Hai Habr.
Ya riga ya kasance karni na 21, kuma yana da alama ana iya watsa bayanai a cikin ingancin HD har zuwa Mars. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai na'urori masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda ke aiki akan rediyo kuma ana iya jin sigina masu ban sha'awa da yawa.
Tabbas, ba daidai ba ne a yi la'akari da su duka; bari mu yi ƙoƙari mu zaɓi mafi ban sha'awa, waɗanda za a iya karɓa da kuma yanke su ta hanyar amfani da kwamfuta. Don karɓar sigina za mu yi amfani da mai karɓar kan layi na Yaren mutanen Holland , MultiPSK decoder da Virtual Audio Cable shirin.
Don dacewa da la'akari, za mu gabatar da sigina a cikin ƙara yawan mita. Ba zan yi la'akari da tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye ba, abin ban sha'awa ne kuma banal; kowa na iya sauraron Rediyon Sin da kansa da kansa. Kuma za mu ci gaba zuwa mafi ban sha'awa sigina.
Madaidaicin sigina na lokaci
A mitar 77.5 kHz (tsawon igiyar igiyar ruwa), ana watsa madaidaicin sigina daga tashar Jamus DCF77. Tuni ya kasance akan su Don haka za mu iya maimaita a taƙaice cewa wannan sigina ce mai sauƙi a cikin tsari - "1" da "0" an sanya su tare da tsawon lokaci daban-daban, saboda haka an karɓi lambar 58-bit a cikin minti ɗaya.
130-140KHz - telemetry na hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki
A waɗannan mitoci, bisa ga , ana watsa siginar sarrafawa don grid ɗin wutar lantarki na Jamus.
Alamar tana da ƙarfi sosai, kuma bisa ga sake dubawa, ana karɓa har ma a Ostiraliya. Kuna iya yanke shi a cikin MultiPSK idan kun saita sigogi kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton.
A fitowar za mu sami fakitin bayanai, tsarin su, ba shakka, ba a sani ba; waɗanda suke so za su iya yin gwaji kuma su yi bincike a lokacin hutu. A fasaha, siginar kanta abu ne mai sauqi qwarai, hanyar ana kiranta FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) kuma tana ƙunshe da ƙirƙira kaɗan ta hanyar canza mitar watsawa. Sigina iri ɗaya, a cikin nau'i na bakan - ana iya ƙidaya ragowa da hannu.
Yanayin yanayi
A kan bakan da ke sama, kusa sosai, a mitar 147 kHz, ana iya ganin wata sigina. Wannan tashar DWD ce (kuma Jamusanci) (Deutscher Wetterdienst) da ke ba da rahoton yanayi na jiragen ruwa. Baya ga wannan mitar, ana kuma watsa sigina akan 11039 da 14467 kHz.
Ana nuna sakamakon yanke hukunci a cikin hoton allo.
Ka'idar shigar da nau'in teletype iri ɗaya ce, FSK, abin sha'awa anan shine rufaffen rubutu. Yana da 5-bit, amfani , kuma yana da kusan shekaru 100 na tarihi.
Da alama an yi amfani da irin wannan lambar akan kaset ɗin takarda, amma an aika da nau'ikan teletypes a wani wuri tun daga 60s, kuma kamar yadda kuke gani, har yanzu suna aiki. Tabbas, a kan jirgin ruwa na gaske ba a ƙaddamar da siginar ta amfani da kwamfuta ba - akwai masu karɓa na musamman waɗanda ke rikodin siginar kuma suna nuna shi akan allon.
Gabaɗaya, har ma tare da samun sadarwar tauraron dan adam da Intanet, watsa bayanai ta wannan hanya har yanzu hanya ce mai sauƙi, abin dogaro kuma mai arha. Kodayake, ba shakka, ana iya ɗauka cewa wata rana waɗannan tsarin za su zama tarihi kuma za a maye gurbinsu da sabis na dijital gaba ɗaya. Don haka masu son samun irin wannan siginar kada su jinkirta shi da yawa.
Meteofax
Wani siginar gado mai kusan dogon tarihi iri ɗaya. A cikin wannan siginar, ana aika hoton zuwa ga analog form a cikin saurin layi 120 a cikin minti daya (akwai wasu dabi'u, misali 60 ko 240 LPM), ana amfani da daidaitawar mitar don ɓoye haske - hasken kowane hoton hoto yana daidai da canjin mitar. Irin wannan tsari mai sauƙi ya ba da damar watsa hotuna a baya lokacin da mutane kaɗan suka ji labarin "siginar dijital".
Shahararriyar sashin Turai kuma dacewa don liyafar ita ce tashar DWD da aka ambata a Jamus (Deutche Wetterdienst), mai watsa saƙonni akan mitoci 3855, 7880 da 13882 KHz. Wata ƙungiya wacce faxes ɗin ke da sauƙin karɓa ita ce Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar Ayyuka ta Biritaniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Oceanography, suna watsa sigina akan mitoci 2618, 4610, 6834, 8040, 11086, 12390 da 18261 KHz.
Don karɓar siginar fax HF, kuna buƙatar amfani da yanayin mai karɓar USB, ana iya amfani da MultiPSK don yankewa. Ana nuna sakamakon liyafar ta hanyar mai karɓar websdr a cikin adadi:
An dauki wannan hoton daidai lokacin da ake rubuta rubutun. Af, ana iya ganin cewa layin tsaye sun motsa - ka'idar ita ce analog, kuma daidaiton aiki tare yana da mahimmanci a nan, ko da ƙananan jinkirin sauti yana haifar da sauye-sauyen hoto. Lokacin amfani da mai karɓar "ainihin", wannan tasirin ba zai faru ba.
Tabbas, kamar yadda yake a yanayin yanayin teletype, babu wanda ke cikin jiragen ruwa ya yanke fax ta amfani da kwamfuta - akwai masu karɓa na musamman (hoton misali daga farkon labarin) waɗanda ke yin duk aikin ta atomatik.
Farashin 4285
Yanzu bari mu yi la'akari da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin zamani don watsa bayanai akan gajeren raƙuman ruwa - modem Stanag 4285. An tsara wannan tsari don NATO, kuma yana samuwa a cikin nau'i daban-daban. Ya dogara ne akan daidaitawar lokaci, siginar siginar na iya bambanta, kamar yadda ake iya gani daga tebur, gudun zai iya bambanta daga 75 zuwa 2400 bit/s. Wannan bazai yi kama da yawa ba, amma la'akari da matsakaicin watsawa - gajeren raƙuman ruwa, tare da raguwa da tsangwama, wannan kyakkyawan sakamako ne.
Shirin MultiPSK na iya ƙaddamar da STANAG, amma a cikin kashi 95% na lokuta sakamakon ƙaddamarwa zai zama "sharar gida" kawai - tsarin da kansa yana ba da ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idar bitwise kawai, kuma bayanan da kanta za a iya ɓoyewa ko samun wani nau'in nasa. tsari. Wasu sigina, duk da haka, ana iya yanke su, misali, rikodin da ke ƙasa a mitar 8453 kHz. Ban iya yanke kowane sigina ta hanyar mai karɓar websdr ba; a fili, watsawar kan layi har yanzu ya keta tsarin bayanai. Masu sha'awar za su iya sauke fayil ɗin daga ainihin mai karɓa ta amfani da hanyar haɗin yanar gizon . Ana nuna sakamakon zazzagewa MultiPSK a hoton da ke ƙasa. Kamar yadda kake gani, saurin wannan rikodin shine 600bps, da alama ana watsa fayil ɗin rubutu azaman abun ciki.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa, kamar yadda kuke gani a cikin panorama, akwai ainihin sigina da yawa akan iska:
Tabbas, ba dukkanin su na iya zama na STANAG ba - akwai wasu ka'idoji dangane da irin wannan ka'idoji. Misali, zamu iya ba da bincike kan siginar .
Kamar sauran sigina da aka tattauna, ana amfani da na'urori na musamman don ainihin liyafar da watsawa. Misali, ga modem da aka nuna a hoto Gudun da aka bayyana yana daga 75 zuwa 9600bps tare da bandwidth na sigina na 3KHz.
Gudun 9600, ba shakka, ba shi da ban sha'awa sosai, amma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa ana iya yada sigina ko da daga cikin daji ko kuma daga jirgin ruwa a cikin teku, kuma ba tare da biyan wani abu ba don zirga-zirga zuwa ma'aikacin sadarwa, wannan ba shi da kyau.
Af, bari mu dubi panorama na sama. A gefen hagu muna gani ... wannan daidai ne, tsohuwar lambar Morse. Don haka, bari mu matsa zuwa sigina na gaba.
Lambar Morse (CW)
A mitar 8423 kHz muna jin daidai wannan. Fasahar sauraron lambar Morse yanzu ta kusan ɓacewa, don haka za mu yi amfani da MultiPSK (duk da haka, yana ƙaddamar da haka, shirin CW Skimmer yana yin aiki mafi kyau).
Kamar yadda kake gani, ana watsa rubutun da aka maimaita DE SVO, idan kun yi imani , tashar tana a kasar Girka.
Tabbas, irin waɗannan sigina kaɗan ne, amma har yanzu suna nan. A matsayin misali, za mu iya buga tashar mai tsayi mai tsayi akan 4331 KHz, yana watsa siginar maimaitawa "VVV DE E4X4XZ". Kamar yadda Google ya nuna, tashar ta sojojin ruwan Isra'ila ce. Shin akwai wani abu kuma da ake yadawa akan wannan mitar? Amsar ba a sani ba; masu sha'awar za su iya saurare su bincika kansu.
Mai Buzzer (UVB-76)
Faretin mu ya ƙare da alama mafi shaharar sigina - sanannen duka a Rasha da ƙasashen waje, sigina a mitar 4625 kHz.
Ana amfani da siginar don sanar da sojoji, kuma ta ƙunshi maimaita sautin ƙararrawa, tsakanin waɗanda wasu kalmomin kalmomi daga codepad ana watsa su a wasu lokuta (kalmomi masu ƙima kamar "CROLIST" ko "BRAMIRKA"). Wasu sun rubuta cewa sun ga irin waɗannan masu karɓa a cikin rajista na soja da ofisoshin shiga, wasu sun ce wannan wani bangare ne na tsarin "hannun matattu", gabaɗaya, siginar ita ce makka ga masoya Stalker, ka'idodin makirci, yakin cacar baki da sauransu. . Masu sha'awar za su iya buga "UVB-76" a cikin binciken, kuma na tabbata an ba da tabbacin karantawa mai ban sha'awa don maraice (duk da haka, kada ku dauki duk abin da aka rubuta da mahimmanci). A lokaci guda kuma, tsarin yana da ban sha'awa sosai, aƙalla saboda har yanzu yana aiki tun lokacin yakin cacar baka, kodayake yana da wuya a faɗi ko wani yana buƙatar sa a yanzu.
Ƙarshe
Wannan jeri yayi nisa da kammalawa. Tare da taimakon mai karɓar rediyo, zaku iya jin (ko gani) siginonin sadarwa tare da jiragen ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa, radar sama-sama, saurin sauya sigina na tsalle-tsalle, da ƙari mai yawa.
Misali, ga hoton da aka ɗauka a yanzu a mitar 8 MHz; akansa zaku iya ƙirga aƙalla sigina 5 na iri daban-daban.
Abin da suke sau da yawa ba a san su ba, aƙalla ba za a iya samun komai a buɗaɗɗen maɓuɓɓuka ba (ko da yake akwai shafuka kamar и ). Nazarin irin waɗannan sigina yana da ban sha'awa sosai daga ma'anar lissafi, shirye-shirye da DSP, kuma kawai a matsayin hanyar koyon sabon abu game da duniyar da ke kewaye da mu.
Har ila yau, yana da ban sha'awa cewa duk da ci gaban Intanet da sadarwa, rediyo ba wai kawai ya rasa ƙasa ba, amma watakila ma akasin haka - ikon watsa bayanai kai tsaye daga mai aikawa zuwa ga mai karɓa, ba tare da tacewa ba, kula da zirga-zirga da kuma sa ido kan fakiti. na iya zama (ko da yake bari mu yi fatan cewa har yanzu ba zai zama ba) dacewa kuma ...
source: www.habr.com