Akwai tambayoyin da muka yi ko ƙoƙarin amsawa: me yasa sararin sama ya zama shuɗi, taurari nawa ne a sararin sama, wanda ya fi ƙarfin - farar shark ko killer whale, da dai sauransu. Kuma akwai tambayoyin da ba mu yi ba, amma hakan bai sa amsar ta zama mai ban sha'awa ba. Irin waɗannan tambayoyin sun haɗa da: menene mahimmancin masana kimiyya daga Lund (Sweden), Witwatersrand (Afirka ta Kudu), Stockholm (Sweden) da Jami'o'in Würzburg (Jamus) suka haɗu? Wannan tabbas wani abu ne mai mahimmanci, mai rikitarwa kuma mai fa'ida sosai. Da kyau, yana da wuya a faɗi tabbas game da wannan, amma tabbas yana da ban sha'awa sosai, wato, yadda dung beetles ke kewaya sararin samaniya. Da farko dai, duk abin da ke nan ba shi da mahimmanci, amma duniyarmu tana cike da abubuwan da ba su da sauƙi kamar yadda suke gani, kuma dung beetets shaida ne akan haka. Don haka, menene ya bambanta game da tsarin kewayawa na dung beetle, ta yaya masana kimiyya suka gwada shi, kuma menene ya shafi gasar? Za mu sami amsoshin waɗannan da sauran tambayoyi a cikin rahoton ƙungiyar bincike. Tafi
Protagonist
Da farko, yana da kyau a san ainihin halin wannan binciken. Yana da ƙarfi, mai aiki tuƙuru, mai dagewa, kyakkyawa da kulawa. Itace irin ƙwaro daga superfamily Scarabaeidae.
Dung beetles sun sami sunan da ba su da kyau sosai saboda abubuwan da suke so na gastronomic. A gefe guda, wannan ɗan ƙarami ne, amma ga ƙwanƙwaran ƙwaro yana da kyakkyawan tushen abinci mai gina jiki, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin nau'in wannan iyali ba sa buƙatar wasu hanyoyin abinci ko ma ruwa. Iyakar abin da ke da shi shine nau'in Deltochilum valgum, wanda wakilansa ke son yin liyafa akan centipedes.
Yawancin dung beetles hassada ce ta yawancin sauran halittu masu rai, tunda suna rayuwa a duk nahiyoyi banda Antarctica. Wurin zama yana daga dazuzzuka masu sanyi zuwa hamada mai zafi. Babu shakka, yana da sauƙi a sami tarin ƙwararrun dung a cikin wuraren da dabbobi ke zama "masana'antu" don samar da abincin su. Dung beetles sun fi son adana abinci don nan gaba.
Wani ɗan gajeren bidiyo game da dung beetles da rikitattun hanyoyin rayuwarsu (BBC, David Attenborough).
Daban-daban nau'ikan beetles suna da halayen daidaita halayensu. Wasu nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'in) taki, wanda aka yi birgima daga wurin tarin kuma an binne su a cikin rami. Wasu kuma suna haƙa ramuka a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, suna cika su da abinci. Wasu kuma, waɗanda suka san maganar Mohammed da baƙin ciki, kawai suna zaune a cikin tudun taki.
Kayan abinci suna da mahimmanci ga ƙwaro, amma ba don dalilai na kare kai ba, amma don dalilai na kula da zuriya na gaba. Gaskiyar ita ce, tsutsa irin ƙwaro suna rayuwa a cikin abin da iyayensu suka tattara a baya. Kuma yawan taki, wato abinci ga tsutsa, zai fi yiwuwa su tsira.
Na ci karo da wannan tsari a cikin tsarin tattara bayanai, kuma ba shi da kyau sosai, musamman ɓangaren ƙarshe:... Maza suna yaki don mata, suna kwantar da ƙafafu a bangon ramin, kuma suna tura abokin adawar su da ƙaho mai girma ... Wasu mazan ba su da ƙaho don haka ba sa yin fada, amma suna da manyan gonads da gadi. mace a rami na gaba ...
To, bari mu ci gaba daga waƙoƙin kai tsaye zuwa binciken kansa.
Kamar yadda na ambata a baya, wasu nau'in ƙwaro na dung suna yin ƙwallo suna mirgine su a madaidaiciya, ba tare da la'akari da inganci ko wahalar hanyar da aka zaɓa ba, cikin rami mai ajiya. Wannan hali na waɗannan beetles ne muka fi sani da godiya ga yawancin takardun shaida. Mun kuma san cewa ban da ƙarfi (wasu nau'ikan suna iya ɗaga nauyin nauyin su sau 1000), zaɓin gastronomic da kula da 'ya'yansu, dung beetles suna da kyakkyawan yanayin daidaitawa. Haka kuma, su ne kawai kwari da ke iya kewaya da dare ta hanyar amfani da taurari.
A Afirka ta Kudu (wurin da aka lura), ƙwararrun dung, wanda ya samo "gama", ya samar da ball kuma ya fara mirgina shi a madaidaiciyar layi ta hanyar bazuwar, mafi mahimmanci daga masu fafatawa waɗanda ba za su yi shakka ba. abincin da ya samu. Don haka, don gudun hijira ya yi tasiri, kuna buƙatar tafiya ta hanya ɗaya a kowane lokaci, ba tare da tafiya ba.
Rana ita ce babbar ma'anar magana, kamar yadda muka riga muka sani, amma ba ita ce mafi aminci ba. Tsawon rana yana canzawa a cikin yini, wanda ke rage daidaiton daidaitawa. Me yasa beetles ba sa fara gudu a cikin da'irori, suna rikicewa a hanya kuma suna duba taswirar kowane minti 2? Yana da ma'ana a ɗauka cewa ba rana ce kaɗai tushen bayanai don fuskantar sararin samaniya ba. Sannan masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa maƙasudin na biyu na beetles shine iska, ko kuma a maimakon haka. Wannan ba wani abu ne na musamman ba, domin tururuwa har ma da kyankyasai suna iya amfani da iska don nemo hanyarsu.
A cikin aikinsu, masanan kimiyya sun yanke shawarar gwada yadda dung beetles ke amfani da wannan bayanan sirri na multimodal, lokacin da suka fi son kewaya ta rana da kuma lokacin da iska ke bi, da kuma ko suna amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan biyu a lokaci guda. An yi abubuwan lura da ma'auni a cikin yanayin yanayin abubuwan, da kuma cikin siminti, yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa.
Sakamakon bincike
A cikin wannan binciken, ƙwaro na nau'in nau'in ƙwaro ya taka muhimmiyar rawa Scarabaeus lamarki, kuma an gudanar da lura a cikin yanayin yanayi a yankin gonar Stonehenge, kusa da Johannesburg (Afirka ta Kudu).
Hoto No. 1: canje-canjen saurin iska a lokacin rana (А), canje-canje a yanayin iska a lokacin rana (В).
An aiwatar da matakan farko na saurin iska da alkibla. Da daddare, gudun ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta (<0,5 m/s), amma ya ƙaru kusa da wayewar gari, ya kai kololuwar yau da kullun (3 m/s) tsakanin 11:00 da 13:00 (tsayin hasken rana ~ 70°).
Matsakaicin saurin suna sananne saboda sun wuce iyakar 0,15 m / s da ake buƙata don daidaitawar menotactic na dung beetles. A wannan yanayin, kololuwar saurin iska ya zo daidai da lokacin rana tare da kololuwar ayyukan beetles Scarabaeus lamarki.
Ƙwarƙwarar suna jujjuya ganimarsu a madaidaiciyar layi daga wurin tattarawa zuwa nesa mai nisa sosai. A matsakaita, duk hanyar tana ɗaukar mintuna 6.1 ± 3.8. Don haka, a cikin wannan lokacin dole ne su bi hanyar daidai gwargwadon iko.
Idan muka yi magana game da shugabanci na iska, to, a lokacin mafi girman aiki na beetles (daga 06:30 zuwa 18:30), matsakaicin canjin iska a cikin lokacin mintuna na 6 bai wuce 27.0 ° ba.
Ta hanyar haɗa bayanai game da saurin iska da jagora a ko'ina cikin yini, masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa irin waɗannan yanayi sun isa don kewayawa na ƙwaro na multimodal.
Hoto #2
Lokaci ya yi da za a lura. Don gwada yiwuwar tasirin iska a kan halaye na sararin samaniya na dung beetles, an halicci "fage" madauwari tare da abinci a tsakiya. Ƙwarƙwarar sun sami 'yanci don mirgine ƙwallan da suka kafa a kowace hanya daga tsakiya a gaban wani tsari mai sarrafawa, kwanciyar hankali a gudun 3 m / s. An gudanar da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen a ranakun haske lokacin da yanayin rana ya bambanta a cikin yini kamar haka: ≥75° (high), 45-60° (tsakiyar), da 15-30° (ƙananan).
Canje-canje a cikin iska da matsayi na rana na iya canzawa zuwa 180 ° tsakanin ziyarar ƙwaro guda biyu (2A). Har ila yau yana da daraja la'akari da gaskiyar cewa beetles ba sa fama da sclerosis, sabili da haka bayan ziyarar farko sun tuna hanyar da suka zaɓa. Sanin haka, masana kimiyya sunyi la'akari da canje-canje a kusurwar fita daga fagen fama a lokacin shigar da beetle na gaba a matsayin daya daga cikin alamun nasarar fuskantarwa.
Lokacin da tsayin rana ≥75 ° (high), canje-canje a cikin azimuth don amsawa ga canjin 180 ° a cikin hanyar iska tsakanin saiti na farko da na biyu an tattara su a kusa da 180 ° (P <0,001, V gwajin) tare da ma'anar canji na 166.9 ± 79.3 ° (2B). A wannan yanayin, canji a matsayin rana (an yi amfani da madubi) ta hanyar 180 ° ya haifar da amsa mai hankali na 13,7 ± 89,1 ° (ƙananan da'irar akan. 2B).
Abin sha'awa shine, a matsakaici da ƙananan tsaunukan rana, beetles sun makale kan hanyoyinsu duk da canje-canjen yanayin iska - matsakaicin tsayi: -15,9 ± 40,2 °; P <0,001; ƙananan tsayi: 7,1 ± 37,6°, P <0,001 (2C и 2D). Amma canza alkiblar hasken rana da 180° yana da akasin halayen, wato, canji mai tsauri a cikin hanyar ƙwaro - matsakaicin tsayi: 153,9 ± 83,3 °; ƙananan tsayi: -162 ± 69,4 °; P <0,001 (ƙananan da'irori a cikin 2A, 2С и 2D).
Zai yiwu fuskantarwa ba ta da tasiri ba ta hanyar iska ba, amma ta wari. Don gwada wannan, rukuni na biyu na gwajin beetles an cire sassan antennal na nesa, waɗanda ke da alhakin jin warin su. Canje-canjen hanya a cikin martani ga canje-canjen 180° a hanyar iskar da waɗannan beetles suka nuna har yanzu ana tattara su sosai a kusa da 180°. A wasu kalmomi, kusan babu bambanci a cikin matakin daidaitawa tsakanin beetles tare da kuma ba tare da ma'anar wari ba.
Matsakaicin ƙarshe shine cewa ƙwararrun ƙwaro suna amfani da rana da iska wajen fuskantarsu. A wannan yanayin, a karkashin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, an gano cewa iskar kamfas ta mamaye sararin samaniya a tsayin rana, amma yanayin ya fara canzawa lokacin da rana ta kusanci sararin sama.
Wannan abin lura yana nuni da cewa akwai tsarin compass na multimodal mai ɗorewa a wurin, wanda mu'amala tsakanin hanyoyin biyu ke canzawa bisa ga bayanan azanci. Wato ƙwaro na kewayawa a kowane lokaci na yini, ta dogara ga mafi amintaccen tushen bayanai a wannan lokacin (rana ta yi ƙasa-ƙasa-rana ishara ce; rana tana da girma - iska ishara ce).
Bayan haka, masanan kimiyya sun yanke shawarar bincika ko iska tana taimakawa wajen daidaita beetles ko a'a. Don wannan dalili, an shirya filin wasa tare da diamita na 1 m tare da abinci a tsakiya. A cikin duka, beetles sun yi faɗuwar rana 20 a babban matsayi na rana: 10 tare da iska da 10 ba tare da iska ba (2F).
Kamar yadda ake tsammani, kasancewar iskar ta ƙara daidaiton yanayin beetles. An lura cewa a farkon lura da daidaito na hasken rana, canjin azimuth tsakanin saiti biyu masu zuwa yana ninka sau biyu a babban matsayi na rana (> 75 °) idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan matsayi (<60 °).
Don haka, mun gane cewa iska tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin daidaitawar dung beetles, ramawa ga rashin daidaito na hasken rana. Amma ta yaya ƙwaro ke tattara bayanai game da saurin iska da alkibla? Tabbas, abin da ya fi bayyana shi ne cewa wannan yana faruwa ta hanyar eriya. Don tabbatar da wannan, masana kimiyya sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a cikin gida a cikin kullun iska (3 m / s) tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi biyu na beetles - tare da kuma ba tare da antennae ba.3A).
Hoto #3
Babban ma'auni don daidaiton daidaitawa shine canjin azimuth tsakanin hanyoyi biyu lokacin da yanayin tafiyar iska ya canza da 180°.
Canje-canje a yanayin motsi na beetles tare da eriya an taru a kusa da 180 °, sabanin beetles ba tare da eriya ba. Bugu da ƙari, ma'anar cikakkiyar canji a cikin azimuth don beetles ba tare da eriya ba shine 104,4 ± 36,0 °, wanda ya bambanta da cikakken canji na beetles tare da antennae - 141,0 ± 45,0 ° (zane a ciki). 3B). Wato, beetles ba tare da eriya ba ba za su iya tafiya akai-akai a cikin iska ba. Duk da haka, har yanzu sun kasance suna da kyau sosai daga rana.
Akan hoton 3A yana nuna saitin gwaji don gwada ƙarfin ƙwaro na haɗa bayanai daga hanyoyin azanci daban-daban don daidaita hanyarsu. Don yin wannan, gwajin ya haɗa da alamomin ƙasa biyu (iska + rana) yayin gabatowar farko, ko alamar ƙasa ɗaya kawai (rana ko iska) yayin ta biyu. Ta wannan hanyar, an kwatanta multimodality da unimodality.
Abubuwan da aka lura sun nuna cewa canje-canje a cikin hanyar motsi na beetles bayan sauye-sauye daga mai yawa zuwa alamar ƙasa an tattara su a kusa da 0 °: iska kawai: -8,2 ± 64,3 °; rana kawai: 16,5 ± 51,6° (zane-zane a tsakiya da dama akan 3C).
Wannan siffa ta daidaitawa ba ta bambanta da wanda aka samu ba a gaban alamomin ƙasa biyu (rana + iska) (jadawalin hagu a ciki). 3С).
Wannan yana nuna cewa, a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa, ƙwaro na iya amfani da alamar ƙasa ɗaya idan na biyun bai ba da isassun bayanai ba, wato, rama rashin daidaiton alamar ƙasa ɗaya da na biyu.
Idan kuna tunanin cewa masana kimiyya sun tsaya a can, to wannan ba haka bane. Na gaba, ya zama dole don duba yadda kyaun beetles ke adana bayanai game da ɗaya daga cikin alamomin ƙasa, da kuma ko suna amfani da shi a nan gaba azaman kari. Don wannan dalili, an aiwatar da hanyoyi guda 4: a cikin farko akwai alamar ƙasa 1 (rana), a cikin na biyu da na uku an ƙara yawan iska, kuma a lokacin na huɗu akwai kawai iska. An kuma gudanar da gwajin inda alamomin suka kasance a cikin juzu'i: iska, rana + iska, rana + iska, rana.
Ka'idar tabbatacciyar ka'ida ita ce idan ƙwaro za su iya adana bayanai game da alamomin duka biyu a cikin yanki ɗaya na ƙwaƙwalwar sararin samaniya a cikin kwakwalwa, to ya kamata su ci gaba da shugabanci iri ɗaya a ziyarar farko da ta huɗu, watau. canje-canje a alkiblar motsi yakamata su taru a kusa da 0°.
Hoto #4
Bayanan da aka tattara akan canjin azimuth a lokacin gudu na farko da na huɗu sun tabbatar da zato na sama (4A), wanda aka ƙara tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ƙirar ƙira, sakamakon wanda aka nuna a cikin jadawali 4C (hagu).
A matsayin ƙarin dubawa, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje inda aka maye gurbin iska da tabo ta ultraviolet (4B da 4C a dama). Sakamakon ya kusan yi kama da gwajin rana da iska.
Don ƙarin cikakken sani tare da nuances na binciken, Ina ba da shawarar dubawa и masa.
Epilogue
Haɗin sakamako daga gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a cikin yanayi na yanayi da na sarrafawa ya nuna cewa a cikin ƙwanƙwasa dung, bayanan gani da na injiniyoyi suna haɗuwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta gama gari kuma ana adana su azaman hoton kamfas ɗin multimodal. Kwatanta tasirin amfani da ko dai rana ko iska a matsayin misali ya nuna cewa beetles suna son yin amfani da abin da ya ba su ƙarin bayani. Na biyun ana amfani da shi a matsayin kayan aiki ko kari.
Wannan na iya zama kamar abu ne gama gari a gare mu, amma kar ka manta cewa kwakwalwarmu ta fi na ƙaramin kwaro girma sosai. Amma, kamar yadda muka koya, ko da ƙananan halittu suna iya yin hadaddun hanyoyin tunani, domin a cikin daji rayuwar ku ta dogara da ko dai ƙarfi ko hankali, kuma galibi akan haɗuwa da duka biyun.
Ranar juma'a:
Hatta ƙwaro suna yaƙi da ganima. Kuma ba kome ba abin da aka gani ganima ball na taki ne.
(BBC Duniya, David Attenborough)
Na gode don karantawa, ku kasance da sha'awar kuma ku sami babban mutanen karshen mako! 🙂
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
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source: www.habr.com