Masana'antar semiconductor matashi ne, tare da manyan kamfanoni da yawa 'yan shekarun da suka wuce. Amma akwai kuma tsofaffin sojoji da ke bikin cikar su na rabin karni. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Intel (wanda Shekaru 50 tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a bara) da kuma abokin hamayyarsa na dogon lokaci AMD. Muna gayyatar ku don tunawa da wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin tarihin kamfanin, wanda aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1969 tare da hedkwatar a Sunnyvale (California) tare da babban birnin da aka ba da izini kawai $ 50 dubu.
Shugaba na farko na AMD, a cikin Satumba 1969, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa shi, Jerry Sanders, wanda ya jagoranci kamfanin na tsawon shekaru 33 masu ban sha'awa kafin ya yi murabus a cikin Afrilu 2002. Kamfanin yana alfaharin cewa ɗayan shahararrun maganganunsa shine "Babban abu shine mutane, kuma samfurori da samun kudin shiga za su biyo baya," wanda AMD yayi ƙoƙari ya bi yau.
Babbar nasarar da kamfanin ya samu ita ce saki a watan Satumba na 1970 na masana'antar farko na binary/hexadecimal Logic counter, Am2501 (tsarin kansa na AMD), wanda ya tabbatar da samun nasara sosai a kasuwa kuma ya zama babban ci gaba ga masana'antar gaba ɗaya. . Wasu shekaru biyu sun wuce, kuma a cikin Satumba 1972 kamfanin ya fito fili: An ba da hannun jari 500 akan farashi na $ 15,5 kowace: $ 7,2 miliyan an tashe a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙaddamar da jama'a na farko na Securities akan musayar hannun jari.
A farkon shekarun wanzuwarsa, AMD, baya ga kwakwalwan kwamfuta, kuma ya samar da na'urori masu sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin lasisi. Misali, a cikin 1975, kamfanin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba da lasisi tare da Intel kuma ya fara sakin na'urar sarrafa PC ta farko (am9080, kwatankwacin Intel 8080), AMD ta haɓaka ta hanyar injiniyan baya, wanda ya dace da ainihin a cikin umarnin. saitin, amma a lokaci guda 40 % ya zarce shi.
Wani babban ci gaba ga kamfanin shine sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da IBM a cikin 1982, wanda AMD ta zama mai samar da microprocessors na biyu don IBM PC tare da iAPX86 gine. A cikin Fabrairu 1986, AMD ya gabatar da megabit na farko a duniya (65K × 16-bit) guntu EPROM mai karantawa kawai, wanda aka ƙera ta amfani da tsarin AMD na musamman na CMOS. Samfurin ya ba masana'antun damar yin samfuri da sauri da gyara hanyoyin magance su don kasuwanni daban-daban.
A cikin Maris 1991, AMD ya gabatar da dangin Am386 na na'urori masu sarrafawa, masu jituwa tare da na'urori masu sarrafawa 32-bit 80386 - sun shahara kamar ƙarin analogues masu araha ga mafita na Intel. A cikin Afrilu 1993, Am486 ya shiga kasuwa, wanda ya zarce analog na Intel a cikin aiki da kashi 20% kuma yana da farashi iri ɗaya. Duk waɗannan sune, a zahiri, clones na mafita na Intel.
Maris 1996 ya ga halartan farko na mashahuran na'urori masu sarrafawa na 350 nm AMD-K5, na farko mai sarrafa kansa x86 don dacewa da kushin mai gasa amma dangane da gine-ginen RISC. An sake canza umarni na yau da kullun zuwa ƙananan ƙa'idodi, waɗanda suka taimaka haɓaka haɓaka aiki sosai. Amma AMD ya kasa wuce Intel a mitar wannan lokacin.
Sakin kwakwalwan kwamfuta na AMD-K6 a cikin Afrilu 1997 ya ba da damar rage farashin PC a karon farko ƙasa da alamar tunani na $ 1000. Waɗannan kwakwalwan kwamfuta na 250nm sun dogara ne akan ci gaban NextGen da wani ginin Nx686 na tushen RISC. AMD ta dogara da ƙimar aikin-farashi, tunda ba zai yiwu a doke Pentium II ba. An inganta tsarin gine-ginen K6 sau da yawa (an ƙara tsarin koyarwa da yawa zuwa K6 II a ƙarƙashin sunan fasahar 3DNow!, kuma an ƙara cache na L6 zuwa K2 III).
Koyaya, ainihin nasarar AMD ta sake dawowa a cikin watan Yuni 1999 tare da ƙaddamar da na'urori na ƙarni na bakwai, sanannen Athlon, wanda ya ba kamfanin damar kwace dabino ta fuskar aiki daga Intel. Waɗannan kuma su ne na'urori na farko da suka fara amfani da jan karfe maimakon aluminum.
A cikin Maris 2000, an saki Athlon 1000, wanda a karon farko a cikin masana'antar ya kai alamar saurin agogo na 1 GHz. Kuma a cikin Yuni 2001, zamanin na zamani Multi-core sarrafawa fara tare da saki Athlon MP. Af, Athlon MP shine farkon AMD mafita wanda aka kirkira tare da ido akan uwar garken da kasuwar wurin aiki.
A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2002, wani sabon Shugaba, Hector Ruiz, wanda ya yi aiki a kamfanin a matsayin COO da Shugaba tun daga Janairu 2000 kuma a baya ya sarrafa sashin samfuran semiconductor na Motorola, ya ɗauki nauyin gudanarwa na AMD. Tun daga watan Janairun 2003, ta shiga yarjejeniya mai mahimmanci tare da IBM don haɓaka fasahar kere-kere ta haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da ci gaba da sifofi da kayan aiki, gami da SOI (silicon on insulator) transistor, haɗin haɗin jan ƙarfe da ingantattun insulators masu ƙarancin wuta.
A watan Afrilun 2003, na'urar sarrafa x86 ta farko a duniya tare da 64-bit architecture, wanda a yanzu ya zama al'ada, ya bayyana. Opteron na tushen AMD64 ne. Tuni a cikin Satumba, masu amfani da PC suma sun karɓi kwakwalwan kwamfuta 64-bit a cikin nau'in Athlon 64 FX, waɗanda daga nan aka ɗauke su a matsayin mafi ci gaba da ƙarfi na masu sarrafa mabukaci a kasuwa.
Babban ci gaba na tarihi tabbas shine siye a cikin Oktoba 2006 akan dala biliyan 5,4 na ATI Technologies, ɗayan manyan masu kera katin bidiyo a wancan lokacin. Ita wannan ƙungiyar, a hankali tana canza abun da ke ciki, ke da alhakin duk GPUs masu zuwa da aka samar a ƙarƙashin alamar Radeon. Katunan bidiyo sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na kasuwancin kamfanin kuma wannan sabon bangaren kasuwa ya taimaka masa ya tsira daga mawuyacin hali.
A watan Satumba na 2007, an ƙaddamar da na'ura mai sarrafa guntu guda 4 na farko a duniya, wanda AMD Opteron ke wakilta. Har ila yau, ta karɓi fasahar Indexididdigar Mahimmanci da sauri don ayyukan ƙirƙira. A cikin watan Yuni 2008, AMD ya gabatar da FireSteam 9250 a matsayin GPU na farko da ya zarce alamar wasan kwaikwayon teraflops 1. Magani ne na musamman don ƙididdige maƙasudin maƙasudi na gaba ɗaya.
Bayan wata daya, a cikin Yuli 2008, AMD ta sake canza Shugaba da shugabanta - Dirk Meyer, wanda ya yi aiki a kamfanin tun 1995 kuma yana da hannu a cikin ainihin na'urar sarrafa Athlon. Abin baƙin ciki ga kamfanin, shi ne a karkashinsa cewa, domin inganta halin kaka, da dama da alkawurra yankunan da aka rufe, ciki har da ci gaban da mobile guda guntu tsarin dangane da ARM - a cikin Janairu 2009, Qualcomm samu Imageon IP (ATI mobile graphics) da kuma ya ci gaba da haɓaka shi sosai a cikin Adreno GPUs (wannan sunan anagram na Radeon ne).
A cikin Maris 2009, kamfanin ya yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan ci gaban guntu, raba samarwa zuwa sabon haɗin gwiwa tare da Arab ATIC, GlobalFoundries. Wannan karshen ya wanzu sosai cikin nasara, amma ba da dadewa ba masu shi sun yi watsi da gasar tare da TSMC, Samsung da sauran manyan masana'antun kwantiragin kwantiragin tare da rage ayyukan haɓaka ci gaba na 7-nm.
Katunan bidiyo tare da mitoci sama da 1 GHz ba abin mamaki bane a yau, amma irin wannan samfurin na farko shine ATI Radeon HD 2009 a watan Mayu 4890, wanda aka samar a cikin nau'ikan tare da overclocking na masana'anta na GPU zuwa 1 GHz da sanyaya iska. Kuma a cikin Satumbar 2009, an ƙaddamar da fasahar ATI Eyefinity, wanda ya ba da damar haɗa hotuna masu inganci har guda shida zuwa katin bidiyo ɗaya.
Rikicin ATI ya kasance game da haɗa GPUs da CPUs yadda yakamata a cikin samfura ɗaya, kuma a cikin Yuni 2010, AMD ta nuna na'urar sarrafa ta ta farko a Computex 2010. Kuma a cikin Janairu 2011, an sake fitar da APU guda-guntu na farko zuwa kasuwa.
A watan Agusta 2011, an canja wurin mukamin shugaban kamfanin zuwa Rory Read, wanda ya tashi daga irin wannan matsayi daga Lenovo Group. A cikin watan Yuni 2012, don dalilai na tsaro (musamman biyan kuɗi na kan layi daban-daban), an ƙaddamar da ainihin asali na ARM TrustZone a cikin masu sarrafa AMD. Duk da haka, Reed bai ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin mukaminsa na dogon lokaci ba - tuni a cikin Oktoba 2014, kamfanin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin shugabanta na yanzu Lisa Su.
A cikin 2012, AMD ya gabatar da sabon zane-zanen zane-zane, Graphics Core Next (GCN). Katin bidiyo na farko shine Radeon HD 7770. GCN ya gabatar da tallafi don yin magana x86 tare da sararin adireshi ɗaya don CPU da GPU, umarnin RISC SIMD ya fara amfani da shi maimakon VLIW MIMD don GPGPU, kuma an yi wasu canje-canje. Har zuwa yanzu, wannan gine-ginen, yana ci gaba da haɓakawa, shine ginshiƙan haɓakar hotuna na kamfanin.
GCN ne ya kafa tushen Xbox One na zamani da PlayStation 2013 consoles da aka saki a cikin 2014-4 - duka tsarin sun dogara ne akan irin wannan tsarin (tare da nuances daban-daban) AMD guda-guntu tsarin tare da 8 Jaguar CPU cores da kuma daban-daban adadin GPU computing. raka'a. An yi imani da cewa da gaske sabon GPU gine daga AMD zai zama Navi, halitta don PS5 da kuma Xbox Next.
A cikin Nuwamba 2014, AMD ya gabatar da wani buɗaɗɗen ma'auni don daidaita ma'anar firam tare da mitar allo - FreeSync, wanda kuma aka sani da VESA Adaptive Sync kuma, bayan goyon bayan kwanan nan daga NVIDIA a matsayin wani ɓangare na daidaitawar G-Sync, ya zama, a zahiri, masana'antu. misali. Fasahar da ta dace tana ba ku damar kawar da tsagewar firam, yayin da kuke samun ƙarancin amsawa da yanayin wasa mai santsi.
A watan Yuni 2015, kamfanin ya fito da katin bidiyo na farko wanda ya haɗu da ƙwaƙwalwar HBM mai sauri da GPU a cikin kunshin ɗaya - flagship AMD Radeon R9 Fury X ya sami babban bandwidth mai girma kuma ya ninka aikin kowace watt na ƙwaƙwalwar GDDR na ƙarni na baya.
AMD ba ta da bege a bayan Intel dangane da aikin CPU tun zamanin K10 da Bulldozer, amma a cikin Yuni 2016 hasken ya fara haskakawa: kamfanin ya nuna a karon farko na'ura mai sarrafawa dangane da sabon tsarin gine-ginen x86 Zen na AM4. . Ya kasance guntu 8-core, 16-thread guntu wanda, a cikin Disamba 2016, ya zama ƙarni na farko na Ryzen CPUs masu ƙarfi, wanda ya tilasta Intel don motsawa kuma ya fara haɓaka adadin kwatancen. Ba abin mamaki ba, idan aka ba da sakin na'urori masu sarrafawa na AMD Threadripper don masu sha'awar. A lokacin rani na 2017, gine-ginen Zen ya shiga kasuwar uwar garke godiya ga dangin EPYC.
A watan Nuwamban da ya gabata, kamfanin ya gabatar da GPU na 7nm na farko a duniya don cibiyar bayanai ta hanyar Radeon Instinct MI60 da MI40 don koyon inji da ayyukan kwamfuta masu kama da juna. Tuni a wannan shekara, an saki Radeon VII na farko na 7nm, kuma ana sa ran ƙaddamar da na'urori masu sarrafawa na 7nm Ryzen 3000 na ci gaba dangane da gine-ginen Zen 2 da katunan bidiyo na 7nm dangane da Navi GPUs nan ba da jimawa ba. Gabaɗaya, AMD yana kan haɓaka, kuma kamfanin da ke da tarihin rabin karni har yanzu yana da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin kantin sayar da su, kamar dandamali na Google Stadia.
source: 3dnews.ru