Tun da farko a cikin blog mun rubuta game da yadda tsarin e-littafi ya bayyana и .
Taken labarin yau shine EPUB.
Hoto: / CC BY
Tarihin tsarin
A cikin 90s, kasuwar e-littattafai ta mamaye mafita ta mallaka. Kuma yawancin masana'antun e-reader suna da nasu tsarin. Misali, NuvoMedia ta yi amfani da fayiloli tare da tsawo na .rb. Waɗannan kwantena ne masu fayil ɗin HTML da fayil ɗin .info mai ɗauke da metadata. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya rikitar da aikin mawallafa - dole ne su buga littattafai na kowane tsari daban. Ƙungiyar injiniyoyi daga Microsoft, waɗanda aka riga aka ambata NuvoMedia da SoftBook Press sun ɗauki nauyin gyara halin da ake ciki.
A wannan lokacin, Microsoft zai ci nasara a kasuwar e-book kuma yana haɓaka aikace-aikacen e-reader don Windows 95. Za mu iya cewa ƙirƙirar sabon tsari wani ɓangare ne na dabarun kasuwanci na IT giant.
Idan muka yi magana game da NuvoMedia, ana ɗaukar wannan kamfani a matsayin mai ƙera na farko na karatun lantarki . Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar na'urar ta kasance megabytes takwas kawai, kuma rayuwar baturi bai wuce sa'o'i 40 ba. Dangane da SoftBook Press, sun kuma haɓaka masu karatu na lantarki. Amma na'urorinsu suna da fasali na musamman - ginannen modem - ya ba ku damar zazzage littattafan dijital kai tsaye daga SoftBookstore.
A farkon shekarun XNUMX, duka kamfanoni - NuvoMedia da SoftBook - kamfanin watsa labarai Gemstar ne ya saya kuma suka hade cikin Gemstar eBook Group. Wannan ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da sayar da masu karatu shekaru da yawa (misali, ) da littattafan dijital, duk da haka a cikin 2003 .
Amma bari mu koma ga ci gaban da misali guda. A cikin 1999, Microsoft, NuvoMedia da SoftBook Press sun kafa Buɗe eBook Forum, wanda ya fara aiki akan daftarin daftarin aiki wanda ke alamar farkon EPUB. Asalin asali OEBPS (yana nufin Buɗewar Tsarin Buɗaɗɗen Ebook). Ya ba da damar rarraba bugu na dijital a cikin fayil ɗaya (ZIP archive) kuma ya sauƙaƙe don canja wurin littattafai tsakanin dandamali na kayan aiki daban-daban.
Daga baya, kamfanonin IT Adobe, IBM, HP, Nokia, Xerox da masu wallafa McGraw Hill da Time Warner sun shiga Buɗe eBook Forum. Tare sun ci gaba da haɓaka OEBPS da haɓaka yanayin yanayin adabi na dijital gaba ɗaya. A cikin 2005, ƙungiyar ta sake suna zuwa International Forum for Digital Publishing, ko .
A cikin 2007, IDPF ta canza sunan tsarin OEBPS zuwa EPUB kuma ta fara haɓaka sigar ta ta biyu. An gabatar da shi ga jama'a a cikin 2010. Sabon samfurin kusan bai bambanta da wanda ya riga shi ba, duk da haka vector graphics da ginannen fonts.
A wannan lokacin, EPUB yana karɓar kasuwa kuma ya zama ƙaƙƙarfan ma'auni ga yawancin masu wallafawa da masu kera na'urori na lantarki. O'Reilly da Cisco Press sun riga sun yi amfani da tsarin, tare da tallafin Apple, Sony, Barnes & Noble, da na'urorin ONYX BOOX.
A cikin 2009, aikin Littattafan Google game da tallafi ga EPUB - an yi amfani da shi don rarraba littattafai kyauta fiye da miliyan. Tsarin ya fara samun farin jini a tsakanin marubuta. A cikin 2011, JK Rowling kaddamar da gidan yanar gizon Pottermore kuma ya mai da shi kadai wurin sayar da littattafan Potter a cikin nau'i na dijital.
An zaɓi EPUB a matsayin ma'auni don rarraba wallafe-wallafe, da farko saboda ikon aiwatar da kariyar kwafin (). Duk littattafan da ke cikin kantin sayar da kan layi na marubuci ya zuwa yanzu .
An fito da sigar EPUB ta uku a cikin 2011. Masu haɓakawa sun ƙara da ikon yin aiki tare da fayilolin mai jiwuwa da bidiyo da bayanan ƙafa. Yau ma'auni yana ci gaba da samuwa - a cikin 2017 IDPF wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar W3C, wanda ke aiwatar da ƙa'idodin fasaha don Gidan Yanar Gizo na Duniya.
Yadda EPUB ke aiki
Littafin a tsarin EPUB rumbun adana bayanai ne na ZIP. Yana adana rubutun da aka buga a cikin nau'in shafukan XHTML ko HTML ko fayilolin PDF. Rukunin kuma ya ƙunshi abun ciki na kafofin watsa labarai (sauri, bidiyo ko hotuna), fonts da metadata. Yana iya ƙunsar ƙarin fayiloli tare da salon CSS ko -takardu tare da bayanai don ayyukan samar da magana.
Alamar XML tana da alhakin nuna abun ciki. Guntuwar littafi mai sauti da hoto da aka saka :
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html
epub_prefix="media: http://idpf.org/epub/vocab/media/#">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/shared-culture.css" />
</head>
<body>
<section class="base">
<h1>the entire transcript</h1>
<audio id="bgsound" epub_type="media:soundtrack media:background"
src="../audio/asharedculture_soundtrack.mp3" autoplay="" loop="">
<div class="errmsg">
<p>Your Reading System does not support (this) audio</p>
</div>
</audio>
<p>What does it mean to be human if we don't have a shared culture? What
does a shared culture mean if we can't share it? It's only in the last
100, or 150 years or so, that we started tightly restricting how that
culture gets used.</p>
<img class="left" src="../images/326261902_3fa36f548d.jpg"
alt="child against a wall" />
</section>
</body>
</html>
Baya ga fayilolin abun ciki, ma'ajiyar ta ƙunshi takaddun kewayawa na musamman (Takardar Kewayawa). Ya bayyana tsarin rubutu da hotuna a cikin littafi. Aikace-aikacen masu karatu suna samun damarsa idan mai karatu yana so ya “tsalle” akan shafuka da yawa.
Wani fayil da ake buƙata a cikin ma'ajin shine kunshin. Ya ƙunshi metadata - bayanai game da marubucin, mawallafi, harshe, take, da sauransu. Hakanan ya haɗa da jeri (kashin baya) na ɓangarori na littafin. Ana iya duba misalin takaddar fakitin .
girma
Amfanin tsarin shine sassauci. EPUB yana ba ka damar ƙirƙirar shimfidar daftarin aiki mai ƙarfi wanda ya dace da girman allon na'urarka. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya sa tsarin ke samun goyon bayan babban adadin masu karatu (da sauran na'urorin lantarki). Misali, duk masu karatun ONYX BOOX suna aiki tare da EPUB daga cikin akwatin: daga asali da 6-inch. har zuwa premium da 9,7-inch .
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Tun da tsarin ya dogara ne akan shahararrun ma'auni (XML), yana da sauƙi a canza don karantawa akan Intanet. EPUB kuma tana goyan bayan abubuwa masu mu'amala. Ee, abubuwa iri ɗaya suna cikin PDF, amma kawai kuna iya ƙara su zuwa takaddar PDF ta amfani da software na mallakar mallaka. Game da EPUB, ana ƙara su zuwa littafin ta amfani da alamar alama da XML a kowane editan rubutu.
Wani fa'idar EPUB shine fasalinsa ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalar hangen nesa ko dyslexia. Ma'auni yana ba ku damar canza nunin rubutu akan allon - alal misali, haskaka wasu haɗin haruffa.
EPUB, kamar yadda muka riga muka lura, yana ba mawallafin damar shigar da kariya ta kwafi. Masu siyar da e-book in ana so hanyoyin su na iyakance damar yin amfani da takardar. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar canza fayil ɗin rights.xml a cikin tarihin.
shortcomings
Don ƙirƙirar ɗaba'ar EPUB, dole ne ku fahimci XML, XHTML, da CSS syntax. A wannan yanayin, dole ne ku yi aiki tare da adadi mai yawa na masu ganowa. Don kwatanta, iri ɗaya ya haɗa da mafi ƙarancin saitin alamun da ake buƙata kawai - ya isa don tsarar almara. Kuma don ƙirƙirar Babu ilimi na musamman da ake buƙata kwata-kwata - software na musamman ne ke da alhakin komai.
Ana kuma soki EPUB saboda sarƙaƙƙiyar ƙirar zanen ban dariya da sauran littattafan da ke da misalai da yawa. A wannan yanayin, mai wallafe-wallafen dole ne ya ƙirƙira madaidaiciyar shimfidar wuri tare da ƙayyadaddun daidaitawa don kowane hoto - wannan na iya ɗaukar ƙoƙari da lokaci mai yawa.
Menene gaba
IDPF a halin yanzu yana aiki akan sabbin ƙayyadaddun bayanai don tsarin. Misali, ɗayansu zai taimaka muku ƙirƙirar koyaswar mu'amala . Littafin guda ɗaya zai bambanta ga malami da ɗalibi - a cikin akwati na biyu, alal misali, amsoshin gwaje-gwaje ko tambayoyi za a ɓoye.
Hoto: / CC BY-SA
Ana sa ran sabon aikin zai taimaka wajen sake tsara tsarin ilimi. A yau, manyan jami'o'i suna amfani da EPUB sosai, misali Jami'ar Oxford. Shekaru kadan da suka wuce Tallafin EPUB 3.0 a cikin aikace-aikacen ɗakin karatu na dijital ku.
IDPF kuma tana ƙirƙira ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai don aiwatar da Buɗaɗɗen Bayanan Rubutun a cikin EPUB. W3C ta haɓaka wannan ma'auni a cikin 2013 - yana sauƙaƙa aiki tare da nau'ikan bayanai masu rikitarwa. Misali, zaku iya amfani da shi don ƙara rubutu zuwa takamaiman sashe na hoton JPEG. Matsayin zaɓi aiki tare canje-canje a cikin bayanin bayanai tsakanin kwafin wannan takaddar EPUB. Buɗe Bayanan Bayanan Bayanin Bayani cikin fayilolin EPUB har yanzu, amma har yanzu ba a karɓi takamaiman takamaiman su ba.
Hakanan ana ci gaba da aiki akan sabon sigar ƙa'idar - EPUB 3.2. Zai ƙunshi tsari и , waɗanda ake amfani da su don damfara rubutu (a wasu lokuta suna iya rage girman fayil da 30%). Masu haɓakawa kuma za su maye gurbin wasu tsoffin halayen HTML. Misali, maimakon keɓantaccen abin faɗakarwa don kunna fayilolin odiyo da bidiyo, sabon ma'aunin zai sami abubuwan sauti na HTML na asali da na bidiyo.
Tsara и sun riga sun kasance a cikin ma'ajiyar W3C GitHub.
Sharhin ONYX-BOOX e-readers:
source: www.habr.com