki hudu kafin Sabuwar Shekara ta 1987, bisa yarjejeniya tare da darektan ITK na Kwalejin Kimiyya na BSSR, Semenkov O.I. Ina zuwa Hero City Minsk. Ina ganawa da O.I. Semenkov. kuma don Allah a fayyace lokacin da za mu je wurin Shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya na BSSR. Daga nan kuma sai aka fara wani abin al'ajabi, wai yana shagaltuwa, sai a fara yi masa magani da pillows na caramel daga abincin darekta, da dai sauransu, sai da rana suka yi shelar cewa suna son cirewa ko canza wannan ko wancan batu na ƙayyadaddun fasaha. Musamman, kwatsam sun ce ba za su so su yi amfani da OS mai jituwa da Unix ba. Na gane cewa kawai ina bukatar komawa Moscow. Kuma na yi. Kuma sa’ad da na zo aiki washegari, sun riga sun kira daga Minsk, sun ba ni hakuri kuma suka ce in zo in sa hannu kan sharuɗɗan shawarwarin. Da yamma na riga na hau jirgin. A kan dandali, darektan da kansa ya sadu da ni a kan Volga kuma nan da nan muka je wurin shugaban kasa.

Muka shiga ofishin shugaban kasa, muka zauna a teburin, da na waiwaya ga kofar da muka shiga, ba ta nan: akwai rumfuna da littattafai a kewaye.
Na gane cewa zan iya barin nan kawai tare da ingantaccen ƙayyadaddun fasaha. Mun yi magana na tsawon sa'a daya da rabi, muna tattaunawa game da abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su na fasahar kwamfuta na gida (ko kuma kamar yadda yake da kyau a yanzu don yin magana game da maye gurbin shigo da kaya), sannan tare da takaddun fasaha da aka sanya hannu na je tashar. Na yi bikin sabuwar shekara a gida.

Ma'aikata sun yanke shawarar komai

Sabili da haka, don horar da ma'aikata, koya wa waɗannan ma'aikatan suyi aiki akan tsarin Unix (da duk wanda ya riga ya yi aiki akan EU OS), koyar da harshen C (da kowa da kowa kafin wannan ya yi amfani da PL/1, Fortran, Pascal), Unix -kamar tsarin aiki ana buƙatar gaggawa. Kuma Andrew Tanenbaum ya ba mu. Kuma duk wannan, kamar a cikin tatsuniya, ya faru a 1987, kuma ta yi aiki ga EU-1840!

Amma dole ne mu ƙara wani abu, mu canza wani abu a ciki. An ƙara ikon yin taya daga rumbun kwamfutarka, an ƙara haruffan Cyrillic, amma abu mafi mahimmanci daga ra'ayi na matsakaicin mai amfani shine haɓaka mai saka idanu mai amfani mai kama da iyawa ga tsarin. NORTON COMMANDER a cikin MS-DOS, ta amfani da jerin tserewa.

A wannan lokacin, ya riga ya haɗa da direbobi don musayar bayanai ta hanyar tashoshin COM tsakanin PC tare da Minix/MINOS.

A cikin 1991, a taron Kimiyya da Ayyuka na All-Union a Gomel, an gabatar da rahoto kan “Tsarin aiki na kayan aikin hannu na MINOS”:

Orlov V.N., Moscow
Tsarin aiki na kayan aiki ta hannu MINOS
Tsarin MINOS tsarin aiki ne na UNIX wanda aka ƙera akan sigar 7. Tsarin an yi niyya da farko don amfani da shi a cikin jami'o'i don horar da masu shirye-shiryen tsarin a cikin ƙirar hadadden tsarin software.
Daban-daban na tsarin:

• Aiki akan EC 184x PC (ciki har da EC 1840 PC in babu rumbun kwamfutarka), PC AT-286, PC AT 386 da kwamfutoci masu jituwa;
• Tsarin yana aiki a duka firamare da madadin ɓoyewa;
• Aiki na tsarin tare da floppy diski na 360 KB, 720 KB da 1.2 MB;
• Gudanar da maɓallan ayyuka a matakin kernel na tsarin, wanda ke sa su samuwa a kowane lokaci, ba tare da la'akari da irin matakan da ke gudana a cikin tsarin ba;
• Idan ana so, za a iya kashe sarrafa maɓallan ayyuka na kernel;
• Ikon sake saita maɓallan ayyuka;
• Aiwatar da tsarin Rendezvous a cikin tsarin;
• Aiwatar da tsarin, ban da mai fassarar umarnin harsashi, na mai amfani da saka idanu mai kama da iyawa ga tsarin NORTON a cikin MS-DOS;
• Samuwar ginanniyar kundin umarni a cikin tsarin.

Tsarin yana aiwatar da umarni fiye da 70, gami da rubutu da masu gyara hexadecimal, umarni don aiki tare da tsarin fayil na MS-DOS, mai adana tarho wanda ke ba ku damar musayar fayiloli tare da sauran tsarin nau'in UNIX, mai tsara rubutu, da sauransu.
Tsarin yana da C complators, Assembler, da kunshin TWINDOW.
Jigon tsarin shine 90 KB, jimlar tsarin shine kusan maganganun 20000 a cikin harsunan C da Majalisar.
Ana ba da tsarin akan faifai floppy 5 na 360 KB, ko kuma akan faifai floppy 2 na 360 KB da 2 floppy disks na 729 KB, ko kuma a kan faifai floppy 2 na 360 KB da floppy disk guda 1 MB.
Ana ba da lambobin tushen tsarin daban. Girman su shine faifai floppy 10 na 360 KB kowanne.

A ranar 25 ga Agusta, 1991, watanni biyar bayan fara aiki a kan aikinsa, Linus Torvalds mai shekaru 21 (wanda har yanzu dalibi ne) yayi magana game da ƙirƙirar wani sabon OS mai suna Linux, kuma a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1991, na farko. fito da jama'a na Linux kernel ya faru.

Don haka, a cikin 1991 muna da Minix OS, Linux OS da MINOS OS. A lokaci guda, biyu na ƙarshe ta hanya ɗaya ko wata sun dogara da ƙwarewar Minix.

A lokaci guda, Andrew Tanenbaum tun daga farko ya yi watsi da shawarwari don inganta Minix ko karɓar facin da ya fito daga masu karatun littafinsa. Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Torvalds' Linux ya jagoranci. Linux ya ɗauki nauyin aikin da masu karatun Andrew Tanenbaum za su gane sha'awar su na haɓaka tsarin aiki, kuma ya ci gajiyar sa ba tare da iyaka ba.
Me game da OS MINOS? 1991 ita ce shekarar karshe ta Tarayyar Soviet. Kasar tana durkushewa, tattalin arziki yana durkushewa. Babu lokaci don tsarin aiki a nan.

Zinariya ce ke mulkin duniya

Me game da tsayuwar simulation, tsarin ƙirar bincike na kwamfuta, da kuma hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta?

Abin ya ƙare da baƙin ciki. Ambaliyar kwamfutoci ta kwarara cikin kasar. Don samun su, kuna buƙatar kuɗi da kuɗi kawai. An yanke shawarar mika duk kayan aikin kwamfuta na jerin EU don sake yin amfani da zinare, da kuma amfani da kudaden da aka samu don sake yin kayan aiki. An karɓi duk izini, an wargaza wurin shakatawar injinan kuma an ba da su, amma sabbin kwamfutoci ba su zo ba. Idan komai ya juya daban, wanene ya san inda MINOS yake yanzu!

Amma mutanen da suka ƙirƙiri SIM/CAIPR sun sami ƙwarewa da ilimi mai yawa. Dukansu sun taimaka musu su tsira cikin mawuyacin 90s.

Kuma Linux Torvalds yana haɓaka cikin nasara, yana cin nasara da ƙarin sabbin yankuna. Yanzu cokali mai yatsu / clones na Linux suna "tafiya daga Moscow zuwa bayan gari." Andrew Tanenbaum's Minix kuma yana haɓaka cikin nasara, da littattafansa cikin tsananin bukata.

Andrew Tanenbaum yana da matsayi a cikin masu haskaka IT kamar Denis Ricci, Brian Carnigan, Ken Thompson tare da tsarin aiki na Unix, Ken Thompson guda ɗaya da Dennis Ritchie tare da yaren C, Elgar Codd tare da ƙirar bayanan alaƙa, Linus Torvalds tare da tsarin aiki na Linux.

Kuma wa ya san abin da sauran Torvalds za su girma suna karanta littattafan Andrew Tanenbaum da littafin horo na Minix !!!

source: www.habr.com