Daga wajen iOS, ci gaba na iya zama kamar rufaffiyar kulob. Don yin aiki, tabbas kuna buƙatar kwamfutar Apple; kamfani ɗaya ne ke sarrafa tsarin halittu. Daga ciki, har ila yau, a wasu lokuta za ka iya jin sabani - wasu na cewa yaren Objective-C tsoho ne kuma maras kyau, wasu kuma sun ce sabon yaren Swift ya yi yawa.
Duk da haka, masu haɓakawa suna shiga cikin wannan yanki kuma, da zarar akwai, sun gamsu.
A wannan lokaci, Marat Nurgaliev da Boris Pavlov sun gaya mana game da kwarewa - yadda suka koyi sana'a, yadda suka wuce da farko tambayoyi, dalilin da ya sa suka samu ƙi. Kuma Andrey Antropov, Dean, ya yi aiki a matsayin gwani da GeekBrains.
A cikin 2016, Marat Nurgaliev daga yankin Astrakhan ya zo don samun aiki a matsayin mai haɓaka wayar hannu a wani kamfanin talabijin na gida. Wannan ita ce hirarsa ta farko. Ya dawo daga aikin soja, ba tare da aiki da kwarewa ba, ya manta ko da ka'idar, wanda ya riga ya sami matsala. Iyakar abin da Marat ya samu game da haɓaka wayar hannu shine kasidarsa akan nazarin kwararar bayanai ta aikace-aikacen Android. A hirar, an tambaye shi game da karatunsa, OOP da sauran ka'idar, amma Marat ya kasa ɓoye gibin iliminsa.
Duk da haka, ba a ƙi shi ba, amma an ba shi aiki mai amfani - don aiwatar da nuna jerin labaran ta amfani da API a cikin makonni biyu. Biyu don iOS da Android. "Idan ina da kwarewa akan Android, babu ko kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar sigar iOS. Yanayin haɓaka aikace-aikacen iOS yana samuwa akan Mac kawai. Amma bayan sati biyu na dawo na nuna abin da zan iya yi akan Android. Tare da iOS dole ne in gano shi a kan tashi. A karshe suka dauke ni. Sai na zauna a Astrakhan. Duk wani aikin IT da albashi sama da ashirin ya dace da ni.”
Wanene masu haɓaka iOS?
Masu haɓaka wayar hannu suna yin aikace-aikace don kowace na'ura mai ɗaukuwa. Wayoyin hannu, Allunan, smartwatch da duk sauran dandamali masu goyan bayan Android ko iOS. Mahimman ka'idodin ci gaban wayar hannu ba su da bambanci da ci gaba na al'ada, amma saboda takamaiman kayan aiki, an raba shi zuwa wata hanya dabam. Yana amfani da nasa kayan aikin, shirye-shirye harsuna da frameworks.
"Don aiki tare da iOS, kuna buƙatar MacBook, saboda kawai yana da yanayin ci gaban Xcode da ake buƙata. Yana da kyauta kuma ana rarraba shi ta hanyar AppStore. Don shigarwa, kuna buƙatar samun ID na Apple kuma babu wani abu. A cikin Xcode zaka iya haɓaka aikace-aikace don kowane abu - waya, kwamfutar hannu, agogo. Akwai ginannen na'urar kwaikwayo da edita ga komai, "in ji Andrey Antropov, shugaban sashen ci gaban iOS a GeekBrains.
"Amma ana iya shigar da yanayin ci gaba akan Windows idan kuna amfani da Hackintosh. Wannan zaɓi ne mai aiki, amma kewayawa - babu ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu haɓakawa da ke yin wannan. Masu farawa suna siyan tsohon MacBook. Kuma ƙwararrun ƙwararrun galibi za su iya samun sabon samfurin.”
Harsuna - Swift ko Manufar-C
Kusan duk ci gaban iOS ana yin su ta amfani da yaren shirye-shiryen Swift. Ya bayyana shekaru biyar da suka gabata kuma a hankali yanzu yana maye gurbin tsohon harshen Objective-C, wanda Apple ya yi amfani da shi a duk aikace-aikacensa fiye da shekaru 30.
"An tara babban tushe mai lamba a cikin Manufar-C, don haka ana buƙatar masu haɓakawa a cikin harsunan biyu, dangane da kamfani, ayyukansa da aikace-aikacensa. Aikace-aikacen da aka rubuta shekaru da yawa da suka gabata sun dogara ne akan Manufar-C. Kuma duk sabbin ayyuka an haɓaka su a cikin Swift ta tsohuwa. Yanzu Apple yana yin abubuwa da yawa don yin haɓaka lokaci guda don waya, kwamfutar hannu, agogo da MacBook a matsayin dacewa kamar yadda zai yiwu. Ana iya haɗa lambar guda ɗaya kuma a gudanar da ita a ko'ina. Wannan bai faru a baya ba. Don iOS mun haɓaka a cikin Swift, don MacOS mun yi amfani da Objective-C."
A cewar Andrey, Swift harshe ne mai sauqi qwarai wanda ke sada zumunci ga masu farawa. An buga shi sosai, wanda ke ba ku damar kama kurakurai da yawa a matakin haɗa aikin, kuma lambar da ba daidai ba za ta yi aiki kawai.
“Manufa-C tsohon yare ne - daidai da yaren C++. A lokacin da aka haɓaka, abubuwan da ake buƙata don harsuna sun bambanta. Lokacin da Swift ya fito, yana da wahala, aikin yana da iyaka, kuma ma'anar ta yi muni. Kuma mutane sun cika hannayensu da Manufar-C. An inganta shi shekaru da yawa, duk kurakuran da ke can an gyara su. Amma yanzu ina tsammanin Swift yana da kyau kamar Objective-C. Ko da yake ko Apple har yanzu yana amfani da duka biyu a cikin ayyukansa. Harsunan suna da musanyawa sosai kuma suna dacewa da juna. Za a iya rikitar da tsari da abubuwan harshe ɗaya zuwa abubuwa da tsarin wani harshe. Yana da kyau a san zaɓuɓɓukan biyu, amma ga masu farawa Objective-C sau da yawa yana da ban tsoro da ruɗani."
Horon horo
Marat ya ce: “A aikina na farko, maigidana ya horar da ni, ya taimaka mini wajen aiwatarwa da kuma kafa aikin,” in ji Marat, “Amma yin aiki a kan Android da iOS a lokaci guda yana da wahala. Yana ɗaukar lokaci don sake ginawa, canzawa daga aiki zuwa aiki, daga harshe zuwa harshe. A ƙarshe, na yanke shawarar cewa ina bukatar in zaɓi alkibla ɗaya kuma in yi nazarin ta. An sayar da ni a kan keɓancewar Xcode da kuma sauƙi na Swift. "
Marat ya shiga sashen ci gaban iOS a GeekBrains. Da farko yana da sauƙi sosai, domin ya san abubuwa da yawa daga ƙwarewar aiki. An raba kwas ɗin shekara zuwa kashi huɗu. A cewar Andrey, na farko yana ba da mahimman bayanai ne kawai: “Tsarin yaren Swift, ilimin ainihin tsarin aiki, sadarwar sadarwar, adana bayanai, yanayin rayuwar aikace-aikacen, mai sarrafawa, gine-ginen gine-gine, manyan ɗakunan karatu waɗanda kowa ke amfani da su, yin rubutu da yawa da daidaitawa a cikin aikace-aikace."
Kwata na biyu yana ƙara Manufar-C. Ana gudanar da kwas a kan gine-gine da tsarin tsara shirye-shirye na asali. A cikin kwata na uku, suna koyar da daidaitaccen salon rubutu. Yana bayanin menene masana'anta, yadda ake rubuta gwaje-gwaje daidai, ƙirƙirar ayyuka, menene Git-Flow yake, Haɗin kai ta hanyar Fast Lane. An sadaukar da kashi na huɗu da na ƙarshe don aikin haɗin gwiwa, ayyuka masu amfani da horo.
Marat ya ce, "Kasar ta farko ta kasance mai sauƙi," in ji Marat, "amma sai na fara koyon shirye-shirye a cikin Manufar-C, nazarin tsarin ƙira, ka'idodin Solid, Git-Flow, gine-ginen aikin, Unit da UI gwajin aikace-aikace, kafa al'ada rayarwa. - sa'an nan kuma ni Ya zama mai ban sha'awa don yin karatu."
Boris Pavlov ya ce: "Ba a fara min da kyau sosai ba a GeekBrains," in ji Boris Pavlov, kuma hanyarsa zuwa ci gaban iOS gabaɗaya ba ita ce kai tsaye ba. Yaron kakarsa ce ta girma. Ta kasance mai zane-zane, masanin lissafi da zane-zane kuma ta cusa wa Boris ƙaunar zane, ta koya masa zane da hannu da zane. Kawun nasa ma'aikacin tsarin ne kuma yana sha'awar ɗan'uwansa akan kwamfutoci.
Boris ƙwararren ɗalibi ne, amma ya rasa sha'awar karatu kuma ya bar makaranta bayan digiri tara. Bayan kwalejin, ya fara hawan keke, kuma kwamfutoci sun ɓace a bango. Amma wata rana Boris ya samu rauni a kashin baya, wanda ya hana shi ci gaba da harkokin wasanni.
Ya fara karatun C++ tare da malami a Irkutsk Institute of Solar-terrestrial Physics. Sai na zama mai sha'awar ci gaban wasan kuma na yi ƙoƙari in canza zuwa C #. Kuma a ƙarshe, kamar Marat, harshen Swift ya burge shi.
"Na yanke shawarar ɗaukar kwas ɗin gabatarwa kyauta a GeekBrains. A gaskiya, ya kasance mai ban sha’awa, kasala da fahimta,” in ji Boris, “malamin ya yi magana game da fasalulluka na harshen, amma ya garzaya daga wannan batu zuwa wani ba tare da bayyana ainihin abin ba. Lokacin da karatun ya ƙare, har yanzu ban fahimci komai ba. "
Don haka, bayan kwas na gabatarwa, Boris bai shiga cikin horo na tsawon shekara ba, amma a cikin ɗan gajeren kwas na watanni uku, inda suke koyar da ainihin tushen wannan sana'a. "Na sami malamai masu kyau a wurin, kuma sun bayyana komai a fili."
“Sau da yawa ana sukar mu, ana zargin littattafan koyar da mu ba na zamani ba ne, akwai kurakurai. Amma ana sabunta darussan koyaushe, kuma koyaushe malamai suna magana game da sabbin abubuwa. Daga cikin kungiyoyin da nake jagoranta, da yawa suna samun ayyukan yi bayan kwata na farko. Tabbas, yawanci waɗannan mutane ne waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar shirye-shirye, in ji Andrey, “A ɗaya bangaren kuma, ba za a iya isar da duk ilimi a kwas ɗaya ba. Sadarwar abokin ciniki na hanyar sadarwa a rayuwa ba zai iya dacewa da laccoci na awanni biyu ba. Kuma idan kun je kwasa-kwasan kawai kuma ba ku yi wani abu ba, to ba za ku sami isasshen ilimi ba. Idan kuna karatu kowace rana har tsawon shekara guda, to a wannan taki kawai malalaci ba zai sami aiki ba. Domin buqatar sana’ar tana da yawa sosai.”
Kuna iya gani mafi yawa don masu haɓaka iOS da biyan kuɗi zuwa sababbi.
aikin
Amma Marat ko Boris ba su sami aikin yi cikin sauƙi ba.
"Wasu manyan kamfanoni sun daɗe suna haɓaka aikace-aikacen iOS a cikin Manufar-C, kuma suna ci gaba da kula da tsoffin lambar tushe. Abin takaici, ba ni da hujja mai tursasawa don tilasta musu yin amfani da Swift keɓe. Musamman waɗanda ke amfani da ƙa'idar "kada ku taɓa abin da ke aiki," in ji Marat, "An ba da hankali sosai ga manufar-C a Geekbrains. Yana da ƙarin yanayi na bayanai. Amma duk kamfani da na yi hira da shi ya tambaye shi game da Objective-C. Kuma tun da karatuna ya mai da hankali kan Swift, kamar aikina na baya, na sami ƙi a cikin tambayoyin. ”
Boris ya ce: “Bayan na yi karatu, na san da kaina kawai abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, da taimakon da zan iya ƙirƙirar aikace-aikace mafi sauƙi.” In ji Boris: “Gama aiki, bai isa ba, amma na yi farin ciki da wannan. Yana da wuya a sami aiki a Irkutsk. Don zama mafi daidai - ba kwata-kwata. Na yanke shawarar duba a wasu garuruwa. Dangane da adadin guraben aiki, Krasnodar, Moscow da St. Petersburg sun zama mafi dacewa. Na yanke shawarar zuwa St. Petersburg - kusa da Turai.
Amma komai ya juya ya zama ba haka ba. Ko karami ma za a gafarta masa abin da bai iya sani ba. Ban sami aiki ba tukuna. Ina aiki don "na gode", samun kwarewa. Na fahimci cewa wannan ba shine abin da nake so ba, amma ina sha'awar, kuma wannan ya motsa ni. Ina so in sami ilimi."
Andrey ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata masu shigowa su nemi horon horo maimakon ayyukan yi. Idan kuna da ɗan ƙaramin ilimi, to yana da al'ada don ba a biya kuɗin horon ba. Andrey ya ba da shawarar neman ƙaramin guraben aiki ga manyan kamfanoni inda aka riga aka kafa tsarin aiki.
"Lokacin da kuka fahimci yadda tsarin haɓaka software ke aiki, zai zama mafi sauƙi don kewayawa da samun ƙarin aiki, dangane da sha'awar ku. Wasu mutane suna shiga cikin ci gaba mai zaman kansa, suna yin wasanni don kansu, suna loda su cikin kantin sayar da kayayyaki, kuma suna samun kuɗi da kansu. Wasu suna aiki ga babban kamfani tare da tsauraran dokoki. Wasu mutane suna samun kuɗi a cikin ƙananan ɗakunan studio waɗanda ke yin software na al'ada, kuma a can za su iya kallon tsarin gaba ɗaya - daga ƙirƙirar aiki daga karce zuwa isar da shi zuwa shagon."
Albashi
Albashin mai haɓakawa na iOS, kamar kowane, ya dogara da tambayar "Moscow ko Rasha". Amma saboda ƙayyadaddun masana'antu - yawancin aiki mai nisa, damar yin ƙaura da aiki ba a cikin kasuwar yanki ba - lambobin suna ƙara kusantar juna.
Dangane da lissafin albashin My Circle, matsakaicin albashin mai haɓaka iOS ya ɗan rage kaɗan .
"Yar ƙarami a matakin ƙasa sau da yawa yana aiki kyauta ko don kuɗi na alama - 20-30 dubu rubles. Idan da gangan aka kai ƙarami zuwa matsayinsa, zai karɓi daga dubu 50 zuwa 80. Middles suna karɓar daga 100 zuwa 150, wani lokacin ma har zuwa 200. Manya ba sa karɓar ƙasa da 200. Ina tsammanin albashin su kusan 200-300 ne. Kuma ga jagororin ƙungiyar, saboda haka, ya wuce 300. ”
hirarraki
“Tattaunawar farko ta faru ne a Skype. Abin mamaki, Google ne,” in ji Boris, “sai na ƙaura zuwa St. Petersburg na fara neman aiki. Na karɓi aikace-aikace don matsayin mai haɓakawa na iOS. Ba ƙaramin ba, ba tsakiya ba, ba babba ba - mai haɓakawa kawai. Na yi farin ciki kuma na fara rubuta wa manajan wasiƙa. An nemi in kammala aikin fasaha: Dole ne in rubuta aikace-aikacen don barkwanci game da Chuck Norris. Na rubuta shi. Sun gaya mani komai yana da kyau kuma sun tsara hira ta kan layi.
Muka kira juna. Wata yarinya mai kyau tayi min magana. Amma ba su yi wata tambaya game da ƙwarewar harshe ba - kawai matsaloli masu ma'ana daban-daban, misali, "Lokacin shine 15:15, digiri nawa ne tsakanin hannaye na sa'a da minti?" ko "Post yana da tsayin mita 10, a katantanwa na yin rarrafe mita 3 a sama da rana, kuma yana gangarowa da daddare mita 1." A cikin kwanaki nawa za ta yi rarrafe zuwa sama?", da ma'aurata makamantansu.
Sannan akwai tambayoyi masu ban mamaki - me yasa nake son Apple da kuma yadda nake ji game da Tim Cook. Na ce kamfanin gaba daya yana da inganci, amma ba shi da kyau a gare shi, saboda kudi yana da mahimmanci a gare shi, ba samfurori ba.
Lokacin da tambayoyi game da Swift suka fara, ilimina ya isa kawai don tsarin shirye-shirye da tushen OOP. Muka yi bankwana, bayan sati guda suka sake kirana suka ce ban dace ba. Haƙiƙa, na sami gogewa mai yawa daga wannan: kuna buƙatar ilimi, kuna buƙatar abubuwa da yawa - duka biyun ka'ida da aiki. "
Andrey ya ce "Abu na farko da aka tambayi kowa yayin hira shine yanayin rayuwar mai kulawa. Suna matukar son neman wani tsari mai sauƙi na shirye-shirye. Tabbas za su yi tambaya game da gogewarku ta amfani da shahararrun ɗakunan karatu. Tabbas za a sami tambaya game da bambance-bambance a cikin Nau'in Ƙimar Swift daga Nau'in Nasiha, game da Ƙididdiga ta atomatik da sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Suna iya tambayar yadda suka aiwatar da ajiyar bayanai a aikace-aikace, da ko sun aiwatar da buƙatun hanyar sadarwa. Za su yi tambaya game da tushen REST da JSON. Ba za a tambayi ƙarami takamaiman abubuwa da dabara ba. Ko kadan ba tambaya nake ba."
Boris yana da wata gogewa ta daban: “Ko da na nemi horon horo, na kammala ayyukan fasaha kuma na ce albashin ba shi da mahimmanci a gare ni, muddin ya isa in yi hayan ɗaki, har yanzu an ƙi ni. Na karanta labarai, na yi ƙoƙarin fahimtar abin da mai ɗaukar ma'aikata ke buƙata daga sabon shiga. Amma galibi sun gaza akan theories. Don wasu dalilai, sun yi tambayoyi daga manyan kungiyoyin da ba su shafi sabbin shiga ba."
Marat ya fi sa'a. Yanzu yana aiki a kamfanin sufuri kuma shi kaɗai ne ke kula da sashen iOS, yayin da yake ci gaba da karatunsa a jami'ar. "Tun da ni kaɗai ne ke da alhakin iOS, ana kimanta aikina ne kawai ta ikon aiwatar da ayyukan da aka ba ni, ba ta hanyar ilimina na ka'idar ba."
Community
Andrey yana zaune a Nizhny Novgorod kuma ya ce ko da akwai babbar al'umma ta kafa. A da, ya kasance mai haɓakawa a cikin Python, amma abokansa sun ja shi zuwa ci gaban wayar hannu - kuma yanzu shi da kansa yana ƙarfafa kowa ya yi hakan.
"Al'ummar duniya yawanci suna sadarwa ta Twitter. Mutane suna rubuta shafukansu, suna yin rikodin bidiyo akan Youtube, suna gayyatar juna zuwa kwasfan fayiloli. Wata rana ina da tambaya game da gabatarwa inda shugaban ƙungiyar HQTrivia yayi magana. Wannan wasan kacici-kacici ne na Amurka wanda mutane miliyan da yawa ke bugawa lokaci guda. Na rubuta masa a Twitter, ya amsa mini, muka yi magana, kuma na gode masa. Al'umma suna da abokantaka sosai, wanda yake da kyau. "
Jerin shawarwarin adabiMatakin farko:
- Vasily Usov. Swift.
- Keith Harrison.
- Paul Hudson. .
- Paul Hudson. .
- Matthijs Hollemans, Fahim Farook. .
- Erica Sadun.
Matsakaicin matakin:
- Paul Hudson. .
- RW koyawa tawagar. .
- Ƙungiyar Koyarwar RW. .
- Marin Todorov. .
- Chris Eidhof, Matt Gallagher, da kuma Florian Kugler. .
- Paul Hudson.
Babban matakin:
- Ƙungiyar Koyarwar RW.
- Chris Eidhof, Ole Begemann, Florian Kugler, da Ben Cohen.
- Derek Seander.
- Matt Zmuda. .
source: www.habr.com