Kyauta kamar yadda yake cikin 'Yanci a cikin Rashanci: Babi na 1. Mawallafin Fatal
Kyauta kamar yadda yake cikin 'Yanci a cikin Rashanci: Babi na 2. 2001: A Hacker Odyssey
'Yanci kamar yadda yake cikin 'Yanci a cikin Rashanci: Babi na 4. Kashe Allah
'Yanci kamar yadda yake cikin 'Yanci a cikin Rashanci: Babi na 5. Rashin 'yanci
Emacs sadarwa
dakin gwaje-gwaje na AI a cikin 70s ya kasance wuri na musamman, kowa ya yarda da wannan. An gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a nan, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun sun yi aiki a nan, don haka a kullum ana jin Laboratory a cikin kwamfuta. Kuma al'adunta na dan gwanin kwamfuta da ruhin tawaye sun haifar da aura na sarari mai tsarki a kusa da ita. Sai kawai a lokacin da yawancin masana kimiyya da "programming rock stars" suka bar Laboratory, hackers gane yadda tatsuniyoyi da kuma ephemeral duniya da suka rayu a cikinta.
"Lab ɗin ya kasance kamar Eden mana," in ji Stallman a cikin labarin. Forbes 1998, "bai taba faruwa ga kowa ya ware kansa daga sauran ma'aikata ba maimakon yin aiki tare."
Irin wannan kwatancin a cikin ruhin tatsuniyoyi suna jaddada muhimmiyar hujja: bene na 9 na Technosquare ya kasance ga masu fashi da yawa ba kawai wurin aiki ba, har ma da gida.
Kalmar “gida” Richard Stallman da kansa ya yi amfani da shi, kuma mun san sarai yadda yake daidai da taka tsantsan a cikin maganganunsa. Bayan ya wuce Cold War tare da iyayensa, Richard har yanzu ya yi imanin cewa kafin Currier House, ɗakin kwanansa na Harvard, kawai ba shi da gida. A cewarsa, a lokacin shekarunsa na Harvard ya sha azaba da tsoro daya kawai - an kore shi. Na nuna shakku cewa irin wannan ƙwararren ɗalibi kamar Stallman yana cikin haɗarin barin makaranta. Amma Richard ya tunatar da ni matsalolin halayensa na horo.
"Harvard yana mutunta ladabtarwa, kuma idan kun rasa aji, za'a umarce ku da sauri," in ji shi.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Harvard, Stallman ya rasa hakkinsa na zuwa ɗakin kwanan dalibai, kuma bai taba sha'awar komawa wurin iyayensa a New York ba. Don haka ya bi hanyar da Greenblatt, Gosper, Sussman da sauran masu kutse suka bi - ya tafi makarantar digiri a MIT, ya yi hayar daki kusa da Cambridge, kuma ya fara ciyar da mafi yawan lokutansa a cikin AI Lab. A cikin jawabin 1986, Richard ya bayyana wannan lokacin:
Watakila ina da wani dalili kadan fiye da wasu da za a ce ina zaune a dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda kowace shekara ko biyu na rasa matsuguni saboda dalilai daban-daban, kuma gaba daya na zauna a dakin gwaje-gwaje na tsawon watanni. Kuma a koyaushe ina jin dadi sosai a wurin, musamman a lokacin zafi, saboda akwai sanyi a ciki. Amma a dunkule a cikin tsarin abubuwa ne mutane suka kwana a dakin gwaje-gwaje, in dai saboda tsananin shakuwa ne ya mamaye mu duka. Wani lokaci mai kutse ba ya iya tsayawa ya yi aiki a kwamfutar har sai da ya gaji gaba daya, bayan haka sai ya yi rarrafe zuwa saman kwance mai laushi mafi kusa. A takaice, annashuwa sosai, yanayin gida.
Amma wannan yanayi na gida wani lokaci yakan haifar da matsaloli. Abin da wasu suka ɗauka a matsayin gida, wasu suna gani a matsayin kogon opium na lantarki. A cikin littafinsa Power Power and Human Motivation, MIT mai bincike Joseph Weizenbaum ya soki "fashewar kwamfuta," kalmarsa don mamaye cibiyoyin kwamfuta kamar AI Lab ta masu satar bayanai. Weizenbaum ya ce: “Tufafinsu da ba a wanke ba, da gashin kansu da ba a aski ba suna nuna cewa sun yi watsi da kansu gaba ɗaya don neman kwamfyuta, kuma ba sa son ganin inda hakan zai kai su,” in ji Weizenbaum, “waɗannan matsalolin kwamfuta suna rayuwa ne don kwamfuta kawai.”
Kusan kusan kwata na karni daga baya, Stallman har yanzu yana fushi lokacin da ya ji furucin Weizenbaum: "lalacewar kwamfuta." "Yana son mu duka mu zama masu sana'a kawai - don yin aikin don kuɗi, mu tashi mu bar a lokacin da aka ƙayyade, mu cire duk abin da ke da alaka da shi daga cikin kawunanmu," in ji Stallman da zafi, kamar dai Weizenbaum yana kusa kuma iya jin shi, "amma abin da ya yi la'akari da al'ada tsari na abubuwa, Ina la'akari a depressing bala'i."
Duk da haka, rayuwar dan gwanin kwamfuta ma ba tare da bala'i ba. Richard da kansa ya yi iƙirarin cewa sauyin da ya yi daga hacker na karshen mako zuwa 24/7 hacker ne sakamakon jerin abubuwa masu zafi a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, wanda kawai zai iya tserewa cikin farin ciki na hacking. Na farko irin wannan zafi yana kammala karatun daga Harvard; ya canza da ban mamaki yadda aka saba, yanayin kwanciyar hankali. Stallman ya tafi makarantar digiri na biyu a MIT a sashin ilimin lissafi don bin sawun manyan Richard Feynman, William Shockley da Murray Gehl-Mann, kuma ba dole ba ne ya fitar da ƙarin mil biyu zuwa AI Lab da sabuwar PDP- 2. "Har yanzu ina mai da hankali sosai kan shirye-shirye, amma ina tsammanin watakila zan iya yin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a gefe," in ji Stallman.
Yin nazarin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da rana da yin hacking da dare, Richard yayi ƙoƙarin cimma cikakkiyar daidaito. Babban fa'idar wannan wasan motsa jiki shine taron mako-mako na ƙungiyar rawa ta jama'a. Wannan ita ce kawai dangantakarsa ta zamantakewa da kishiyar jinsi da duniyar talakawa gabaɗaya. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen shekararsa ta farko a MIT, wani bala'i ya faru - Richard ya ji rauni a gwiwa kuma ya kasa rawa. Ya ɗauka cewa na ɗan lokaci ne kuma ya ci gaba da zuwa kulob, sauraron kiɗa, da hira da abokai. Amma lokacin bazara ya ƙare, gwiwa na har yanzu yana ciwo kuma ƙafata ba ta aiki sosai. Daga nan sai Stallman ya zama mai shakka da damuwa. “Na gane cewa ba zai yi kyau ba,” in ji shi, “kuma ba zan sake yin rawa ba. Ya kashe ni kawai."
Ba tare da dakin kwanan dalibai na Harvard ba kuma ba tare da raye-raye ba, duniyar zamantakewar Stallman ta tashi nan da nan. Rawa shine kawai abin da ba kawai ya haɗa shi da mutane ba, har ma ya ba shi dama ta gaske don saduwa da mata. Babu rawa yana nufin ba za a yi soyayya ba, kuma hakan ya bata wa Richard rai.
"Yawancin lokaci ina baƙin ciki sosai," Richard ya kwatanta wannan lokacin, "Ba zan iya ba kuma ba na son komai sai hacking. Cikakken yanke kauna."
Ya kusa daina yin cudanya da duniya, gaba daya ya nutsar da kansa cikin aiki. A watan Oktoba 1975, ya yi watsi da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da karatunsa a MIT. Shirye-shiryen ya juya daga abin sha'awa zuwa babban kuma kawai aiki na rayuwata.
Richard yanzu ya ce babu makawa. Ba dade ko ba jima, kiran siren na hacking zai rinjayi duk sauran buƙatun. "A cikin ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, ba zan iya ƙirƙirar wani abu na kaina ba; Ba zan iya tunanin yadda aka yi shi ba. Na haɗa abin da aka riga aka halicce shi, kuma hakan bai dace da ni ba. A cikin shirye-shiryen, nan da nan na fahimci yadda ake ƙirƙirar sabbin abubuwa, kuma abu mafi mahimmanci shine, nan da nan kun ga cewa suna aiki kuma suna da amfani. Yana kawo farin ciki sosai, kuma kuna son yin shiri akai-akai. "
Stallman ba shine farkon wanda ya danganta hacking da jin daɗi mai tsanani ba. Yawancin masu fashin kwamfuta na AI Lab suma suna alfahari da karatun da aka watsar da kuma rabin kammala karatun digiri a cikin lissafi ko injiniyan lantarki - kawai saboda duk burin ilimi ya nutse cikin tsantsar farin ciki na shirye-shirye. Sun ce Thomas Aquinas, ta wurin bincikensa na tsattsauran ra'ayi na scholasticism, ya kawo kansa ga wahayi da fahimtar Allah. Masu satar bayanai sun kai irin wadannan jihohi a kan gabar farin cikin da ba za a iya gani ba bayan sun mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ayyuka na sa'o'i da yawa. Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Stallman da mafi yawan masu kutse suka guje wa kwayoyi - bayan sa'o'i ashirin na kutse, sun kasance kamar suna da yawa.
source: linux.org.ru