Menene Wolverine, Deadpool da Jellyfish suka haɗu? Dukansu suna da fasalin ban mamaki - sabuntawa. Tabbas, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai, wannan ikon, na gama gari tsakanin ƙayyadaddun adadi na ainihin rayayyun halittu, ɗan ƙarami ne (kuma wani lokacin sosai) ƙari, amma ya kasance na gaske. Kuma ana iya bayyana abin da yake na ainihi, wanda shine abin da masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Tohoku (Japan) suka yanke shawarar yi a cikin sabon binciken su. Wadanne matakai na salon salula a cikin jikin jellyfish ke da alaƙa da sabuntawa, ta yaya wannan tsari yake gudana, kuma menene wasu manyan iko waɗanda waɗannan halittu masu kama da jelly suke da su? Rahoton ƙungiyar bincike zai gaya mana game da wannan. Tafi
Tushen bincike
Da farko, masana kimiyya sun bayyana dalilin da ya sa suka yanke shawarar mayar da hankali ga jellyfish. Gaskiyar ita ce, yawancin bincike a fannin ilimin halitta ana gudanar da su ne tare da halartar abubuwan da ake kira kwayoyin halitta: mice, 'ya'yan itace, tsutsotsi, kifi, da dai sauransu. Amma duniyarmu tana gida zuwa miliyoyin nau'ikan, kowane ɗayan yana da iko ɗaya ko wani na musamman. Saboda haka, ba zai yuwu a yi cikakken kimanta tsarin farfadowar salula ta hanyar nazarin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan'in halitta ne da na'urorin sake farfadowa da kwayoyin halittar kwayar halitta."
Game da jellyfish, waɗannan halittu, ta hanyar kamanninsu, suna magana game da bambancinsu, wanda ba zai iya jawo hankalin masana kimiyya ba. Saboda haka, kafin fara rarraba binciken da kansa, na sadu da ainihin halinsa.
Kalmar nan “Jellyfish,” wadda aka yi amfani da ita wajen kiran halitta a matsayin haka, a haƙiƙa tana nuni ne kawai ga matakin zagayowar rayuwa na nau’in cnidarian. medusozoa. Cnidarians sun sami irin wannan sunan da ba a saba gani ba saboda kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta (cnidocytes) a cikin jikinsu, waɗanda ake amfani da su don farauta da kariyar kai. A taƙaice, lokacin da jellyfish ya tunzura ku, kuna iya gode wa waɗannan sel don zafi da wahala.
Cnidocytes sun ƙunshi cnidocysts, ƙwayar intracellular da ke da alhakin tasirin "stinging". Dangane da bayyanar su da kuma, bisa ga hanyar, hanyar aikace-aikacen, ana rarrabe nau'ikan cnidocytes da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai:
- masu shiga ciki - zaren tare da ƙofofin da aka nuna waɗanda ke huda jikin wanda aka azabtar ko mai laifi kamar mashi, allurar neurotoxin;
- glutinants - m kuma dogayen zaren da ke lullube wanda aka azabtar (ba rungumar da ta fi dadi ba);
- volvents gajerun zaren zare ne wanda wanda aka azabtar zai iya shiga cikin sauki cikin sauki.
Irin waɗannan makaman da ba daidai ba an bayyana su ta wurin gaskiyar cewa jellyfish, ko da yake yana da kyau, ba halittu ba ne na musamman. Neurotoxin da ke shiga jikin ganimar nan take ya gurgunta shi, wanda ke ba wa jellyfish lokaci mai yawa don hutun abincin rana.
Jellyfish bayan nasarar farauta.
Baya ga sabon hanyarsu ta farauta da tsaro, jellyfish suna da haifuwa da ba a saba gani ba. Maza suna samar da maniyyi, mata kuma suna samar da ƙwai, bayan haɗuwa da planulae (larvae), suna zaune a ƙasa. Bayan wani lokaci, polyp yana tsiro daga tsutsa, wanda, a kan isa ga balagagge, matasa jellyfish a zahiri karya kashe (a zahiri, budding yana faruwa). Don haka, akwai matakai da yawa na zagayowar rayuwa, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine jellyfish ko tsarar medusoid.
Gashi cyanea, wanda kuma aka sani da mane zaki.
Idan an tambayi cyanea mai gashi yadda za a kara yawan aikin farauta, zai amsa - ƙarin tentacles. Akwai kusan 60 daga cikinsu gaba ɗaya (gungu na tantuna 15 a kowane kusurwar kubba). Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗaukar irin wannan nau'in jellyfish mafi girma, saboda diamita na dome zai iya kai mita 2, kuma tanti na iya shimfiɗa har zuwa mita 20 yayin farauta. Abin farin ciki, wannan nau'in ba shi da "mai guba" musamman don haka ba ya kashe mutane.
Gilashin teku, bi da bi, zai ƙara inganci ga yawa. Wannan nau'in jellyfish kuma yana da tanti 15 (tsawon mita 3) akan kowane kusurwoyi huɗu na kubba, amma dafinsu ya ninka na babban danginsa. An yi imanin cewa zaryar ruwa tana da isasshen neurotoxin da zai kashe mutane 60 a cikin mintuna 3. Wannan tsawa ta teku tana zaune a yankin bakin teku na arewacin Ostiraliya da New Zealand. Dangane da bayanai daga 1884 zuwa 1996, mutane 63 sun mutu a Ostiraliya, amma waɗannan bayanai na iya zama kuskure, kuma adadin gamuwa da mutane da ke tsakanin tekun na iya karuwa sosai. Duk da haka, bisa ga bayanai na 1991-2004, a cikin shari'o'i 225, kawai 8% na wadanda aka kashe sun kasance a asibiti, ciki har da mutuwar daya (yaro mai shekaru uku).
Tsutsiyar teku
Yanzu bari mu koma ga nazarin da muke kallo a yau.
Daga ra'ayi na sel, mafi mahimmancin tsari a cikin dukan rayuwar kowace kwayar halitta shine yaduwar kwayar halitta - tsarin ci gaban kyallen takarda ta hanyar haifuwa ta kwayar halitta ta hanyar rarraba. A lokacin girma na jiki, wannan tsari yana daidaita girman girman jiki. Kuma lokacin da jiki ya cika sosai, sel masu yaduwa suna daidaita yanayin musayar sel da maye gurbin wadanda suka lalace da sababbi.
Cnidarians, a matsayin 'yar'uwar ƙungiyar masu bilaterians da farkon metazoans, an yi amfani da su don nazarin hanyoyin juyin halitta shekaru da yawa. Saboda haka, cnidarians ba su da banbanci game da yaduwa. Misali, a lokacin ci gaban amfrayo na anemone na teku Nematostella vectensis An haɗu da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta tare da ƙungiyar epithelial kuma yana shiga cikin ci gaban tentacle.
Nematostella vectensis
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, cnidarians, kamar yadda muka riga muka sani, an san su don iyawarsu na farfadowa. Hydra polyps (wani nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in ruwa na ruwa daga nau'in hydroid) an dauke shi mafi mashahuri a tsakanin masu bincike tsawon daruruwan shekaru. Yaduwa, wanda aka kunna ta sel masu mutuwa, yana haifar da tsarin farfadowa na basal shugaban hydra. Sunan wannan halitta yana nuni ne da wata halitta ta tatsuniyoyi da aka sani don sabuntawa - Lernaean Hydra, wanda Hercules ya iya cin nasara.
Ko da yake an danganta iyawar haɓakawa da haɓakawa, har yanzu ba a san ainihin yadda wannan tsarin salula ke faruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun a matakai daban-daban na ci gaban kwayoyin halitta.
Jellyfish, wanda ke da tsarin rayuwa mai rikitarwa wanda ya ƙunshi matakai biyu na haifuwa (kayan lambu da jima'i), suna aiki a matsayin kyakkyawan samfurin don nazarin yaduwa.
A cikin wannan aikin, babban binciken mutum ya taka rawar jellyfish na nau'in Cladonema pacificum. Wannan nau'in yana zaune a bakin tekun Japan. Da farko, wannan jellyfish yana da 9 main tentacles, wanda ya fara reshe da kuma karuwa a girma (kamar dukan jiki) a lokacin girma zuwa babba. Wannan fasalin yana ba mu damar yin nazari dalla-dalla duk hanyoyin da ke cikin wannan tsari.
Ban da Cladonema pacificum Binciken ya kuma duba wasu nau'ikan jellyfish: Cytaeis uchidae и Rathkea octopunctata.
Sakamakon bincike
Don fahimtar yanayin sararin samaniya na yaduwar kwayar halitta a cikin Cladonema medusa, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), tabo, wanda ke lakabin sel a ciki. S-phase* ko kwayoyin da suka riga sun wuce ta.
S-phase* - lokaci na zagayowar tantanin halitta wanda DNA ke faruwa.
Ganin cewa Cladonema yana ƙaruwa da girma cikin girma kuma yana nuna reshen tentacle yayin haɓakawa (1A-1C), Rarraba sel masu yaduwa na iya canzawa a duk lokacin balaga.
Hoto No. 1: fasali na yaduwar kwayar halitta a cikin matasa Cladonema.
Saboda wannan fasalin, yana yiwuwa a yi nazarin tsarin yaduwar kwayar halitta a cikin matasa (ranar 1) da jima'i (rana 45) jellyfish.
A cikin jellyfish na yara, an sami ƙwayoyin EU-tabbatacce a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin jiki, gami da umbel, manubrium (ɓangaren tallafi na kogon baka a jellyfish), da tentacles, ba tare da la’akari da lokacin bayyanar EdU ba (1D-1K и 1N-1O, EdU: 20 µM (micromolar) bayan sa'o'i 24).
An sami ƴan sel masu kyau na EdU a cikin manubrium (1F и 1G), amma a cikin laima rabonsu ya kasance iri ɗaya, musamman a cikin harsashi na waje na laima (ekxumbrella, 1H-1K). A cikin tanti, sel masu kyau na EdU sun taru sosai (1N). Yin amfani da alamar mitotic (PH3 antibody) ya sa ya yiwu a tabbatar da cewa sel masu kyau na EdU suna yaduwa sel. An samo ƙwayoyin PH3-tabbatacce a cikin laima da kwan fitilar tentacle (1L и 1P).
A cikin tentacles, ƙwayoyin mitotic sun fi samuwa a cikin ectoderm (1P), yayin da a cikin laima akwai sel masu yaduwa a cikin saman Layer (1M).
Hoto No. 2: fasali na yaduwar kwayar halitta a cikin balagagge Cladonema.
A cikin duka matasa da balagagge, an sami sel masu kyau na EdU da yawa a cikin jiki. A cikin umbel, sel masu kyau na EdU galibi ana samun su a cikin saman saman sama fiye da a cikin ƙaramin Layer, wanda yayi kama da abubuwan lura a cikin yara.2A-2D).
Amma a cikin tentcles yanayin ya ɗan bambanta. Kwayoyin EU-tabbatacce sun taru a gindin tentacle (bulb), inda aka sami gungu biyu a kowane gefen kwan fitila (2E и 2F). A cikin matasa, an kuma lura da irin wannan tarin (1N), i.e. kwararan fitila na tentacle na iya zama babban yanki na yaduwa a cikin matakin medusoid. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin manubrium na manya mutane adadin ƙwayoyin EU-tabbatacce sun fi girma fiye da na yara.2G и 2H).
Sakamakon tsaka-tsakin shine cewa yaduwar tantanin halitta zai iya faruwa daidai a cikin laima na jellyfish, amma a cikin tenticles wannan tsari yana cikin gida sosai. Sabili da haka, ana iya ɗauka cewa haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel iri ɗaya na iya sarrafa haɓakar jiki da nama homeostasis, amma gungu na sel masu yaduwa a kusa da kwararan fitila suna shiga cikin morphogenesis na tentacle.
Dangane da ci gaban jiki kanta, yaduwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓakar jiki.
Hoto #3: Muhimmancin yaduwa a cikin tsarin ci gaban jiki na jellyfish.
Don gwada wannan a aikace, masana kimiyya sun lura da girma na jellyfish, farawa da matasa. Zai fi sauƙi a tantance girman jikin jellyfish ta kubbarsa, tunda yana girma daidai da daidai gwargwado ga duka jiki.
Tare da abinci na yau da kullun a cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, girman dome yana ƙaruwa sosai da 54.8% a cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko - daga 0.62 ± 0.02 mm2 zuwa 0.96 ± 0.02 mm2. A cikin kwanaki 5 masu zuwa na lura, girman ya karu a hankali kuma a hankali zuwa 0.98 ± 0.03 mm2 (3A-3С).
Jellyfish daga wani rukuni, waɗanda aka hana abinci, ba su girma ba, amma sun ragu (layi ja akan jadawali). 3С). Binciken salon salula na jellyfish mai fama da yunwa ya nuna kasancewar ƙananan adadin ƙwayoyin EU: 1240.6 ± 214.3 a cikin jellyfish daga ƙungiyar kulawa da 433.6 ± 133 a cikin masu fama da yunwa (3D-3H). Wannan kallo na iya zama shaida kai tsaye cewa abinci mai gina jiki yana tasiri kai tsaye kan tsarin yaduwa.
Don gwada wannan hasashe, masanan kimiyya sun gudanar da gwajin harhada magunguna inda suka toshe ci gaba da zagayowar tantanin halitta ta hanyar amfani da hydroxyurea (CH4N2O2), mai hana sake zagayowar tantanin halitta wanda ke haifar da kama G1. Sakamakon wannan shiga tsakani, sel S-phase da aka gano a baya ta amfani da EDU sun ɓace (3I-3L). Don haka, jellyfish da aka fallasa zuwa CH4N2O2 bai nuna ci gaban jiki ba, sabanin ƙungiyar kulawa (3M).
Mataki na gaba na binciken shine cikakken bincike game da reshen reshe na jellyfish don tabbatar da tunanin cewa yaduwar sel na gida a cikin tentacles yana ba da gudummawa ga morphogenesis.
Hoto No. 4: tasirin yaduwar gida akan girma da reshe na jellyfish tentacles.
Gilashin matashin jellyfish suna da reshe ɗaya, amma bayan lokaci adadin su yana ƙaruwa. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, reshe ya karu sau 3 a rana ta tara na lura.4A и 4С).
Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka yi amfani da CH4N2O2, ba a lura da reshe na tanti ba, amma reshe ɗaya kawai (4B и 4C). Yana da ban sha'awa cewa cirewar CH4N2O2 daga jikin jellyfish ya dawo da tsarin reshe na tentacles, wanda ke nuna jujjuyawar maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Waɗannan abubuwan lura suna nuna a sarari mahimmancin yaduwa don haɓaka tantacle.
Cnidarians ba za su zama cnidarians ba tare da nematocytes (cnidocytes, watau, cnidarians). A cikin nau'in jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica, ƙananan ƙwayoyin sel a cikin kwararan fitila suna ba da nematocysts zuwa tukwici na tentacles daidai saboda yaduwar tantanin halitta. A zahiri, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar gwada wannan magana kuma.
Don gano duk wata alaƙa tsakanin nematocysts da haɓakawa, an yi amfani da rini mai lalata nukiliya wanda zai iya yin alama da poly-γ-glutamate da aka haɗa a bangon nematocyst (DAPI, watau 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole).
Poly-γ-glutamate tabo ya ba mu damar kimanta girman nematocytes, kama daga 2 zuwa 110 μm2 (4D-4G). An kuma gano adadin nematocysts mara komai, wato, irin waɗannan nematocytes sun ƙare.4D-4G).
An gwada ayyukan yaɗuwa a cikin jellyfish tentacles ta hanyar nazarin ɓoyayyen a cikin nematocytes bayan hana zagayowar tantanin halitta tare da CH4N2O2. Adadin nematocytes na komai a cikin jellyfish bayan sa hannun miyagun ƙwayoyi ya fi girma a cikin ƙungiyar kulawa: 11.4% ± 2.0% a cikin jellyfish daga ƙungiyar kulawa da 19.7% ± 2.0% a cikin jellyfish tare da CH4N2O2 (4D-4G и 4H). Sakamakon haka, ko da bayan gajiya, ana ci gaba da ba da nematocytes tare da haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke tabbatar da tasirin wannan tsari ba kawai akan ci gaban tentacles ba, har ma akan nematogenesis a cikin su.
Matakin da ya fi ban sha'awa shi ne nazarin iyawar sake farfadowa na jellyfish. Yin la'akari da babban taro na ƙwayoyin yaduwa a cikin kwan fitila na jellyfish balagagge Cladonema, Masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar yin nazarin farfadowa na tentacles.
Hoto No. 5: tasirin yaduwa akan farfadowa na tentacle.
Bayan an raba tenticles a gindin, an lura da tsarin sabuntawa (5A-5D). A cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko, warkaswa ya faru a yankin da aka yanka (5B). A rana ta biyu na lura, tip ya fara tsawo kuma rassan sun bayyana (5С). A rana ta biyar, tanti ya kasance gaba ɗaya reshe (5D), sabili da haka, farfadowa na tentacle zai iya biyo bayan tsarin morphogenesis na tentacle na al'ada bayan elongation.
Don ƙarin nazarin matakin farko na farfadowa, masana kimiyya sun yi nazari akan rarraba kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da PH3 tabo don ganin kwayoyin mitotic.
Yayin da ake yawan ganin rabe-raben sel a kusa da wurin da aka yanke, ƙwayoyin mitotic sun tarwatse a cikin filayen da ba a yanke ba.5E и 5F).
Ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin PH3-tabbatacce da ke cikin kwararan fitilar tantacle ya nuna babban haɓaka a cikin ƙwayoyin PH3-tabbatacce a cikin kwararan fitila na masu yanke idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa (5G). A matsayin ƙarshe, matakan farfadowa na farko suna tare da karuwa mai aiki a cikin yaduwar kwayar halitta a cikin kwararan fitila na tentacle.
An gwada tasirin yaduwa akan sabuntawa ta hanyar toshe sel tare da CH4N2O2 bayan yanke tanti. A cikin rukunin kulawa, ƙaddamarwar tentacle bayan yanke ya faru ne akai-akai, kamar yadda aka zata. Amma a cikin rukunin da aka yi amfani da CH4N2O2, elongation bai faru ba, duk da raunin rauni na yau da kullun (5H). A wasu kalmomi, warkaswa zai faru a kowace harka, amma yaduwa ya zama dole don sabunta tanti daidai.
A ƙarshe, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar yin nazarin yaduwa a cikin wasu nau'in jellyfish, wato Cytaeis и Rathkea.
Hoto #6: Kwatanta yaduwa a cikin Cytaeis (hagu) da Rathkea (dama) jellyfish.
У Cytaeis An lura da sel masu kyau na medusa EdU a cikin manubrium, kwararan fitila na tentacle da ɓangaren sama na laima (6A и 6B). Wurin da aka gano ƙwayoyin PH3-tabbatacce a ciki Cytaeis yayi kama da Cladonema, duk da haka akwai wasu bambance-bambance (6C и 6D). Amma a Rathkea An samo EU-tabbatacce da ƙwayoyin PH3-tabbatacce kusan na musamman a cikin yankin manubrium da kwararan fitila.6E-6H).
Har ila yau, yana da ban sha'awa cewa sau da yawa ana gano sel masu yaduwa a cikin kodan jellyfish Rathkea (6E-6G), wanda ke nuna nau'in asexual na haifuwa na wannan nau'in.
Yin la'akari da bayanan da aka samu, za'a iya ɗauka cewa yaduwar kwayar halitta yana faruwa a cikin kwan fitilar tentacle ba kawai a cikin nau'in jellyfish guda ɗaya ba, ko da yake akwai bambance-bambance saboda bambance-bambance a cikin ilimin lissafi da ilimin halittar jiki.
Don ƙarin cikakken sani tare da nuances na binciken, Ina ba da shawarar dubawa .
Epilogue
Ɗaya daga cikin haruffan adabin da na fi so shine Hercule Poirot. Babban jami'in bincike koyaushe yana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga ƙananan bayanai waɗanda wasu ke tunanin ba su da mahimmanci. Masana kimiyya suna da yawa kamar masu bincike, suna tattara duk shaidar da za su iya samu don amsa duk tambayoyin binciken da gano "mai laifi."
Ko ta yaya za a yi sauti a bayyane, sake farfadowa na kwayoyin jellyfish yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yaduwa - wani tsari mai mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban kwayoyin halitta, kyallen takarda kuma, a sakamakon haka, dukkanin kwayoyin halitta. Yin nazari mai zurfi akan wannan tsari mai zurfi zai ba mu damar fahimtar hanyoyin kwayoyin da ke cikinsa, wanda kuma zai fadada ba kawai iliminmu ba, har ma ya shafi rayuwarmu kai tsaye.
Ranar juma'a:
Maris na jellyfish na nau'in Aurelia, damuwa da wani mafarauci mai suna "soyayyen kwai jellyfish", watau. soyayyen kwai jellyfish (Planet Earth, voice-over by David Attenborough).
Ba jellyfish ba ne, amma wannan halitta mai zurfin teku (mai-kamar bigmouth) ba sau da yawa ana daukar hoto (maganin masu bincike yana taɓawa kawai).
Godiya da kallon, tsaya sha'awar kuma sami kyakkyawan karshen mako kowa! 🙂
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd sau 2 mai rahusa? Nan kawai a cikin Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - daga $99! Karanta game da
source: www.habr.com