A cikin wannan labarin, na ba da shawarar yin balaguro zuwa cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma in yi magana game da tushen juyin halitta na altruism, zaɓin dangi da zalunci. Za mu a taƙaice (amma tare da nassoshi) nazarin sakamakon nazarin ilimin zamantakewa da neuroimaging wanda ke nuna yadda fahimtar dangi a cikin mutane zai iya rinjayar halayen jima'i da inganta haɗin gwiwa, kuma a gefe guda, gane memba na rukuni na iya ƙara bayyanar da bayyanar cututtuka. halayen tsoro da tashin hankali. Sa'an nan kuma mu tuna da misalan tarihi na magudin waɗannan hanyoyin kuma mu tabo batun ɓata ɗan adam. A ƙarshe, bari mu yi magana game da dalilin da ya sa bincike a wannan yanki yana da mahimmanci ga makomar ɗan adam.
Abubuwan:
1.Amoebae-jarumai da ƙudan zuma-yan agaji - misalan altruism a cikin yanayi.
2. Sadaukar da kai ta hanyar lissafi - ka'idar zabin dangi da mulkin Hamilton.
3.Soyayyar 'yan'uwa da kyama - Auren Taiwan da kibbutzim na Yahudawa.
4.Amygdala na sabani - neuroimaging na bambancin launin fata.
5. Dangantakar karya - haɗin kai na gaske - Sufaye na Tibet da ma'aikatan ƙaura.
6. Marasa mutunci. ɓata mutum - farfaganda, tausayi da tashin hankali.
7.Me zai biyo baya? - a ƙarshe, me yasa duk wannan yana da mahimmanci.
Kalmar "dan uwa"A cikin Rashanci ana amfani da shi ba kawai don nuna dangi na halitta ba amma har ma don nuna membobin rukuni da ke da kusancin zamantakewa. Don haka tushen kalmar "dan uwastvo"yana nufin al'ummar mutanen da ke da bukatu, ra'ayi da imani guda ɗaya [1] [2], Ingilishi daidai da 'yan'uwancin Rasha shine "wakaho"Har ila yau yana da tushen gama gari tare da kalmar"wa"- ɗan'uwa [3] kama da Faransanci, 'yan'uwantaka -"confrérie", Yaya -"wa", har ma a Indonesian",dasaudaraan"-"saudara" Shin wannan tsari na duniya zai iya nuna cewa irin wannan yanayin zamantakewa kamar “’yan’uwa” yana da tushen ilimin halitta kai tsaye? Ina ba da shawara don zurfafa ɗan zurfi cikin batun kuma in ga yadda tsarin nazarin halittu na juyin halitta zai iya ba da zurfin fahimtar abubuwan al'amuran zamantakewa.
[1]
[2]
[3]
Jaruman Amoeba da kudan zuma na sa kai
Dangantakar dangi tana nuna girman girman son kai. Altruism, a matsayin sadaukar da kai da son sadaukar da muradun mutum don amfanin wasu, shin wannan tabbas yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun halayen ɗan adam, ko ba na ɗan adam kaɗai ba?
Kamar yadda ya fito, dabbobi ma suna da ikon nuna altruism, gami da kwari da yawa da ke zaune a yankuna[4]. Wasu birai suna ba da sanarwar ƙararrawa ga ’yan’uwansu idan sun ga maharbi, ta yadda suke fallasa kansu ga haɗari. A cikin kudan zuma akwai mutane waɗanda ba sa haifuwa da kansu, amma kawai suna kula da zuriyar sauran mutane duk rayuwarsu [5] [6], da amoebas na nau'in Dictyostelium discoideum, lokacin da yanayi mara kyau ga mulkin mallaka ya faru, suna sadaukar da kansu, suna samar da tushe wanda danginsu ke tashi sama da ƙasa kuma suna samun damar jigilar su ta hanyar ɓarke zuwa wuri mafi dacewa [7].
Misalai na altruism a cikin duniyar dabba. Hagu: Jikin 'ya'yan itace a cikin slimy mold na Dictyostelium discoideum (hoton Owen Gilbert). Cibiyar: Myrmica scabirinodis ant brood (hoton David Nash). Dama: Dogayen nonuwa suna kula da 'ya'yansu (hoton Andrew MacColl). Source:[6]
[4]
[5]
[6] (06)01695-2
[7]
Sadaukar da kai ta hanyar lissafi
To, primates, amma sadaukar da kai a cikin kwari da kwayoyin halitta mai-kwaya ɗaya? Akwai damuwa a nan! - Darwiniyanci daga farkon karnin da ya gabata zai yi kirari. Bayan haka, ta hanyar yin haɗari don kare wani, mutum yana rage damarsa na haifar da zuriya kuma, bisa ga ka'idar zaɓi na gargajiya, irin wannan hali bai kamata a zaba ba.
Duk wannan ya sanya mabiyan zabin dabi'ar Darwiniyanci suka firgita, har a shekara ta 1932, John Haldane, fitaccen tauraron ilmin halitta mai tasowa, ya lura cewa za a iya karfafa altruism idan aka nufi ga dangi, kuma ya tsara wannan ka'ida, wanda daga baya ya zama tare da jumlar magana. [8]:
"Zan ba da raina ga 'yan'uwa biyu ko kuma 'yan uwa takwas."
Alamar cewa 'yan uwan sun kasance kama da 50%, yayin da 'yan uwan sun kasance kawai 12,5%. Saboda haka, godiya ga aikin Haldane, an fara dasa tushen sabon "ka'idar juyin halitta" ta asali, wanda babban halinsa ba mutum ba ne, amma kwayoyin halitta da yawan jama'a.
Lallai, idan babban burin kwayoyin halitta shine yada kwayoyin halittarsa, to yana da ma'ana a kara samun damar haifuwa na mutanen da suke da karin kwayoyin halitta tare da ku. Dangane da waɗannan bayanai da ƙididdiga suka yi, William Hamilton, a cikin 1964, ya ƙirƙira wata ka'ida daga baya mai suna mulkin Hamilton [9], wanda ya bayyana cewa halayen altruistic tsakanin mutane yana yiwuwa ne kawai idan rabon kwayoyin halittarsu na gama gari ya ninka ta hanyar haɓaka yiwuwar yiwuwar. na watsa kwayar halitta , ga wanda aka yi wa altruism, za a samu fiye da karuwa a cikin hadarin rashin isar da kwayoyin halittarsu ga wanda ya aikata wani aikin altruism, wanda a cikin mafi sauki hanyar za a iya rubuta shi kamar haka:
Inda:
r (dangantaka) - rabo na gama gari tsakanin mutane, misali. ga 'yan'uwa ½,
B (amfani) - karuwa a cikin yiwuwar haifuwa na mutum na biyu a cikin yanayin altruism na farko,
C (farashi) - raguwa a cikin yiwuwar haifuwa na mutum yana yin aikin altruistic.
Kuma wannan ƙirar ta sami tabbaci akai-akai a cikin abubuwan lura [10] [11]. Misali, a wani bincike da masana halittu daga Kanada[12] suka gudanar, tsawon shekaru 19 sun bibiyi yawan jajayen squirrels (jimlar mutane kusan 54,785 a cikin lita 2,230), kuma sun rubuta dukkan shari’o’in da squirrels ke renon ‘ya’yansu sun karbi squirrels wadanda uwayensu ya mutu.
Mace jajayen squirrel tana shirin matsar da jaririnta tsakanin gidauniya. Tushen [12]
Ga kowane hali, an ƙididdige matakin alaƙa da haɗari ga 'ya'yan squirrels, sa'an nan kuma ta hanyar tattara tebur tare da waɗannan bayanai, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa an lura da mulkin Hamilton daidai zuwa matsayi na uku na decimal.
Layukan A1 zuwa A5 sun dace da shari'o'i lokacin da squirrels mata suka karɓi yaran wasu; Lines NA1 da NA2 sun dace da shari'o'in lokacin da tallafi bai faru ba; ginshiƙi "Cikin dacewa da ɗaukar yaro ɗaya" yana nuna lissafin ta amfani da dabarar Hamilton ga kowane harka. Tushen [12]
[8]
[9]http://www.uvm.edu/pdodds/files/papers/others/1964/hamilton1964a.pdf
[10]
[11]
[12]
Kamar yadda kake gani, amincewa da dangi shine muhimmin zaɓi na zaɓi kuma wannan yana tabbatar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na irin wannan ganewar, saboda fahimtar wanda kake da mafi yawan kwayoyin halitta yana da mahimmanci ba kawai don ƙayyade dangane da wanda yake da shi ba. mafi riba don nuna altruism, amma kuma don kauce wa hulɗar jima'i da mutane masu dangantaka (kawo), saboda zuriyar da aka samu a sakamakon irin wannan haɗin suna da rauni. Misali, an tabbatar da cewa dabbobi za su iya gane dangi ta wari [13], tare da taimakon babban hadadden histocompatibility complex [14], tsuntsaye ta hanyar waka [15], da primates, ta yin amfani da fasalin fuska, har ma suna iya gane nasu. dangin da ba su taɓa saduwa da su ba.[16]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Soyayyar 'yan uwantaka da kyama
Ga mutane, har yanzu abubuwa sun fi ban sha'awa da rikitarwa. Tawagar bincike daga Makarantar Ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Aberdeen ta buga sakamako masu ban sha'awa a cikin 2010[17] na yadda mata 156 masu shekaru 17 zuwa 35 suka tantance hotunan fuskokin maza daban-daban. A lokaci guda kuma, ga hotuna na yau da kullun na mutane bazuwar, masana kimiyya a asirce sun haɗu da hotuna na fuskoki da aka kirkira daga hotuna na batutuwa da kansu, ta hanyar kamar dai ɗan'uwa ne, wato, tare da 50% bambanci.
Misalai na gina fuskoki masu kama da kai daga bincike. An yi amfani da bambance-bambancen kashi 50% na fuskar wucin gadi, kamar dai tushen ɗan'uwan abin [17].
Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa mata sun fi nuna masu kamanceceniya da juna a matsayin amintattu, amma a lokaci guda kuma ba su da sha'awar jima'i. Hakanan, waɗannan matan da suke da ’yan’uwa na gaske ba su da sha’awar fuskoki iri ɗaya. Wannan yana nuna cewa fahimtar alaƙa tsakanin mutane, da dabbobi, a gefe guda, na iya ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa kuma a lokaci guda yana taimakawa wajen guje wa haihuwa.
Akwai kuma shaidar cewa waɗanda ba dangi ba na iya fara fahimtar juna dangane da wasu sharuɗɗa. A farkon karni na 19, masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Finnish Westermarck, yana nazarin halayen jima'i na mutane, ya ba da shawarar cewa hanyar tantance dangi na iya aiki akan ka'idar bugawa. Wato mutane za su tsinkayi juna a matsayin 'yan uwa kuma za su kyamaci tunanin yin jima'i tare, muddin a farkon rayuwarsu sun dade suna cudanya da juna, misali an taso su tare [18] 19].
Bari mu ba da misalai mafi ban sha'awa na abubuwan lura waɗanda ke ba da shaida don goyon bayan hasashen da aka buga. Don haka, a farkon karni na 20 a Isra'ila, kibbutzim - ƙungiyoyin noma da yawansu ya kai ɗaruruwan mutane - sun fara samun karbuwa, kuma tare da kin amincewa da kadarorin masu zaman kansu da daidaiton cin abinci, yara a cikin irin waɗannan al'ummomi su ma sun girma tare kusan tun daga haihuwa. , wanda ya ba manya damar ba da lokaci mai yawa don yin aiki. Kididdiga ta sama da 2700 auren mutanen da suka taso a irin wannan kibbutzim ya nuna cewa kusan babu aure tsakanin wadanda suka taso a rukuni daya a cikin shekaru 6 na farko na rayuwa[20].
Ƙungiyar yara a Kibbutz Gan Shmuel, kusan 1935-40. Source
An lura da irin wannan tsari a Taiwan, inda har zuwa kwanan nan aka yi auren Sim-pua (wanda aka fassara da "ƙaramin amarya"), lokacin da dangin sabon angon da aka haifa suka ɗauki amarya tana da shekaru 4, bayan haka. Ma'auratan nan gaba an tashe su tare. Kididdigar irin wadannan aure ya nuna cewa rashin imani ya fi kusan kashi 20 cikin 21 a cikinsu, sakin aure ya fi sau uku, kuma irin wannan auren ya kai kashi hudu cikin hudu na yaran da aka haifa [XNUMX].
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20] Zuciya. Ra'ayin biosocial. Daga J. Shepher. New York: Academic Press. 1983.
[21]
Tonsil na rashin jituwa
Zai zama ma'ana a ɗauka amfanin juyin halitta na hanyoyin gano ba kawai "mu" ba har ma da "baƙi". Kuma kamar yadda ma’anar ‘yan uwa ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hadin kai da son kai, haka nan ma’anar bakon na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayyanar da tsoro da tashin hankali. Kuma don ƙarin fahimtar waɗannan hanyoyin, dole ne mu ɗan ɗan nutse cikin duniyar ban sha'awa na binciken neuropsychological.
Ƙwaƙwalwarmu tana da ƙaramin tsari mai mahimmanci amma mai mahimmanci, amygdala, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin motsin rai, musamman ma marasa kyau, tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru na motsin rai da kuma haifar da hali mai tsanani.
Wurin tonsils a cikin kwakwalwa, wanda aka haskaka a cikin rawaya, tushe
Ayyukan Amygdala shine mafi girma lokacin yin yanke shawara na tunani da kuma yin aiki a cikin yanayi masu damuwa. Lokacin da aka kunna, amygdala yana hana ayyukan prefrontal cortex [22], cibiyar mu don tsarawa da kamun kai. A lokaci guda kuma, an nuna cewa mutanen da cortex na prefrontal ya fi iya murkushe ayyukan amygdala na iya zama ƙasa da sauƙi ga damuwa da rikice-rikice na post-traumatic [23].
Wani gwaji da aka yi a shekara ta 2017 tare da sa hannun mutanen da suka aikata laifukan tashin hankali ya nuna cewa a cikin wasan da aka tsara na musamman, a cikin mutanen da suka aikata laifukan tashin hankali, tsokanar abokin hamayya a wasan ya fi haifar da martani mai tsanani, kuma a lokaci guda. , Ayyukan tonsils ɗin su, da aka rubuta ta amfani da na'urar fMRI, ya kasance mafi girma fiye da na ƙungiyar kulawa [24].
"Amygdala reactivity" - siginar darajar cire daga hagu da dama amygdala na batutuwa. Masu laifin tashin hankali (dige-dige ja) suna nuna mafi girman amsawar amygdala ga tsokana (P = 0,02).[24]
Wani bincike na yau da kullun ya gano cewa aikin amygdala ya ƙaru lokacin kallon hotunan fuskokin wata kabila kuma yana da alaƙa da aiki akan Gwajin Ƙungiya mai fa'ida, ma'aunin nuna bambancin launin fata [25]. Ƙarin nazarin wannan batu ya nuna cewa an inganta tasirin kunnawa a kan fuskokin wata tsere dabam lokacin da aka gabatar da hoton a cikin yanayin ƙasa na kimanin 30 millise seconds. Wato, ko da mutum bai sami lokacin gane ainihin abin da ya gani ba, amygdala nasa ya riga ya nuna haɗari [26].
An sami akasin tasiri a lokuta inda, ban da hoton fuskar mutum, an gabatar da bayanai game da halayensa na sirri. Masu binciken sun sanya batutuwa a cikin injin fMRI tare da lura da ayyukan sassan kwakwalwa yayin da suke gudanar da ayyuka iri biyu. , misali, ko ya kasance abokantaka, malalaci ko marar gafartawa . A lokaci guda kuma, tare da hoton, an kuma gabatar da ƙarin bayani, a cikin shari'ar farko ba ta shafi ainihin mutumin ba, kuma a cikin na biyu, wasu bayanai game da wannan mutumin, misali, cewa ya shuka kayan lambu a gonar ko ya manta. tufafi a cikin injin wanki.
Misalan matsalolin da mahalarta nazarin suka warware. A cikin tsawon s3, mahalarta sun yanke hukuncin "e" ko "a'a" bisa hoton fuskar mutum (Bakar fata ko namiji) da sashin bayanin da ke ƙasan hoton. A cikin yanayin hukunce-hukuncen “na zahiri”, sassan bayanan ba su zama mutum ba. A cikin samfurin hukunce-hukuncen "na sirri", an keɓance bayanai kuma an bayyana ƙayyadaddun kaddarorin da halaye na manufa. Ta wannan hanyar, ko dai an bai wa mahalarta damar keɓance hoton fuska ko a'a. Tushen [27]
Sakamakon ya nuna babban aiki a cikin amygdala yayin amsawa lokacin da ya zama dole don yin hukunci na zahiri, wato, lokacin da aka gabatar da bayanan da ba su da alaƙa da mutum. A lokacin hukunce-hukuncen sirri, aikin amygdala ya kasance ƙasa kuma a lokaci guda an kunna wuraren da ke da alhakin ƙirƙira halayen wani mutum [27].
Sama (B) Matsakaicin ƙimar aikin amygdala: mashaya shuɗi ya dace da hukunce-hukuncen zahiri, mashaya shunayya ga ɗayan. A ƙasa akwai zane na ayyukan yankunan kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da ƙirar mutum lokacin yin ayyuka iri ɗaya [27].
Abin farin ciki, nuna son kai ga launin fata ba na asali ba ne kuma ya dogara da yanayin zamantakewa da yanayin da aka samu. Kuma shaidun da ke goyon bayan wannan an bayar da su ta hanyar binciken da ya gwada kunnawa amygdala zuwa hotunan fuskokin jinsi daban-daban a cikin yara 32 masu shekaru 4 zuwa 16. Ya bayyana cewa amygdala na yara ba ta kunna fuskokin wata kabila har sai lokacin balaga, yayin da kunna amygdala ga fuskokin wata kabila ya fi rauni idan yaron ya girma a cikin yanayi na bambancin launin fata [28].
Ayyukan Amygdala ga fuskokin wasu jinsi a matsayin aikin shekaru. Tushen: [28]
Idan muka taƙaita duk abubuwan da ke sama, ya bayyana cewa kwakwalwarmu, da aka kafa ta ƙarƙashin rinjayar ƙwarewar yara da muhalli, za su iya koyon gane alamun "masu haɗari" a cikin bayyanar mutane kuma daga bisani a cikin hankali suna rinjayar fahimtarmu da halayenmu. Don haka, kasancewar an kafa shi a cikin yanayin da ake ɗaukar baƙar fata baƙi masu haɗari, amygdala ɗinku za ta aika da siginar ƙararrawa a wurin mutumin da ke da fata mai duhu, tun ma kafin ku sami lokaci don tantance halin da ake ciki a hankali kuma ku yanke hukunci game da mutum. halayen wannan mutumin, kuma a yawancin lokuta, alal misali, lokacin da kuke buƙatar yin yanke shawara ko kuma idan babu wasu bayanai, wannan na iya zama mahimmanci.
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15563325/
[27]
[28]
Dangin karya - haɗin kai na gaske
Don haka, a daya bangaren, mu (mutane) muna da hanyoyin tantance dangi, wadanda za a iya koyar da su tada hankali ga mutane banda dangi, a daya bangaren kuma, akwai hanyoyin gano alamomi masu hadari na mutum wadanda kuma za a iya daidaita su a cikin su. hanyar da ta dace kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, sau da yawa yana haifar da wakilai na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na waje. Kuma fa'idodin a nan a bayyane suke: al'ummomin da ke da babban haɗin gwiwa a tsakanin membobinsu suna da fa'ida fiye da rarrabuwa, kuma ƙara yawan wuce gona da iri ga ƙungiyoyin waje na iya taimakawa wajen yin gasa don samun albarkatu.
Ƙarfafa haɗin kai da son kai a cikin ƙungiya yana yiwuwa ne lokacin da membobinta suka fahimci juna a matsayin dangi fiye da yadda suke a zahiri. A bayyane yake, ko da sauƙaƙan gabatarwar da ake yi wa ’yan uwa a matsayin “’yan’uwa da mata” na iya haifar da tasirin zurfafa zurfafan zumunta – al’ummomin addinai da ƙungiyoyi da yawa na iya zama misali na wannan.
Sufaye na daya daga cikin manyan gidajen ibada na Tibet, Rato Dratsang. Source:
Har ila yau, an bayyana shari'o'in samuwar alaƙar dangi a matsayin daidaitawa mai amfani a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun ƙaura da ke aiki a gidajen cin abinci na Koriya [29], don haka ƙungiyar ma'aikata, ta zama dangi na yaudara, suna samun fa'ida ta hanyar ƙara taimakon juna. da hadin kai.
Kuma ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa wannan shine ainihin yadda Stalin ya yi magana da 'yan ƙasa na USSR a cikin jawabinsa a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1941, "'yan'uwa maza da mata," yana kiran su da su shiga yaki da sojojin Jamus [30].
[29]https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1466138109347000 [30]https://topwar.ru/143885-bratya-i-sestry-obraschenie-iosifa-stalina-k-sovetskomu-narodu-3-iyulya-1941-goda.html
Zaluntar dan Adam
An bambanta al'ummomin ɗan adam daga dabbobi da sauran primates ta hanyar haɓakar haɗin kai, ayyukan altruism da tausayawa [31], wanda zai iya zama shinge ga zalunci. Cire irin wadannan shingaye na iya kara kaifin hali, daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a bi wajen kawar da shingayen na iya zama tauye hakkin dan Adam, domin idan ba a ganin wanda aka azabtar a matsayin mutum ba, to tausayi ba zai taso ba.
Neuroimaging ya nuna cewa lokacin kallon hotunan wakilan kungiyoyin zamantakewa na "matsananciyar", irin su marasa gida ko masu shan kwayoyi, wuraren da ke cikin kwakwalwa da ke da alhakin fahimtar zamantakewa ba a kunna su ba [32], kuma wannan na iya haifar da mummunar da'ira ga mutanen da ke da sun faɗi cikin “ƙasa na zamantakewa” saboda yawan faɗuwar su, ƙarancin mutane za su kasance a shirye su taimake su.
Wata ƙungiyar bincike daga Stanford ta buga wata takarda a cikin 2017 da ke nuna cewa ɓata sunan wanda aka azabtar ya ƙaru a cikin lamuran da karɓar fa'ida, kamar ladan kuɗi, ya dogara da shi. Amma a daya bangaren, lokacin da aka yi zalunci bisa ga ma'auni na ɗabi'a, misali, a matsayin hukunci don aikata laifi, kwatanta halayen mutum na mutum zai iya ƙara amincewa da zalunci [33].
Matsakaicin yarda na batutuwa don cutar da mutum dangane da dalili, a hagu, manufar halin kirki akan dama yana samun fa'ida. Baƙaƙen sanduna sun yi daidai da bayanin ƙasƙantar da wanda aka azabtar, sanduna masu launin toka sun dace da bayanin ɗan adam.
Akwai misalan tarihi da yawa na ɓata ɗan adam. Kusan duk wani rikici na makami ba ya cika sai da farfaganda ta amfani da wannan fasaha ta gargajiya, za a iya kawo misalan irin wannan farfagandar tun farkon tsakiyar karni na 20, da aka yi a lokacin yakin basasa da yakin duniya na biyu a Rasha. Akwai bayyanannen tsari na ƙirƙirar hoton maƙiyi tare da alamun dabba mai haɗari, tare da farata da kaifi mai kaifi, ko kwatanta kai tsaye da dabbobin da ke haifar da ƙiyayya, kamar gizo-gizo, wanda, a gefe guda, ya kamata ya ba da hujja. amfani da tashin hankali, a daya bangaren kuma, rage jin tausayin wanda ya yi zalunci.
Misalai na fastocin farfagandar Soviet tare da dabarun lalata mutum. Source:
[31]
[32]
[33]https://www.pnas.org/content/114/32/8511
Abin da ke gaba?
Mutane wani nau'i ne na musamman na zamantakewa, yana samar da hadaddun mu'amala a ciki da tsakanin kungiyoyi. Muna da babban matakin tausayawa da son kai kuma zamu iya koyan ganin cikakken baki a matsayin dangi na kusa da kuma tausayawa bakin cikin wasu kamar namu ne.
A gefe guda kuma, muna da ikon yin mummunan zalunci, kisan kai da kisan kiyashi, kuma za mu iya koyan sauƙin fahimtar danginmu dabbobi masu haɗari kuma mu halaka su ba tare da fuskantar sabani na ɗabi'a ba.
Daidaita tsakanin waɗannan matsananci biyu, wayewarmu ta sami fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin lokutan farin ciki da lokutan duhu, kuma tare da ƙirƙira makaman nukiliya, mun matso kusa fiye da kowane lokaci zuwa gaɓar halakar juna.
Kuma ko da yake a halin yanzu ana ganin wannan hatsarin a kai a kai fiye da tsayin daka da ake yi tsakanin manyan kasashen Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet, bala'in da kansa har yanzu yana nan da gaske, kamar yadda tantance shirin Doomsday Clock, wanda manyan masana kimiyya na duniya suka tabbatar. tantance yuwuwar bala'in bala'i a duniya a tsarin lokaci kafin tsakar dare. Kuma tun daga 1991, agogon yana gabatowa a hankali a kan alamar mutuwa, ya kai matsakaicin a cikin 2018 kuma har yanzu yana nuna "minti biyu zuwa tsakar dare" [34].
[34]
Juyawar aikin hannun minti na Doomsday Clock sakamakon abubuwan tarihi daban-daban, waɗanda za a iya karantawa game da su a shafin Wikipedia:
Babu makawa ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha yana haifar da rikice-rikice, hanyoyin da za a bi wajen magance su na bukatar sabbin ilimi da fasahohi, kuma da alama ba mu da wata hanyar ci gaba face tafarkin ilimi. Muna rayuwa a cikin lokuta masu ban sha'awa a kan ci gaban fasaha kamar kwamfutoci masu ƙima, ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa da basirar wucin gadi - fasahohin da za su iya ɗaukar ɗan adam zuwa wani sabon matakin, kuma yadda muke amfani da waɗannan sabbin damar zai zama mahimmanci.
Kuma a wannan yanayin, yana da wuya a wuce gona da iri kan muhimmancin bincike kan yanayin wuce gona da iri da hadin kai, domin suna iya samar da muhimman bayanai wajen samun amsoshi ga tambayoyin da suke da azama ga makomar bil'adama - ta yaya za mu iya dakile ta'addancinmu da koyo. don yin aiki tare a duniya don fadada ra'ayi "nawa" ga dukan jama'a, kuma ba ga ƙungiyoyin ɗaiɗaikun mutane ba.
Na gode da hankali!
An rubuta wannan bita a ƙarƙashin ra'ayi kuma galibi ana amfani da kayan daga laccoci na "Biology of Human Havior" ta masanin ilimin neuroendocrinologist na Amurka, Farfesa Robert Sapolsky, wanda ya bayar a Jami'ar Stanford a 2010. An fassara cikakken karatun laccoci zuwa Rashanci ta hanyar aikin Vert Dider kuma ana samun su a rukuninsu a tashar YouTube. .
Kuma don ingantacciyar nitsewa a cikin maudu'in, Ina ba da shawarar ku karanta jerin nassoshi na wannan kwas, wanda komai ya dace sosai da jigo: docs.google.com/document/d/1LW9CCHIlOGfZyIpowCvGD-lIfMFm7QkIuwqpKuSemCc
source: www.habr.com