Hai Habr!
Ci gaba da jerin wallafe-wallafenmu, mun yanke shawarar cewa don fahimtar abubuwan da ake amfani da su na "dijital chemistry" muna buƙatar yin magana kaɗan game da ainihin kasuwancin kamfanin. A bayyane yake, za mu sauƙaƙa a kan hanya don kada mu mayar da labarin zuwa lacca mai ban sha'awa da ke jera dukkanin tebur na lokaci-lokaci (ta hanyar, 2019 a hukumance ita ce shekarar dokar lokaci-lokaci, don girmama cika shekaru 150 da gano ta. ).
Mutane da yawa, a lokacin da amsa tambaya "Menene Petrochemicals da abin da kayayyakin ya halitta?" Suna amsa da tabbaci - man fetur, man fetur da sauran abubuwa masu ƙonewa. A gaskiya, in sanya shi a hankali, wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. A matsayinmu na kamfanin man petrochemical, da farko mun tsunduma cikin sarrafa albarkatun mai da iskar gas da kuma samar da kayan roba da ke zama wani muhimmin bangare na muhallin kowa. Akwai ra'ayi cewa daga cikin abubuwa 5 da ke kewaye da mu a kowane lokaci, 4 an halicce su ne saboda godiyar man fetur. Waɗannan su ne akwati na kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, alƙalami, kwalabe, yadudduka, bumpers da tayoyin motoci, tagogi na filastik, marufi na chips ɗin da kuka fi so, bututun ruwa, kwantenan abinci, kayan aikin likita da abubuwan amfani... Gaba ɗaya, ga shi:
Sunana Alexey Vinnichenko, Ina da alhakin jagorancin "Advanced Analytics" a SIBUR. Yin amfani da ƙirar ƙididdiga, muna saita ingantattun hanyoyin aiwatar da fasaha, rage haɗarin lalacewar kayan aiki, hasashen farashin kasuwa don albarkatun ƙasa da samfura, da ƙari mai yawa.
A yau zan gaya muku menene waɗannan samfuran da kuma yadda muke samar da su daga iskar gas mai alaƙa da galibi.
Hanyar gas
Lokacin da ma’aikatan man fetur ke zubo mai, iskar gas mai hade da mai (APG) ta zo da shi, tare da man, hular iskar gas, wadda galibi tana cikin shimfidar kasa tare da mai, ita ma tana tashi sama. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na Soviet shekarun da suka gabata, yawancinsu an ƙone su kawai, tun da al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli sun kasance wani abu na biyu, kuma don amfani da APG ya zama dole a gina kayan more rayuwa masu tsada, musamman tun da filayen mai na cikin gida suna cikin yankuna masu zafi na Yammacin Siberiya. A sakamakon haka, fitulun fitilu sun kasance a bayyane ko da daga sararin samaniya. A tsawon lokaci, matsayin jihar game da konewa ya zama mai tsanani, amfani da kayan aikin roba, sabili da haka bukatar kayan da ake bukata a gare su, ya karu, kuma an sake duba ra'ayi game da matsalar konewar APG. Ko da a karkashin USSR, kasar ta fara haɓaka sarrafa APG zuwa samfurori masu amfani, amma an sake farawa da gaske a farkon shekarun 2000. A sakamakon haka, SIBUR kadai a yanzu yana sarrafa kusan mita biliyan 23 na APG a kowace shekara, yana hana fitar da ton miliyan 7 na abubuwa masu cutarwa da ton miliyan 70 na iskar gas, wanda yayi daidai da fitar da motoci na shekara-shekara a matsakaicin ƙasashen Turai. .
Don haka, kamfanonin mai suna sayar mana da iskar gas mai alaƙa. Mun ƙirƙiri babban hanyar sadarwa na bututu a Yammacin Siberiya, wanda ke tabbatar da isar da iskar gas zuwa masana'antar sarrafa iskar gas ɗin mu. A waɗannan tsire-tsire, iskar gas ana sarrafa shi ta farko, yana rarraba zuwa iskar gas, wanda ke shiga cikin tsarin sufurin Gazprom sannan a aika shi, misali, zuwa gidan ku idan kuna amfani da murhun iskar gas, da kuma cikin abin da ake kira "fadi". juzu'i na haske hydrocarbons" (NGL) cakude ne wanda daga baya muka sami nau'ikan samfuran sinadarai iri-iri a ƙarƙashin haɗuwa daban-daban na zafin jiki da matsa lamba.
Muna tattara NGLs daga tsire-tsire na Siberiya ta hanyar tsarin bututun kuma mu zuba shi a cikin wani babban bututu mai tsawon kilomita 1100 - daga arewa zuwa kudancin yammacin Siberiya - wanda ke ɗaukar samfurin zuwa wurin da muke samarwa mafi girma a Tobolsk. Af, birni mai ban sha'awa, cike da tarihi - Ermak, Mendeleev, Decembrist, Dostoevsky, da Rasputin ba su da nisa. Dutsen farko na Kremlin a Siberiya. Wani ɓangare na wannan labarin za a iya gani a cikin fim din "Tobol", wanda za a saki a karshen Fabrairu. Af, ma'aikatanmu su ma sun kasance a matsayin kari a cikin fim din. Amma bari mu koma samar a Tobolsk.
A nan muna raba albarkatun da aka samu zuwa sassa na mutum ɗaya da ɓangarorin, kuma mu sarrafa samfuran zuwa iskar gas mai ruwa (LPG). Liquefied gas kanta wani shiri ne na kasuwanci wanda za'a iya ba da shi ga kasuwa da abokan ciniki. Propane, butane - kwantena gas don gidaje na ƙasa, gwangwani don cika fitilu, man fetur na muhalli don motoci. Gabaɗaya, duk wannan ana iya siyar da shi ga mai siye. Abin da mu ke yi a wani bangare. Amma abin da ke faruwa tare da sauran albarkatun kasa, waɗanda ba a yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar gas mai laushi ba, a Tobolsk da kuma a wuraren samar da kamfanin a Tomsk, Perm, Tolyatti, Voronezh da sauran garuruwa tare da tsire-tsire na petrochemical.
Gas rabuwa shuka. Kayan aikin ginshiƙi
masana'antu
Polymers
LPG yana wucewa ta hanyar pyrolysis (ko madadin fasahar sinadarai), wanda muke samun mafi mahimmancin monomers don samar da polymers - ethylene da propylene. Matsakaicin mutum ba ya cin karo da waɗannan abubuwa, tunda ba sa shiga kasuwa mai faɗi. Muna sarrafa monomers zuwa polymers, waɗanda suke filastik granules. Gabaɗaya, polymers kansu (polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, PET, polystyrene da sauransu) na gani a cikin nau'in granules sun ɗan bambanta da juna. Yanzu muna samar da duk manyan nau'ikan polymers - polyethylene (mafi mashahurin polymer a duniya dangane da tonnage), polypropylene PVC.
Babban wuraren da ake amfani da polyethylene da polypropylene sune gidaje da sabis na jama'a, kayan abinci, kayan gini, masana'antar kera motoci, magunguna har ma da diapers.
Pyrolysis tanda
Wataƙila PVC ya saba da kowa da farko daga tagogin filastik da bututu. Lokacin da yazo da polystyrene, kuna ganin shi kusan kowace rana. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi don yin tiren kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa a manyan kantunan; ana iya amfani da shi don shirya kayan abinci a wuraren shakatawa da gidajen abinci. Amma muna samar da wani nau'i na fadada polystyrene - gine-gine, wanda ya fi dacewa a cikin kaddarorinsa na thermal zuwa ulun ma'adinai da sauran kayan rufi. Hakanan ana amfani da shi don yin amya masu dacewa da muhalli. Ka tuna Luzhkov? Shi ne mai son amya kumfa.
Qwai a cikin kunshin kumfa polystyrene
Yanzu muna gina babbar masana'antar petrochemical a cikin Tarayyar Rasha a Tobolsk. , tare da damar ton miliyan 2 na polymers a kowace shekara. Idan ka ɗauki duk samfuran kawai wannan shuka a cikin shekara guda kuma ka yi bututun filastik daga gare ta, zai yiwu a maye gurbin duk bututu masu tsatsa a cikin Tarayyar Rasha (fiye da kilomita miliyan 2 na ruwa).
25 kg jakar polypropylene granules
Muna sayar da robobi a cikin granules - wannan shine mafi dacewa nau'i don sufuri (zaku iya zuba granules a cikin jaka mai nauyin kilogiram 25 ko cikin manyan jakunkuna don cibiyoyin da yawa) kuma don sarrafawa na gaba a masana'antar mai siye. A can kawai kuna buƙatar zuba wannan filastik a cikin kwantena kuma narke shi a ƙarƙashin matsi da zafin jiki da ake buƙata, ƙirƙirar siffofi da ake so da kuma ba da halayen da ake so.
Hannu na filastik granules
Me yasa a yanayin zafi daban-daban da matsin lamba - saboda daga polymer guda ɗaya zaka iya yin nau'ikan filastik da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta da halayensu na zahiri da na sinadarai. Misali, ana iya amfani da granules iri ɗaya don yin buhun filastik na bakin ciki da bututu mai ɗorewa. Abokan ciniki, suna karɓar granules daga gare mu, na iya ƙara ƙarin abubuwan ƙari a gare su don cimma abubuwan da ake so. Saboda haka, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan filastik iri ɗaya.
Har ila yau, muna yin PET, wanda Coca-Cola da PepsiCo ke amfani da su don yin kwantena don kayayyakinsu.
Roba
AF. Muna kuma yin roba. Akwai rubbers guda biyu a duniya - na halitta da na roba. Haka kuma, farashin da bukatar roba ne quite tam daura da farashin da bukatar na halitta. Wannan ya faru a tarihi, tun da farko roba roba ya shiga kasuwa. Makiyaya ne ke tattara robar halitta a daidaikun kasashen kudancin kasar, daga nan sai su mika shi ga kamfanonin sarrafa su. Roba samfurin petrochemical ne.
, babban tushen roba na halitta
Muna sayar da roba ga kamfanonin taya a cikin briquettes.
Rubber Briquette
Kamfanonin taya sune manyan masu amfani da roba; muna ba da shi ga Bridgestone, Pirelli, Michelin, Continental da sauran masana'antun. A lokaci guda, wanda yake da wuya ga masana'antar Rasha a yau, muna da fasahar ci gaba na musamman. Alal misali, bisa tushen fasahar mu, tare da abokan hulɗa na Indiya, muna gina sabuwar shuka a jihar Gujarat (ba da nisa da Goa).
Amma ba kawai taya ba - bayan haka, wasu da yawa, waɗanda ba a san su ba, amma kuma ana yin abubuwa masu mahimmanci daga roba. Waɗannan su ne nau'ikan casings, gaskets na motoci, samfuran da yawa na fannin aikin famfo, waɗanda kuma ana samun su a kowane gida, da tafin takalma.
Voronezhsintezkauchuk
Wannan, ta hanyar, shine keɓaɓɓen kyawun sinadarai na petrochemical a matsayin masana'antu. Kuna iya fitar da wani abu ku je sayar da shi, ko kuna iya nemo hanyar sarrafa shi kuma ku sami wasu samfura masu yawa masu daraja.
Don taƙaitawa
Ko ta yaya yake sauti, polymers da sauran samfuran petrochemical sun zama abubuwa masu mahimmanci a rayuwar mutanen zamani. Wani bangare saboda duk wannan sabon abu ne daga mahangar duniya, akwai tatsuniyoyi da labaran ban tsoro da ke cewa dole ne ku yi taka tsantsan da kayan roba ta hanyar tsohuwa don kawai sunadarai ne. Af, a cikin ɗayan waɗannan posts, abokan aiki za su yi watsi da yawancin shahararrun tatsuniyoyi game da gaskiyar cewa filastik a cikin microwave yana da tabbacin lalata lafiyar ku da yanayin ku, kuma soda da kuka fi so a cikin gilashi koyaushe yana da ɗanɗano fiye da soda iri ɗaya a cikin kwalban filastik.
*Koyaushe, sai dai makaho
Kyauta ga waɗanda suka karanta har ƙarshe shine zane mai ban dariya na mu, wanda ya bayyana dalla-dalla wasu matakai na ƙirƙirar polymers.
source: www.habr.com