Fatal Printer

Ku ji tsoron Dan'anan da suke kawo kyaututtuka.
– Virgil, "Aeneid"

Sabon printer ya sake matse takardar.

Sa'a daya kafin haka, Richard Stallman, mai shirya shirye-shirye a Laboratory Artificial
MIT Intelligence (AI Labs), ya aika da takarda mai shafuka 50
buga a kan printer ofis, kuma ya tsunduma cikin aiki. Kuma yanzu Richard
Na duba daga abin da nake yi, na je wurin firinta na ga wani abin da ba shi da daɗi.
maimakon shafuka 50 da aka daɗe ana jira, 4 ne kawai a cikin tire ɗin
shirye zanen gado. Kuma waɗancan a bayyane suke magana akan takaddar wasu.
Fayil ɗin Richard mai shafi 50 ya haɗu da fayil ɗin rabin bugu na wani a ciki
rikice-rikice na cibiyar sadarwa na ofis, kuma na'urar bugawa ta shiga cikin wannan matsala.

Jiran inji ta yi aikinta ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.
ga mai tsara shirye-shirye, kuma Stallman ya yi daidai don ɗaukar wannan matsalar
stoically. Amma abu ɗaya ne idan ka ba injin aiki kuma ka yi shi
al'amuran ku, kuma ya bambanta sosai idan kun tsaya kusa da ku
inji da sarrafa shi. Wannan ba shine karo na farko da Richard yayi ba
tsaya a gaban printer ka kalli shafukan suna fitowa daya bayan daya
daya. Kamar kowane ƙwararren masani, Stallman yana da daraja sosai
ingancin na'urori da shirye-shirye. Ba mamaki wannan
wani rushewar tsarin aiki ya tayar da sha'awar Richard
shiga ciki na firinta kuma sanya shi cikin tsari mai kyau.

Amma kash, Stallman ya kasance mai tsara shirye-shirye, ba injiniyan injiniya ba. Shi ya sa
Abin da ya rage shi ne kallon shafukan da ke rarrafe da tunani
sauran hanyoyin magance matsala mai ban haushi.

Amma ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje na AI sun gaishe da wannan firinta da farin ciki da kuma
da sha'awa! Xerox ne ya gabatar da shi, shine nasarar sa
ci gaba - gyare-gyare na mai daukar hoto mai sauri. Mai bugawa ba kawai ya yi ba
kwafi, amma kuma sun juya bayanan kama-da-wane daga fayilolin cibiyar sadarwar ofis zuwa cikin
kyawawan takardu masu kyau. Wannan na'urar ta ji tsoro
sabon ruhun sanannen dakin gwaje-gwaje na Xerox a Palo Alto, ya kasance
wani harbinger na juyin juya hali a cikin tebur buga cewa zai gaba daya juyin juya hali
dukan masana'antu a karshen shekaru goma.

Konawa da rashin haƙuri, nan da nan masu shirye-shiryen Laboratory sun kunna sabon
printer a cikin hadadden cibiyar sadarwa na ofis. Sakamakon ya zarce mafi jajircewa
tsammanin. Shafuna suna yawo a cikin gudun 1 a sakan daya, takardu
ya fara bugawa sau 10 cikin sauri. Bugu da ƙari, motar ta kasance mai mahimmanci
pedantic a cikin aikinta: da'ira yi kama da da'ira, ba ovals, amma
madaidaitan layi ba sa kama da sinusoid low-amplitude.

A kowane ma'ana, kyautar Xerox tayin da ba za ku iya ƙi ba.
ƙi.

Duk da haka, bayan lokaci, sha'awar ta fara raguwa. Da zaran printer ya zama
lodi zuwa matsakaicin, matsaloli sun bayyana. Abin da ya fi ba ni haushi
kasancewar na'urar ta tauna takarda cikin sauri. Tunanin Injiniya
Masu shirye-shirye da sauri sun gano tushen matsalar. Gaskiyar ita ce
Masu daukar hoto a al'ada suna buƙatar kasancewar mutum koyaushe a kusa.
Ciki har da don gyara takarda idan ya cancanta. KUMA
lokacin da Xerox ya saita game da juya hoto zuwa firinta, injiniyoyi
kamfanoni ba su kula da wannan batu ba kuma sun mayar da hankali kan
warware wasu, ƙarin matsalolin latsa don firinta. Injiniya magana
Harshe, sabon mawallafin Xerox yana da sa hannun ɗan adam akai-akai
asali an gina shi a cikin injin.

Ta hanyar juya na'urar daukar hoto zuwa firinta, injiniyoyin Xerox sun gabatar da abu ɗaya
canjin da ya haifar da sakamako mai nisa. Maimakon,
domin a karkasa na'urar ga ma'aikata guda ɗaya, an yi ta ƙarƙashinsa
ga duk masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa na ofis. Mai amfani bai tsaya kusa da shi ba
inji, yana sarrafa aikinsa, yanzu yana ta hanyar sadarwa na ofis mai rikitarwa
aika aikin bugawa, da fatan za a buga takardar kamar haka
kamar yadda ake bukata. Sa'an nan mai amfani ya je wurin printer don ɗaukar abin da aka gama
daftarin aiki gabaɗaya, amma a maimakon haka an sami bugu na zaɓi
zanen gado.

Yana da wuya cewa Stallman shine kaɗai a cikin Lab na AI wanda ya lura
matsala, amma kuma ya yi tunanin maganinta. Bayan 'yan shekaru
Richard ya sami damar magance irin wannan matsala tare da firinta na baya. Domin
ya gyara wannan ne a kan kwamfutar aikinsa ta PDP-11
shirin da ya gudana a kan babbar tashar PDP-10 da sarrafa na'urar bugawa.
Stallman ya kasa magance matsalar tauna takarda; maimakon haka
wannan ya sanya code din da ya tilastawa PDP-11 lokaci zuwa lokaci
duba matsayin firinta. Idan injin ya tauna takarda, shirin
Na aika da sanarwa zuwa ga PDP-11s masu aiki kamar “ printer yana taunawa
takarda, yana buƙatar gyarawa." Maganin ya juya ya zama tasiri - sanarwa
ya tafi kai tsaye ga masu amfani waɗanda suka yi amfani da firinta sosai, don haka
cewa ana yawan dakatar da bacin ransa da takarda nan da nan.

Tabbas, wannan maganin ad-hoc ne - abin da masu shirye-shirye ke kira
“Canjin,” amma kurjin ya zama kyakkyawa sosai. Bai gyara ba
an sami matsala ta hanyar injin bugawa, amma na yi iya ƙoƙarina
don yi - kafa bayanan bayanai tsakanin mai amfani da na'ura.
Wasu ƙarin layukan lamba sun ceci ma'aikatan Laboratory
AI don mintuna 10-15 na lokacin aiki kowane mako, yana ceton su daga
da ciwon kullum gudu don duba printer. Daga ra'ayi
Mawallafin shirye-shirye, Stallman ya yanke shawarar bisa hikimar gamayya
Dakunan gwaje-gwaje.

Da yake tunawa da wannan labarin, Richard ya ce: “Sa’ad da kuka sami irin wannan saƙon, ba za ku iya ba
dole ne ya dogara ga wani don gyara printer. Kuna bukata
da sauki ya tashi ya tafi wurin printer. Bayan minti daya ko biyu
da printer ya fara tauna takardar, sai mutum biyu zuwa uku suka zo wurinsa
ma'aikata. Aƙalla ɗaya daga cikinsu ya san ainihin abin da ya kamata a yi.”

Hanyoyin wayo irin waɗannan sune alamar AI ​​Lab da ta
masu shirye-shirye. Gabaɗaya, mafi kyawun shirye-shirye na Laboratory suna da yawa
bi da kalmar “mai shirye-shirye” da raini, fifita shi
"Hacker". Wannan ma'anar ta fi dacewa ta nuna ainihin aikin, wanda
ya haɗa da ayyuka iri-iri, tun daga nagartaccen nishaɗin hankali zuwa
ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓakawa ga shirye-shirye da kwamfutoci. Ya kuma ji
imani da aka dade da yi kan hazakar Amurka. Dan Dandatsa
Bai isa kawai rubuta shirin da ke aiki ba. Dan Dandatsa yayi kokari
nuna ikon hankalin ku ga kanku da sauran hackers ta wurin sanyawa
ɗauki ayyuka masu rikitarwa da wahala - alal misali, yi
shirin a lokaci guda da sauri, m, iko da
kyau.

Kamfanoni kamar Xerox da gangan sun ba da gudummawar samfuran su ga manyan al'ummomi
hackers. Ya kasance lissafin da hackers za su fara amfani da shi.
Za su shaku da ita sannan su zo aiki a kamfanin. A cikin 60s da
a farkon shekarun 70s, hackers sukan rubuta irin wannan inganci da amfani
shirye-shiryen da masana'antun suka raba su da yardar rai a tsakanin su
abokan ciniki.

Don haka, an fuskanci sabon firinta na Xerox mai tauna takarda,
Nan da nan Stallman yayi tunanin yin tsohuwar dabararsa tare da shi - "hack"
shirin sarrafa na'urar. Duk da haka, wani abu mara dadi yana jiran shi.
– firintar bai zo da kowace software ba, aƙalla a cikin wannan
form ta yadda Stallman ko wani programmer zai iya karanta shi kuma
gyara. Har zuwa wannan batu, yawancin kamfanoni sunyi la'akari da kyau
samar da fayiloli tare da lambar tushe a cikin sautin da mutum zai iya karantawa,
wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da umarnin shirin da kuma daidai
ayyukan inji. Amma Xerox wannan lokacin ya ba da shirin kawai a cikin
harhada, binary form. Idan mai shirye-shirye yayi ƙoƙari ya karanta
waɗannan fayilolin, zai ga ƙoramu marasa iyaka na sifilai da waɗanda kawai,
fahimta ga na'ura, amma ba ga mutum ba.

Akwai shirye-shirye da ake kira "disassemblers" masu fassara
wadanda da sifilai cikin umarnin injin ƙaramin matakin, amma gano menene
waɗannan umarnin suna yi - tsari mai tsayi da wahala da ake kira
"Injiniya ta baya". Juya aikin injiniya shirin firinta yana da sauƙi
zai iya ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa fiye da jimlar gyaran da aka tauna
takarda a cikin shekaru 5 masu zuwa. Richard bai fidda rai ba
don yanke shawarar daukar irin wannan matakin, don haka kawai ya ajiye matsalar a gefe
dogon akwatin.

Manufar maƙiya ta Xerox ta bambanta sosai da al'ada
al'ummomin hacker. Misali, don haɓaka don sirri
kwamfuta shirye-shiryen PDP-11 don sarrafa tsohon firinta da
tashoshi, AI Lab yana buƙatar mai tara giciye wanda zai taru
shirye-shiryen jam'iyyar PDP-11 akan babban tsarin PDP-10. Hackers na iya
rubuta wani giciye-assembler da kanka, amma Stallman, kasancewa dalibi a Harvard,
Na sami irin wannan shirin a dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta na jami'a. Ta
an rubuta shi ne don babban babban tsarin, PDP-10, amma don wani daban
tsarin aiki. Richard bai san wanda ya rubuta wannan shirin ba,
saboda lambar tushe bata ce komai akai ba. Ya kawo shi kawai
kwafin lambar tushe zuwa Laboratory, gyara shi, kuma ya kaddamar da shi
PDP-10. Ba tare da wahala da damuwa ba, Laboratory ya karɓi shirin,
wanda ya zama dole don gudanar da ayyukan ofis. Stallman ma
ya sa shirin ya fi ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙara ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ba su da yawa
ya kasance a cikin asali. "Mun shafe shekaru muna amfani da wannan shirin,"
– ya ce ba tare da girman kai.

A gaban mai tsara shirye-shirye na 70s, wannan samfurin rarraba
lambar shirin ba ta bambanta da kyakkyawar dangantakar makwabta lokacin
ɗaya ya raba kofi na sukari da wani ko kuma ya ba da rancen rawar soja. Amma idan ka
a lokacin da ka aro rawar soja, ka hana mai shi damar yin amfani da shi, to
A wajen yin kwafin shirye-shirye, ba abin da ke faruwa kamar haka. Haka kuma
marubucin shirin, ko sauran masu amfani da shi, sun rasa wani abu daga
yin kwafi. Amma sauran mutane suna samun riba daga wannan, kamar yadda yake a cikin lamarin
hackers na Laboratory wanda ya karbi shirin tare da sababbin ayyuka, wanda
bai ma wanzu a baya ba. Kuma waɗannan sabbin ayyuka na iya zama kamar yawa
kana so ka kwafa da rabawa ga sauran mutane. Stallman
ya tuna daya mai tsara shirye-shirye daga wani kamfani mai zaman kansa Bolt, Beranek &
Newman, wanda shi ma ya karɓi shirin kuma ya gyara shi don gudanar da shi
karkashin Twenex - wani tsarin aiki na PDP-10. Shi kuma
ya kara wasu abubuwa masu kyau a cikin shirin, kuma Stallman ya kwafa su
zuwa sigar ku na shirin a cikin Laboratory. Bayan haka suka yanke shawara tare
haɓaka shirin da ya riga ya girma ba da gangan ya zama samfur mai ƙarfi ba,
yana gudana akan tsarin aiki daban-daban.

Da yake tunawa da kayan aikin software na AI Lab, Stallman ya ce:
“Shirye-shiryen sun samo asali ne kamar birni. Wasu sassa sun canza
kadan kadan, wasu - nan da nan kuma gaba daya. Sabbin wurare sun bayyana. Kai fa
koyaushe yana iya kallon lambar ya ce, kuna yin la'akari da salon, wannan ɓangaren
An rubuta a farkon 60s, kuma wannan a tsakiyar 70s.

Godiya ga wannan sauƙin haɗin kai na tunani, hackers sun haifar da yawa
tsare-tsare masu ƙarfi da aminci a cikin Laboratory da wajensa. Ba kowane mai tsara shirye-shirye ba ne
wanda ke da wannan al'ada zai kira kansa da dan gwanin kwamfuta, amma yawancin su
gaba daya sun yarda da ra'ayin Richard Stallman. Idan shirin ko
lambar da aka gyara tana magance matsalar ku da kyau, za su magance ta daidai
wannan matsala ga kowa. Me zai hana a raba wannan to?
yanke shawara, aƙalla don dalilai na ɗabi'a?

Wannan ra'ayi na haɗin gwiwar 'yanci ya rushe ta hanyar haɗin kai
da sirrin kasuwanci, wanda ke haifar da wani babban haɗin gwiwa na sirri da
hadin gwiwa. Kyakkyawan misali shine farkon rayuwar BSD. Yana da ƙarfi
tsarin aiki wanda masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi suka kirkira a Californian
Jami'ar Berkeley bisa Unix, an saya daga AT&T. Farashin
kwafin BSD daidai yake da farashin fim, amma tare da sharadi ɗaya -
makarantu za su iya samun fim mai kwafin BSD kawai idan suna da lasisin AT&T,
wanda yakai $50,000. Ya zama cewa masu satar bayanan Berkeley suna rabawa
shirye-shirye kawai gwargwadon yadda kamfanin ya basu damar yin hakan
AT&T. Kuma ba su ga wani bakon abu a cikinta ba.

Stallman bai yi fushi da Xerox ba, ko da yake ya ji takaici. Bai taba ba
Ban yi tunanin tambayar kamfanin kwafin lambar tushe ba. "Su kuma
don haka suka ba mu na’urar buga laser,” in ji shi, “Ba zan iya cewa ba
cewa har yanzu suna bin mu wani abu. Bugu da ƙari, majiyoyin sun ɓace a fili
ba daidai ba ne cewa wannan yanke shawara ne na cikin gida na kamfanin, da neman canza shi
banza ne."

A ƙarshe, labari mai daɗi ya zo: ya bayyana cewa kwafin tushen
Mai binciken jami'a yana da shirye-shirye don firinta na Xerox
Carnegie Mellon.

Sadarwa da Carnegie Mellon bai yi kyau ba. A shekarar 1979
dalibin digiri na uku Brian Reed ya gigita al'umma ta hanyar kin raba nasa
shirin tsara rubutu mai kama da Scribe. Ita ce ta farko
wani shiri na wannan nau'in wanda yayi amfani da umarni na ma'ana
kamar " haskaka wannan kalmar" ko "wannan sakin layi na magana ne" maimakon haka
low-level “rubuta wannan kalma da rubutun” ko kuma “kara indentation don
wannan sakin layi." Reed ya sayar da Scribe ga wani kamfani na Pittsburgh
Unilogic. A cewar Reed, a karshen karatunsa na digiri na uku ya kasance yana neman tawaga kawai
developers, a kan kafadunsu zai yiwu a matsa da alhakin
don kada tushen tsarin shirin ya shiga cikin amfanin jama'a (har zuwa yanzu
Ba a san dalilin da ya sa Reed ya ɗauki wannan abin da ba za a yarda da shi ba). Don zaƙi kwaya
Reed ya yarda ya ƙara saitin ayyuka na tushen lokaci zuwa lambar, don haka
da ake kira "lokacin bama-bamai" - sun juya kwafin shirin kyauta zuwa
rashin aiki bayan lokacin gwaji na kwanaki 90. Don yin
shirin yin aiki kuma, masu amfani da bukatar biya kamfanin da
karbi bam na lokaci "kashe".

Ga Stallman, wannan babban cin amana ne.
da'a na shirye-shirye. Maimakon bin ka'idar "raba da
ba da shi," Reed ya ɗauki hanyar cajin masu shirye-shirye don samun damar shiga
bayani. Amma bai yi tunani sosai a kai ba domin ba ya yawan yin hakan
Na yi amfani da Scribe.

Unilogic ya ba AI Lab kwafin Scribe kyauta, amma bai cire shi ba
lokaci bam kuma bai ma ambaci shi ba. A halin yanzu shirin
Ya yi aiki, amma wata rana ya tsaya. Hacker na System Howard Cannon
ya shafe sa'o'i da yawa yana gyara fayil ɗin binary ɗin shirin, har zuwa ƙarshe
bai gano lokacin bam ba kuma bai share shi ba. Hakan ya bata masa rai matuka
labari, kuma bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba ya gaya wa sauran masu satar bayanan, da isar da shi
duk tunanina da motsin raina game da “kuskure” na niyya na Unilogic.

Saboda dalilan da suka shafi aikinsa a Laboratory, Stallman ya tafi
Harabar Carnegie Mellon bayan wata biyu. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami mutum
wanda a cewar labarin da ya ji yana da lambar tushe na shirin
printer. An yi sa'a, wannan mutumin yana ofishinsa.

Tattaunawar ta zama ta gaskiya da kaifi, a cikin salon injiniyoyi.
Bayan gabatar da kansa, Stallman ya nemi kwafin lambar tushe na shirin
sarrafa na'urar buga Laser na Xerox. Ga tsananin mamakinsa kuma
Abin takaici, mai binciken ya ƙi.

"Ya ce ya yi alkawarin cewa ba zai ba ni kwafi ba," in ji shi
Richard.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya abu ne mai ban dariya. Shekaru 20 bayan wannan lamarin, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
Stallman cike yake da tabo mara kyau. Ya manta ba kawai dalilin da ya sa ba
ya zo Carnegie Mellon, amma kuma game da wanda ya kasance takwaransa a cikin wannan
zance mara dadi. A cewar Reed, wannan mutumin ya kasance mai yiwuwa
Robert Sroll, tsohon ma'aikacin Cibiyar Bincike da Ci gaban Xerox
Palo Alto, wanda daga baya ya zama darektan bincike
Rarraba Sun Microsystems. A cikin 70s Sroll shine mai masaukin baki
developer na shirye-shirye don Xerox Laser firintocinku. Wani lokaci a cikin 1980
Sproll ya karɓi matsayi a matsayin abokin bincike a Carnegie Mellon, inda
ya ci gaba da aiki a kan firintocin laser.

Amma lokacin da aka yi wa Sprall tambayoyi game da wannan zance, yaudara kawai yake yi
hannuwa. Ga abin da ya amsa ta imel: “Ba zan iya faɗi ba
babu wani tabbataccen abu, ban tuna komai ba game da wannan lamarin."

"Lambar Stallman da yake so ta kasance mai ban mamaki,
ainihin siffar fasaha. Sroll ya rubuta shi shekara guda kafin
ya zo Carnegie Mellon ko wani abu makamancin haka, ”in ji Reed. Idan wannan
hakika haka, akwai rashin fahimta: Stallman ya bukata
shirin da MIT ke amfani da shi na dogon lokaci, ba wani sabon abu ba
sigar ta. Amma a cikin wannan gajeriyar tattaunawar ba a ce komai ba
kowane iri.

Lokacin yin hulɗa tare da masu sauraro, Stallman akai-akai yana tunawa da abin da ya faru a ciki
Carnegie Mellon ta jaddada cewa rashin so
mutumin da zai raba lambobin tushe shine kawai sakamakon yarjejeniyar akan
rashin bayyanawa, wanda aka tanadar a cikin kwangilar da ke tsakaninsa da
da Xerox. A zamanin yau al'ada ce ta gama gari don kamfanoni don buƙata
kiyaye sirrin musanya don samun dama ga sabbin abubuwan ci gaba, amma a lokaci guda
NDA wani sabon abu ne a wancan lokacin. Ya nuna mahimmanci ga Xerox na duka biyu
Laser printers, da kuma bayanan da ake bukata domin su aiki.
"Xerox yayi ƙoƙarin yin firintocin laser samfurin kasuwanci,"
Reed ya tuna, "zai zama mahaukaci a gare su su ba da lambar tushe ga kowa
kwangila".

Stallman ya fahimci NDA gaba ɗaya daban. A gare shi ya zama ƙi
Carnegie Mellon ta shiga cikin ƙirƙirar rayuwar al'umma, sabanin yanzu
an ƙarfafa su don kallon shirye-shirye a matsayin albarkatun al'umma. Kamar dai
Shin baƙauye zai gano kwatsam cewa magudanan ruwa na ƙarni na ƙarni
ya bushe, kuma a kokarin gano musabbabin matsalar sai ya kai ga kyalli
sabon sabon tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da tambarin Xerox.

Ya ɗauki Stallman ɗan lokaci don fahimtar ainihin dalilin ƙi -
sabon tsarin mu'amala tsakanin mai shirye-shirye da
kamfanoni. Da farko, ya ga kin amincewa da kansa kawai. "Haka ne a gare ni
Na yi fushi da na kasa samun abin da zan ce. Na juyo kawai kuma
Richard ya tuna: “Na fita shiru, wataƙila ma na buge kofa, ban yi ba.
Na sani. Ina tunawa kawai sha'awar fita daga wurin da sauri. Bayan haka, ina tafiya
gare su, suna tsammanin haɗin gwiwa, kuma ba su ma tunanin abin da zan yi idan na
za su ƙi. Kuma lokacin da wannan ya faru, na yi rashin magana a zahiri -
Abin ya ba ni mamaki kuma ya tayar min da hankali sosai.”

Ko da shekaru 20 bayan haka, har yanzu yana jin sautin wannan fushi kuma
abin takaici. Lamarin da ya faru a Carnegie Mellon ya kasance wani sauyi a rayuwa
Richard, yana kawo masa fuska da sabuwar matsala ta ɗabi'a. IN
watanni masu zuwa a kusa da Stallman da sauran AI Lab hackers
abubuwa da yawa za su faru, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda 30 seconds na fushi da
rashin jin daɗi a Carnegie Mellon zai yi kama da komai. Duk da haka,
Stallman ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga wannan lamarin. Shi ne na farko kuma
mafi mahimmancin batu a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka juya Richard daga
shi kadai dan gwanin kwamfuta, da ilhama abokin hamayyar ikon tsakiya, a
m bishara na 'yanci, daidaito da 'yan'uwa a
shirye-shirye.

“Wannan ita ce haduwata ta farko da yarjejeniyar rashin bayyanawa, kuma ni
Nan da nan na gane cewa mutane sun zama wadanda ke fama da irin wannan yarjejeniya, - da tabbaci
In ji Stallman, “Ni da abokan aikina mun kasance irin wannan abin ya shafa.
Laboratories."

Daga baya Richard ya bayyana: “Da a ce ya ƙi ni don wasu dalilai na kaina, da hakan ya kasance
zai yi wuya a kira shi matsala. Zan iya kirga shi a mayar
dan iska, kuma shi ke nan. Amma kin jininsa bai dace ba, ya sa na gane
cewa ba zai ba ni ba kawai ba, amma tare da kowa da kowa
ya kasance. Kuma wannan ba kawai ya haifar da matsala ba, har ma ya sanya ta gaske
babba."

Ko da yake an sami matsaloli a shekarun baya da suka sa Stallman ya fusata.
A cewarsa, sai bayan faruwar lamarin a Carnegie Mellon ne ya fahimci hakan
al'adun shirye-shiryen da ya ɗauka mai tsarki ya fara
canji. “Na riga na gamsu cewa ya kamata a fito da shirye-shirye a bainar jama'a
ga kowa da kowa, amma ya kasa tsara shi a fili. Tunanina akan wannan lamari
sun kasance marasa ma'ana da hargitsi don bayyana su duka
ga duniya. Bayan faruwar lamarin, na fara gane cewa matsalar ta riga ta wanzu, kuma
cewa ya kamata a magance shi a yanzu."

Kasancewa babban mai tsara shirye-shirye a ɗayan manyan cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi
zaman lafiya, Richard bai kula sosai ga yarjejeniyoyin da ma'amalolin wasu ba
masu shirye-shirye - idan dai ba su tsoma baki tare da babban aikinsa ba. Yayin cikin
Na'urar Laser na Xerox bai isa dakin gwaje-gwaje ba, Stallman yana da komai
damar yin watsi da injuna da shirye-shiryen da suka sha wahala
sauran masu amfani. Bayan haka, zai iya canza waɗannan shirye-shiryen kamar yadda yake tunani
dole.

Amma zuwan sabon printer ya yi barazana ga wannan 'yanci. Na'ura
yayi aiki sosai, duk da cewa lokaci-lokaci yana tauna takarda, amma babu
damar canza halinsa don dacewa da bukatun ƙungiyar. Daga ra'ayi
software masana'antu, rufe da printer shirin ya
matakin da ya dace a cikin kasuwanci. Shirye-shiryen sun zama kadari mai mahimmanci wanda
kamfanoni ba za su iya sake buga lambobin tushe ba,
musamman lokacin da shirye-shiryen suka ƙunshi wasu fasahohin ci gaba. Bayan haka
sannan masu fafatawa za su iya kwafi waɗannan a zahiri kyauta
fasahar don samfuran su. Amma daga ra'ayi na Stallman, firintar ta kasance
Trojan Horse. Bayan shekaru goma na gazawar yunƙurin rarrabawa
shirye-shiryen "mallaka" wanda aka haramta rarraba kyauta kuma
gyara lambar, wannan shine ainihin shirin da ya kutsa cikin gidan hackers
a cikin hanya mafi banƙyama - a ƙarƙashin sunan kyauta.

Cewar Xerox ya ba wa wasu masu shirye-shirye damar yin lamba don musanyawa
Tsare sirrin ba ƙaramin ban haushi bane, amma Stallman ya ji zafi
ya yarda cewa tun yana ƙarami, zai yuwu ya yarda
tayin Xerox. Lamarin da ya faru a Carnegie Mellon ya ƙarfafa halinsa
matsayi, ba wai kawai tuhumarsa da tuhuma da fushi zuwa gare shi ba
irin wannan shawarwari a nan gaba, amma kuma ta hanyar gabatar da tambaya: menene,
idan wata rana hacker ya zo da irin wannan bukata, yanzu kuma gare shi.
Richard dole ne ya ƙi kwafin kafofin, bin buƙatun
mai aiki?

“Lokacin da aka ba ni damar cin amanar abokan aikina kamar haka.
Na tuna fushina da bacin rai a lokacin da suka yi mini haka kuma
sauran membobin Laboratory, in ji Stallman, haka
nagode sosai, shirin ku yana da kyau, amma na kasa yarda
akan sharuddan amfani da shi, don haka zan yi ba tare da shi ba."

Richard zai ci gaba da riƙe ƙwaƙwalwar wannan darasi a cikin 80s mai rikice-rikice, lokacin
da yawa daga cikin abokan aikinsa Laboratory za su je aiki a wasu kamfanoni,
wanda aka ɗaure da yarjejeniyoyin rashin bayyanawa. Wataƙila sun gaya wa kansu
cewa wannan shi ne zama dole sharri a kan hanyar yin aiki a kan mafi ban sha'awa da kuma
ayyuka masu ban sha'awa. Koyaya, ga Stallman, ainihin kasancewar NDA
tambayoyi game da darajar aikin. Abin da zai iya zama mai kyau
a cikin wani aiki, koda kuwa yana da ban sha'awa a fasaha, idan ba ya hidima ga kowa
raga?

Ba da daɗewa ba Stallman ya gane cewa rashin jituwa da irin waɗannan shawarwari
yana da ƙima mafi girma fiye da abubuwan ƙwararrun masu sana'a. Irin wannan
Matsayinsa na rashin daidaituwa ya raba shi da sauran hackers waɗanda, ko da yake
ƙin ɓoyewa, amma a shirye suke don tafiya tsayin ɗabi'a
yin sulhu. Ra'ayin Richard a bayyane yake: ƙin raba lambar tushe
wannan cin amana ne ba kawai aikin bincike ba
shirye-shirye, amma kuma Golden Doka na halin kirki, wanda ya furta cewa ka
Halayenku ga wasu yakamata ya zama iri ɗaya kamar yadda kuke son gani
hali ga kanka.

Wannan shine mahimmancin labarin firinta na Laser da abin da ya faru a ciki
Carnegie Mellon. Ba tare da wannan duka ba, kamar yadda Stallman ya yarda, makomarsa ta tafi
zai ɗauki hanya dabam dabam, daidaita tsakanin dukiyar abin duniya
mai shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da rashin jin daɗi na ƙarshe a rayuwa,
kashe rubuta lambar shirin ganuwa ga kowa. Ba a samu ba
ba za a yi la'akari da wannan matsala ba, wanda saura ma
bai ga matsalar ba. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, ba za a sami wannan rabo mai ba da rai ba
fushi, wanda ya ba Richard kuzari da kwarin gwiwa don ci gaba.

“A wannan ranar na yanke shawarar cewa ba zan taɓa yarda in shiga ciki ba
wannan," in ji Stallman, yana nufin NDAs da dukan al'adun gaba ɗaya,
wanda ke inganta musayar 'yancin kai don wasu fa'idodi da
Amfani.

“Na yanke shawarar cewa ba zan taɓa sa wani ya zama wanda aka azabtar da ni ba.
wata rana ni kaina."

source: linux.org.ru