Gashi ga mutum na zamani ba kome ba ne face wani nau'i na ganewar kansa na gani, wani ɓangare na hoto da hoto. Duk da haka, waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan fata na fata suna da mahimman ayyuka na ilimin halitta: kariya, thermoregulation, taɓawa, da sauransu. Yaya karfin gashin mu? Kamar yadda ya bayyana, sun fi ƙarfin giwa ko gashin raƙuma sau da yawa.
A yau za mu saba da wani bincike da masana kimiyya daga Jami’ar California (Amurka) suka yanke shawarar gwada yadda kaurin gashi da karfinsa ke da nasaba da nau’in dabbobi daban-daban, ciki har da mutane. Gashin wane ne ya fi ƙarfi, wane kayan aikin injiniya ke da nau'ikan gashi daban-daban, kuma ta yaya wannan bincike zai iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan kayan? Mun koyi game da wannan daga rahoton masana kimiyya. Tafi
Tushen bincike
Gashi, wanda ya ƙunshi keratin sunadaran, shine ƙaƙƙarfan samuwar fata masu shayarwa. A gaskiya ma, gashi, ulu da Jawo suna kama da juna. Tsarin gashi ya ƙunshi faranti na keratin waɗanda ke mamaye juna, kamar dominoes suna faɗo a kan juna. Kowane gashi yana da nau'i uku: cuticle shine na waje da kariya; cortex - cortex, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin matattu elongated (mahimmanci ga ƙarfin da elasticity na gashi, yana ƙayyade launi saboda melanin) da kuma medulla - tsakiyar Layer na gashi, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin keratin mai laushi da cavities na iska, wanda shine hannu a cikin canja wurin na gina jiki zuwa wasu yadudduka.
Idan an raba gashi a tsaye, muna samun sashin subcutaneous (shaft) da sashe na subcutaneous (bulb ko tushen). Kwan fitila yana kewaye da follicle, wanda siffarsa ke ƙayyade siffar gashin kanta: wani nau'i mai zagaye yana da madaidaiciya, wani nau'i na oval yana da dan kadan, wani nau'i mai siffar koda yana da lanƙwasa.
Yawancin masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa juyin halittar ɗan adam yana canzawa saboda ci gaban fasaha. Wato wasu gabobi da sifofi a jikinmu sannu a hankali sun zama masu rugujewa - wadanda suka rasa manufarsu. Wadannan sassan jiki sun hada da hakora na hikima, appendix da gashin jiki. A wasu kalmomi, masana kimiyya sun gaskata cewa bayan lokaci, waɗannan sifofi za su ɓace daga jikinmu. Ko wannan gaskiya ne ko a'a yana da wuya a faɗi, amma ga yawancin talakawa, haƙoran hikima, alal misali, suna da alaƙa da ziyartar likitan haƙori don cire su.
Ko ta yaya, mutum yana buƙatar gashi; ƙila ba zai sake taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin thermoregulation ba, amma har yanzu yana da mahimmancin kayan ado. Hakanan ana iya faɗi game da al'adun duniya. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, tun daga zamanin da, an yi la'akari da gashi shine tushen kowane ƙarfi, kuma yanke shi yana da alaƙa da yiwuwar matsalolin lafiya har ma da kasawa a rayuwa. Ma'anar tsarki na gashi ya yi ƙaura daga al'adun shamanic na tsoffin kabilu zuwa ƙarin addinai na zamani, ayyukan marubuta, masu fasaha da masu sassaƙa. Musamman, kyawun mace ya kasance yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da yadda gashin kyawawan mata suke kama ko kuma aka nuna su (misali, a cikin zane-zane).
Ka lura da yadda aka kwatanta gashin Venus (Sandro Botticelli, "Haihuwar Venus", 1485).
Bari mu bar al'adun al'adu da kyau na gashi kuma mu fara yin la'akari da binciken masana kimiyya.
Gashi, a cikin wani nau'i ko wani, yana samuwa a yawancin nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa. Idan ga mutane ba su da mahimmanci daga ra'ayi na nazarin halittu, to, ga sauran wakilan dabba na dabba da ulu da Jawo suna da halaye masu mahimmanci. Hakazalika, dangane da tsarinsu na asali, gashin ɗan adam da misali gashin giwa suna kama da juna, kodayake akwai bambance-bambance. Mafi bayyane daga cikinsu shine girman, saboda gashin giwa ya fi namu girma, amma, kamar yadda ya juya, ba ya fi karfi ba.
Masana kimiyya sun daɗe suna nazarin gashi da ulu. Sakamakon waɗannan ayyukan an aiwatar da su duka a cikin kwaskwarima da magani, kuma a cikin masana'antar haske (ko, kamar yadda sanannen Kalugina LP zai ce: "masana'antar haske"), ko kuma daidai a cikin masana'anta. Bugu da ƙari, nazarin gashi ya taimaka sosai wajen samar da kwayoyin halitta bisa keratin, wanda a farkon karni na karshe sun koyi ware daga ƙahonin dabba ta amfani da lemun tsami.
An yi amfani da keratin da aka samu don ƙirƙirar gels waɗanda za a iya ƙarfafa su ta hanyar ƙara formaldehyde. Daga baya, sun koyi ware keratin ba kawai daga ƙahonin dabba ba, har ma daga gashin su, da kuma gashin mutum. Abubuwan da suka danganci keratin sun sami amfani da su a cikin kayan shafawa, abubuwan da aka haɗa har ma a cikin suturar kwamfutar hannu.
A zamanin yau, masana'antar karatu da samar da kayayyaki masu ɗorewa da nauyi suna haɓaka cikin sauri. Gashi, kasancewar a zahiri haka, yana ɗaya daga cikin kayan halitta waɗanda ke ƙarfafa irin wannan bincike. Yi la'akari da ƙarfin ƙarfin ulu da gashin mutum, wanda ya fito daga 200 zuwa 260 MPa, wanda yake daidai da ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin 150-200 MPa / mg m-3. Kuma wannan kusan yana kama da karfe (250 MPa / mg m-3).
Babban rawa a cikin samuwar kayan aikin injiniya na gashi yana taka rawa ta tsarin tsarinsa, yana tunawa da yar tsana matryoshka. Mafi mahimmancin kashi na wannan tsari shine ƙwayar ciki na ƙwayoyin cortical (diamita game da 5 μm da tsawon 100 μm), wanda ya ƙunshi macrofibrils da aka haɗa (diamita game da 0.2-0.4 μm), wanda, bi da bi, ya ƙunshi filaments na tsakiya (7.5 nm). a diamita), wanda aka saka a cikin matrix amorphous.
Kayan aikin injiniya na gashi, da hankali ga zafin jiki, zafi da nakasawa shine sakamakon kai tsaye na hulɗar abubuwan amorphous da crystalline na cortex. Filayen keratin na bawoyin gashin ɗan adam yawanci suna da tsayin daka, tare da nau'in juzu'i na sama da 40%.
Irin wannan darajar mai girma shine saboda ƙaddamar da tsarin а- keratin kuma, a wasu lokuta, canzawa zuwa b-keratin, wanda ke haifar da karuwa a tsayi (cikakken juzu'i na helix na 0.52 nm an miƙe zuwa 1.2 nm a cikin daidaitawa. b). Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya sa yawancin karatu suka mayar da hankali musamman akan keratin don sake yin shi a cikin nau'i na roba. Amma gashi na waje (cuticle), kamar yadda muka riga muka sani, ya ƙunshi faranti (0.3-0.5 microns lokacin farin ciki da 40-60 microns a tsayi).
A baya can, masana kimiyya sun riga sun gudanar da bincike a kan kayan aikin injiniya na mutane daga shekaru daban-daban da kabilu daban-daban. A cikin wannan aikin, an ba da mahimmanci ga nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin kayan aikin injiniya na gashi na nau'in dabbobi daban-daban, wato: mutane, dawakai, bears, boars daji, capybaras, peccaries, raƙuman ruwa da giwaye.
Sakamakon bincike
Hoto #1: Halin halittar gashi na ɗan adam (А - cuticle; В - karaya na cortex; nuna karshen fibre, С - saman kuskuren, inda ake iya ganin yadudduka uku; D - gefen gefen cortex, yana nuna elongation na fiber).
Babban gashin ɗan adam yana da kusan 80-100 microns a diamita. Tare da kulawar gashi na yau da kullun, bayyanar su cikakke ne (1A). Abun ciki na gashin ɗan adam shine ƙwayar fibrous. Bayan gwaje-gwajen tensile, an gano cewa cuticle da bawo na gashin ɗan adam sun karye daban-daban: cuticle yawanci ya karye abrasively (crumple), kuma keratin fibers a cikin bawo an cire shi kuma an cire shi daga tsarin gabaɗaya (1B).
Hoto 1С a fili mai rauni saman cuticle yana bayyane tare da hangen nesa na yadudduka, waɗanda ke mamaye faranti na cuticle kuma suna da kauri na 350-400 nm. Delamination da aka lura a saman karaya, da kuma yanayin gaggautsa na wannan saman, yana nuna raunin sadarwa tsakanin cuticle da cortex, da kuma tsakanin zaruruwa a cikin cortex.
Keratin fibers a cikin cortex an exfoliated (1D). Wannan yana nuna cewa fibrous cortex shine da farko alhakin ƙarfin injin na gashi.
Hoto Na 2: Halin halittar doki (А - cuticle, wasu faranti waɗanda suka ɗan karkata saboda rashin kulawa; В - bayyanar fashewa; С - cikakkun bayanai game da fashewa na cortex, inda aka gani cuticle da aka tsage; D - bayanan cuticle).
Tsarin gashin doki yana kama da gashin mutum, sai dai diamita, wanda ya fi 50% girma (150 microns). A cikin hoton 2A Kuna iya ganin lalacewa a bayyane ga cuticle, inda yawancin faranti ba su da alaƙa da shinge kamar yadda suke cikin gashin mutum. Wurin hutun gashin doki ya ƙunshi duka hutu na al'ada da hutun gashi (delamination na faranti na cuticle). Kunna 2B Duk nau'ikan lalacewa suna bayyane. A cikin wuraren da lamellae suka ƙare gaba ɗaya, ana iya ganin haɗin tsakanin cuticle da cortex (2С). An yayyage zaruruwa da yawa kuma suna ɓata lokaci a wurin. Idan aka kwatanta waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura da abubuwan da aka gani a baya (gashin ɗan adam), irin wannan gazawar na nuna cewa gashin doki ba ya fuskantar damuwa kamar gashin ɗan adam lokacin da aka ciro zaruruwan da ke cikin cortex kuma an cire su gaba ɗaya daga cuticle. Hakanan ana iya ganin cewa wasu faranti sun rabu da sandar, wanda zai iya zama saboda damuwa mai ƙarfi (2D).
Hoto #3: Halin halittar gashi na Bear (А - cuticle; В - lalacewa a maki biyu da ke hade da yankin fashewa; С - fashewa na cuticle tare da delamination na zaruruwa a cikin bawo; D - cikakkun bayanai na tsarin fiber, yawancin filaye masu tsayi daga tsarin gaba ɗaya suna bayyane).
Kaurin gashin beyar ya kai microns 80. Faranti na cuticle suna manne da juna sosai.3A), kuma a wasu wuraren yana da wuya a iya bambanta faranti ɗaya. Wannan na iya zama saboda gogayya da gashi a kan makwabta. A ƙarƙashin damuwa mai ƙarfi, waɗannan gashin a zahiri sun rabu tare da bayyanar dogayen fasa (saka a kunne 3B), yana nuna cewa tare da raunin dauri mai rauni na cuticle da aka lalace, keratin fibers a cikin cortex suna da sauƙin lalata. Delamination na cortex yana haifar da hutu a cikin cuticle, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar zigzag na hutu.3С). Wannan tashin hankali yana haifar da fitar da wasu zaruruwa daga cikin cortex (3D).
Hoto No. 4: ilimin halittar gashi na boar (А - karaya lebur na yau da kullun; В - tsarin cuticle yana nuna rashin daidaituwa na rashin daidaituwa (ƙungiyar) na faranti; С - cikakkun bayanai game da rata a mahaɗin tsakanin cuticle da cortex; D - fibers elongated daga jimlar taro da fibrils masu tasowa).
Boar gashi yana da kauri sosai (230 mm), musamman idan aka kwatanta da gashin bear. Yaga gashin boar lokacin da ya lalace ya yi kyau sosai (4A) daidai da alkiblar damuwa mai ƙarfi.
An yayyage ƙananan faranti da aka fallasa daga babban jikin gashin saboda shimfiɗa gefuna (4B).
A saman yankin lalata, ana iya ganin delamination na zaruruwa a sarari; Hakanan a bayyane yake cewa an haɗa su sosai da juna a cikin cortex (4С). Zaɓuɓɓuka kawai a mahaɗin tsakanin cortex da cuticle an fallasa su saboda rabuwa (4D), wanda ya bayyana kasancewar fibrils masu kauri (250 nm a diamita). Wasu daga cikin fibrilun sun fito kadan saboda nakasu. Ya kamata su zama wakili mai ƙarfafawa ga gashin boar.
Hoto #5: Halin halittar gashin giwaye (А - С) da giraffe (D - F). А - cuticle; В - breakwise gashi karya; С - ɓoyayyiyar da ke cikin gashi suna nuna inda zaruruwan suka yage. D - faranti na cuticular; Е - ko da karyewar gashi; F - zaruruwa da aka tsage daga saman a cikin yankin karaya.
Gashin giwa jariri zai iya kai kimanin 330 microns kauri, kuma a cikin manya yana iya kaiwa 1.5 mm. Farantin da ke saman yana da wuyar ganewa (5A).Gashin giwa kuma yana da saurin rugujewar al'ada, watau. zuwa tsantsar karaya. Bugu da ƙari, ilimin halittar jiki na farfajiyar karaya yana nuna bayyanar da ta taka (5B), mai yiyuwa ne saboda kasancewar ƙananan lahani a cikin ƙwayar gashi. Hakanan ana iya ganin wasu ƙananan ramuka akan saman karaya, inda akwai yuwuwar samun fibrils ƙarfafawa kafin lalacewa (5С).
Gashin rakumin kuma yana da kauri sosai (370 microns), ko da yake tsarin faranti ba a bayyana ba.5D). An yi imani da cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda lalacewarsu ta hanyoyi daban-daban na muhalli (misali, gogayya da bishiyoyi yayin ciyarwa). Duk da bambance-bambancen, karyewar gashin ragon ya yi kama da na giwa (5F).
Hoto No. 6: capybara gashin halittar jiki (А - tsarin cuticular guda biyu na faranti; В - rushewar tsarin biyu; С - zaruruwa kusa da iyakar fashe suna bayyana gaggautsa da tauri; D - elongated zaruruwa daga yankin fashewa na tsarin biyu).
Gashin capybaras da peccaries ya bambanta da duk sauran gashin da aka yi nazari. A cikin capybara, babban bambanci shine kasancewar nau'in nau'in cuticle guda biyu da siffar gashin gashi (oval).6A). Tsagi tsakanin sassan biyu na gashin gashi ya zama dole don cire ruwa daga gashin dabba da sauri, da kuma mafi kyawun samun iska, wanda ya ba shi damar bushewa da sauri. Lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga mikewa, an raba gashin zuwa kashi biyu tare da tsagi, kuma kowane bangare ya lalace (6B). Yawancin zaruruwa na cortex sun rabu kuma suna shimfiɗa (6С и 6D).
Hoto #7: Tsarin halittar gashi na Peccary (А - tsarin cuticle da wurin fashewa; В - ilimin halittar jiki na lalata cortex da cikakkun bayanai game da tsarinsa; С - rufaffiyar sel (20 microns a diamita), ganuwar ta ƙunshi fibers; D - bangon sel).
The peccaries (iyali Tayassuidae, i.e. peccary) gashi yana da bawo mai ƙura, kuma ɗigon cuticle ba shi da faranti daban-daban (7A). Bakin gashi ya ƙunshi rufaffiyar sel masu auna 10-30 microns (7B), bangon wanda ya ƙunshi keratin fibers (7С). Waɗannan ganuwar suna da ƙarfi sosai, kuma girman rami ɗaya yana kusan 0.5-3 microns (7D).
Kamar yadda kuke gani a hoto 7A, ba tare da goyon bayan fibrous cortex ba, cuticle yana raguwa tare da layin karya, kuma ana fitar da zaruruwa a wasu wurare. Wannan tsarin gashi yana da mahimmanci don sa gashi ya zama a tsaye, yana ƙara girman dabbar gani, wanda zai iya zama tsarin tsaro na peccary. Gashin Peccary yana tsayayya da matsawa sosai, amma baya jurewa mikewa.
Bayan fahimtar fasalin fasalin gashin dabbobi daban-daban, da kuma nau'in lalacewar su saboda tashin hankali, masana kimiyya sun fara bayyana kayan aikin injiniya.
Hoto A'a. 8: zane na lalata ga kowane nau'in gashi da zane na saitin gwaji don samun bayanai (ƙimar ƙima 10-2 s-1).
Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga jadawali na sama, martani ga mikewa a gashin nau'in dabba daban-daban ya bambanta sosai. Don haka, gashin mutum, doki, boar da bear sun nuna wani hali irin na ulu (ba na wani ba, amma kayan yadi).
A wani ingantacciyar ma'auni mai ƙarfi na 3.5-5 GPa, masu lanƙwasa sun ƙunshi yanki na layi (na roba), sannan kuma wani faranti tare da ƙara damuwa a hankali har zuwa nau'in 0.20-0.25, bayan haka ƙimar taurin yana ƙaruwa sosai har sai Rashin gazawar 0.40. Yankin plateau yana nufin kwancewa а-helical tsarin keratin tsaka-tsakin filaments, wanda a wasu lokuta na iya (bangare) canzawa zuwa b- zanen gado (tsarin lebur). Cikakken kwance yana haifar da nakasar 1.31, wanda ya fi girma fiye da ƙarshen wannan matakin (0.20-0.25).
Zare mai kama da kristal na tsarin yana kewaye da matrix amorphous wanda baya canzawa. Bangaren amorphous yana da kusan kashi 55% na jimlar ƙarar, amma idan diamita na filaments na tsakiya shine 7 nm kuma an raba su da 2 nm na kayan amorphous. An samo irin waɗannan madaidaitan alamomi a cikin binciken da suka gabata.
A lokacin tauraruwar nakasawa, zamewa yana faruwa tsakanin filaye na cortical da kuma tsakanin ƙananan abubuwa na tsari kamar microfibrils, filaments na tsaka-tsaki, da matrix amorphous.
Giraffe, giwaye da gashin gashi suna ba da amsa mai taurin kai tsaye ba tare da bayyanannen bambanci tsakanin faranti da yankuna na saurin tauri (kololuwa). Modules na roba yana da ɗan ƙaranci kuma yana da kusan 2GPa.
Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan ba, gashin capybara yana ba da amsa da ke nuna saurin taurin kai lokacin da aka yi amfani da matsananciyar wahala. Wannan abin lura yana da alaƙa da sabon tsarin gashin capybara, ko kuma daidai da kasancewar sassa biyu masu ma'ana da tsagi mai tsayi a tsakanin su.
An riga an gudanar da binciken da ya gabata wanda ke nuna cewa Modules na Matasa (tsawon elastic modulus) yana raguwa tare da haɓaka diamita na gashi a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban. Waɗannan ayyukan sun lura cewa modules ɗin matashin peccary yana da ƙasa da na sauran dabbobi, wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda ƙarancin tsarin gashin sa.
Hakanan yana da ban sha'awa cewa peccaries suna da wuraren baki da fari akan gashin kansu (launi biyu). Rashin raguwa yakan faru a cikin farin yanki na gashi. Ƙarfafa juriya na yankin baƙar fata shine saboda kasancewar melanosomes, wanda aka samo shi kawai a cikin baƙar fata.
Duk waɗannan abubuwan lura suna da gaske na musamman, amma babbar tambaya ta kasance: shin girman gashin gashi yana taka rawa a cikin ƙarfinsa?
Idan muka kwatanta gashi a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, za mu iya haskaka manyan abubuwan da masu bincike suka sani:
- a mafi yawan nau'ikan gashi yana da kauri a tsakiya kuma yana tapping zuwa ƙarshen; Furen namun daji ya fi kauri saboda mazauninsu;
- Bambancin a cikin diamita na gashin gashi ɗaya yana nuna cewa kauri daga yawancin gashin gashi don nau'in dabba da aka bai wa. Girman gashin gashi na iya bambanta tsakanin wakilai daban-daban na nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) nau'i na nau'i-nau'i na nau'in nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i) wanda ba a san abin da ke tasiri wannan bambancin ba;
- Daban-daban nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da kauri daban-daban na gashi (kamar yadda ake yin sauti).
Ta hanyar taƙaita waɗannan bayanan da aka samu a bainar jama'a da bayanan da aka samu yayin gwaje-gwajen, masana kimiyya sun sami damar kwatanta duk sakamakon don samar da alaƙa tsakanin kaurin gashi da ƙarfinsa.
Hoto Na 9: Alakar da ke tsakanin kaurin gashi da ƙarfinsa a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban.
Saboda bambance-bambancen diamita na gashi da haɓaka, masanan kimiyya sun yanke shawarar ganin ko za a iya tsinkayar matsalolin da suke damun su bisa kididdigar Weibull, wanda zai iya yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen girman samfurin da sakamakon girman lahani.
An ɗauka cewa sashin gashi tare da ƙarar V kunshi n abubuwa na ƙara, da kowane juzu'in naúrar V0 yana da rabo iri ɗaya na lahani. Amfani da mafi raunin zato na hanyar haɗin gwiwa, a matakin ƙarfin lantarki da aka bayar σ yuwuwar P kiyaye mutuncin sashin gashi da aka ba da ƙara V ana iya bayyana shi azaman samfur na ƙarin yuwuwar kiyaye amincin kowane ɗayan abubuwan ƙara, wato:
P(V) = P(V0) · P(V0)… · P(V0) = · P(V0)n
ina ƙarar V ya ƙunshi abubuwan ƙarar n V0. Kamar yadda ƙarfin lantarki ya karu P(V) a zahiri yana raguwa.
Yin amfani da rarrabawar Weibull mai siga biyu, ana iya bayyana yiwuwar gazawar gabaɗayan ƙarar kamar:
1 - P = 1 - exp [-V/V0 · ((σ/.0m]
inda σ - lantarki mai amfani, σ0 shine halayyar (nassoshi) ƙarfi, kuma m - Weibull modules, wanda shine ma'auni na bambancin dukiya. Ya kamata a lura cewa yiwuwar lalacewa yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara girman samfurin V a akai-akai irin ƙarfin lantarki σ.
A kan ginshiƙi 9A An nuna rarrabawar Weibull na matsalolin gazawar gwaji ga ɗan adam da gashin capybara. An annabta masu lanƙwasa don wasu nau'ikan ta amfani da dabara #2 tare da ƙimar m daidai da gashin ɗan adam (m = 0.11).
Matsakaicin diamita da aka yi amfani da su sune: boar - 235 µm, doki - 200 µm, peccary - 300 µm, bear - 70 µm, gashin giwa - 345 µm da giraffe - 370 µm.
Dangane da gaskiyar cewa za'a iya ƙaddara damuwa a P(V) = 0.5, waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa damuwa na gazawar yana raguwa tare da ƙara diamita gashi a fadin nau'in.
A kan ginshiƙi 9B yana nuna damuwa da aka annabta na karyewa a yuwuwar 50% na gazawa (P(V) = 0.5) da matsakaicin matsakaicin raguwa na gwaji don nau'in nau'i daban-daban.
Ya bayyana a fili cewa yayin da diamita na gashi ya karu daga 100 zuwa 350 mm, raguwar damuwa ya ragu daga 200-250 MPa zuwa 125-150 MPa. Sakamakon simintin rarrabawar Weibull yana cikin kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da ainihin sakamakon kallo. Iyakar abin da ke faruwa shine gashin peccary saboda yana da ƙura sosai. Ainihin ƙarfin gashin peccary yana ƙasa da wanda aka nuna ta hanyar ƙirar rarrabawar Weibull.
Don ƙarin cikakken sani tare da nuances na binciken, Ina ba da shawarar dubawa и masa.
Epilogue
Babban ƙarshen abubuwan da aka lura a sama shine cewa kauri gashi ba daidai yake da gashi mai ƙarfi ba. Gaskiya ne, kamar yadda su kansu masanan kimiyya suka ce, wannan magana ba wani bincike ba ne na karni, tun da an yi irin wannan lura lokacin nazarin wayar karfe. Batun a nan ba ma a kimiyyar lissafi, kanikanci ko ilmin halitta ba ne, amma a kididdiga - mafi girman abu, mafi girman ikon yin lahani.
Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa aikin da muka yi nazari a yau zai taimaka wa abokan aikin su ƙirƙirar sababbin kayan haɗin gwiwa. Babbar matsalar ita ce duk da ci gaban fasahar zamani, har yanzu ba su iya samar da wani abu kamar gashin mutum ko giwa ba. Bayan haka, ƙirƙirar wani abu mai ƙanƙanta ya riga ya zama ƙalubale, ba ma maganar tsarinsa mai rikitarwa ba.
Kamar yadda za mu iya gani, wannan binciken ya nuna cewa ba kawai gizo-gizo siliki ne cancanci hankalin masana kimiyya a matsayin wahayi zuwa ga nan gaba matsananci-karfi da ultra-haske kayan, amma kuma mutum gashi iya mamaki da inji Properties da ban mamaki ƙarfi.
Na gode da karantawa, ku kasance da sha'awar kuma kuyi kyakkyawan mako. 🙂
Wasu tallace-tallace 🙂
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, , analog na musamman na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
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source: www.habr.com