A cikin duniyar namun daji, mafarauta da ganima suna ci gaba da yin wasan kama-karya, duka a zahiri da kuma a zahiri. Da zarar mafarauci ya haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa ta hanyar juyin halitta ko wasu hanyoyin, abin da ya fara kamawa ya dace da su don kada a ci shi. Wannan wasa ne mara iyaka na karta tare da haɓaka fare akai-akai, wanda wanda ya ci nasara ya karɓi kyauta mafi mahimmanci - rayuwa. Kwanan nan mun riga mun yi la'akari , wanda ya dogara ne akan ƙarni na tsangwama na ultrasonic. Daga cikin kwari waɗanda ke da daɗi ga masu faɗakarwa masu fuka-fuki, rufe siginar su na ultrasonic fasaha ce mai mahimmanci. Duk da haka, jemagu ba sa son ci gaba da jin yunwa, don haka suna da fasaha a cikin makamansu da ke ba su damar ganin ganima duk da kamannin da suke yi. Yaya daidai yadda jemagu ke yin kwalliya a matsayin Sauron, yaya tasiri dabarun farautarsu, kuma ta yaya ganyen shuka ke taimaka musu da wannan? Mun koyi game da wannan daga rahoton ƙungiyar bincike. Tafi
Tushen bincike
Jemage ko da yaushe suna haifar da jita-jita iri-iri a cikin mutane: daga son sani da girmamawa zuwa tsantsar tsoro da kyama. Kuma wannan abu ne da za a iya fahimta sosai, domin a daya bangaren, wadannan halittun mafarauta ne na kwarai, suna amfani da jinsu kusan a lokacin farauta, a daya bangaren kuma, halittun dare ne masu rarrafe wadanda suke shiga gashi suna kokarin cizon kowa (wadannan , ba shakka, tatsuniyoyi ne suka haifar da tsoron ɗan adam) . Yana da wuya a so dabbar da ke hade da al'adun gargajiya tare da Dracula da Chupacabra.
Kai, ba ni tsoro ko kadan.
Amma masana kimiyya mutane ne marasa son kai, ba su damu da kamannin ku ko abin da kuke ci ba. Ko kai zomo ne mai laushi ko jemage, za su yi farin cikin gudanar da gwaje-gwaje guda biyu akan ku, sannan kuma su rarraba kwakwalwar ku don kammala hoton. To, bari mu bar duhu mai ban dariya (tare da ƙwayar gaskiya) a gefe kuma mu kusanci batun.
Kamar yadda muka riga muka sani, babban kayan aikin jemagu a lokacin farauta shine jinsu. Mice suna aiki da daddare saboda ƙarancin masu fafatawa/haɗari da ƙarin ganima. Ta hanyar fitar da raƙuman ruwa na ultrasonic, jemagu suna ɗaukar duk siginar dawowa waɗanda ke billa abubuwan da ke kewaye da su, gami da yiwuwar ganima.
Emitting masking ultrasonic amo ne, ba shakka, sanyi, amma ba duk masu neman matsayi na abincin dare ga jemagu suna da irin wannan baiwa. Amma ko da matsakaitan kwari na iya ɓoye wurinsu. Don yin wannan, suna buƙatar haɗuwa tare da yanayi, amma ba kamar Predator daga fim din suna ɗaya ba, saboda muna magana ne game da sauti. Dajin da daddare yana cike da sauti daga wurare daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu akwai hayaniyar baya. Idan kwari ya zauna, a ce, mara motsi a kan ganye, to, akwai yuwuwar yin ɓacewa a cikin wannan hayaniyar baya da kuma tsira har zuwa safiya.
Ganin haka, masana kimiyya da yawa sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan ganima ga jemagu ba za a iya samu ba, amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Wasu nau'ikan jemagu har yanzu sun sami damar warware kacici-kacici na kwari "marasa ganuwa" kuma sun samu nasarar kama su. Tambayar ta kasance - ta yaya? Don amsa wannan tambayar, masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Bincike na wurare masu zafi na Smithsonian sun yi amfani da firikwensin biomimetic wanda ke yin rikodin duk wani canji na amsawa daga kwari zaune a hankali akan ganye (watau ɓoye). Bayan haka, masanan kimiyyar sun ƙididdige hanyoyin kai hari da suka dace, wato, hanyoyin jirgin sama da kusurwoyin ganima na jemagu, waɗanda za su iya taimakawa wajen keɓance kamanni. Sannan sun gwada lissafinsu da ka'idojinsu a aikace ta hanyar lura da jemagu suna kai hari ga ganima. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ganyen da kwari ke zaune a kai don rashin kulawa ya zama kayan aiki don kama su.
Ita ba kyakkyawa ba ce?
Abubuwan da ke cikin wannan binciken sune 4 maza na nau'in Micronycteris microtis (jama'a mai girma na yau da kullun) waɗanda aka kama a cikin mazauninsu na halitta a tsibirin Barro Colorado (Panama). A lokacin gwaje-gwajen, an yi amfani da keji na musamman (1.40 × 1.00 × 0.80 m) wanda ke cikin gandun daji a tsibirin. Masana kimiyya sun yi rikodin bayanai kan tashin jiragen da aka sanya a cikin wannan keji. Dare na gaba bayan kamawa, ainihin gwaje-gwajen sun fara. An saka mutum ɗaya a cikin keji kuma dole ne ya nemo ya kama “gama da aka kama.” Ba a gudanar da gwaje-gwaje sama da sa'o'i 1 na gwaji tare da mutum ɗaya (16 dare na sa'o'i 2 kowannensu) don rage tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar sararin samaniya da damuwa akan dabbar. Bayan gwaje-gwajen, an saki duk jemagu a wuri guda da aka kama su.
Masu bincike sun sami manyan ka'idoji guda biyu don bayyana yadda jemagu ke farautar ganima: ka'idar inuwa mai sauti da ka'idar madubi.
Tasirin "inuwa acoustic" yana faruwa ne lokacin da wani abu a saman takardar ya watsar da makamashin echo, don haka yana rage ƙarfin amsawar daga saman takardar. Don ƙara girman inuwar wani abu, jemage ya kamata ya kusanci kai tsaye daga gaba zuwa wata hanya madaidaiciya zuwa saman bango (1A).
Hoto #1
Game da madubi mai sauti, jemagu na daji suna yin kama da ’yan’uwansu da ke bazuwa, waɗanda ke kama ganima daga saman tafki. Siginonin ƙararrawa da ke fitowa a ƙaramin kusurwa zuwa saman ruwa suna fitowa daga jemage na farauta. Amma amsawar daga yiwuwar ganima tana nunawa a baya ga jemage (1B).
Masu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa ganyen suna aiki kamar saman ruwa, watau. aiki azaman mai nuna alamar sigina (1С). Amma don cikakken tasirin madubi, ana buƙatar wani kusurwa na harin.
Dangane da ka'idar inuwa mai sauti, jemagu ya kamata su kai hari ga ganima daga gaban gaba, don yin magana, gaba-gaba, domin a wannan yanayin inuwar zata kasance mafi ƙarfi. Idan ana amfani da madubi mai sauti, to dole ne harin ya faru a matsakaicin kusurwa. Domin tabbatar da wane kusurwar hari zai iya zama mafi kyau, masana kimiyya sun gudanar da ma'aunin sauti a kusurwoyi daban-daban dangane da takardar.
Bayan kammala lissafin da gwada ka'idodin, an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen hali ta amfani da jemagu masu rai kuma an kwatanta sakamakon lura da sakamakon ƙirar ƙira.
Sakamako na lissafi da lura
Hoto #2
Na farko, an ƙirƙiri samfurin sauti (dome) na ganye tare da ganima kuma ba tare da ganima ba ta hanyar haɗa duk amsawar a kusurwoyi daban-daban na hari zuwa hoto ɗaya. A sakamakon haka, an sami matsayi 541 akan 9 semicircular trajectories kewaye da takardar (2A).
Ga kowane batu mun lissafta Ƙarfin siffa mai yawa* и girman sauti* (TS-ƙarfin manufa) maƙasudi (watau ƙarfin faɗakarwa) don jeri 5 daban-daban waɗanda suka yi daidai da abubuwan jituwa na siginar jemage mai fita (2B).
Ƙarfin siffa mai yawa* - aikin rarraba wutar sigina dangane da mita.
Girman Acoustic* (ko Ƙarfin sauti na manufa) shine ma'auni na yanki na abu dangane da siginar sauti na amsawa.
Akan hoton 2С Ana nuna sakamakon kusurwoyin da aka samu na harin, wanda shine kusurwoyi tsakanin dangi na yau da kullun zuwa saman takardar a tsakiyar cirewa da matsayi na tushen siginar, watau. jemage.
Hoto #3
Abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa duka nau'ikan zanen gado (tare da kuma ba tare da samarwa ba) a cikin duk jeri na mitar suna nuna girman girman sauti mafi girma a kusurwoyi <30° (tsakiyar sassan jadawali). 3A и 3B) da ƙarami girman sauti a kusurwoyi ≥ 30° (sashen waje na jadawali akan 3A и 3B).
Hoto 3A yana tabbatar da cewa takardar a zahiri tana aiki azaman madubi mai sauti, wato, a kusurwoyi <30° an samar da amsa mai ƙarfi ta musamman, kuma a ≥ 30° ana nuna echo daga tushen sauti.
Kwatanta ganye da ganimar da ke kanta (3Akuma ba tare da samarwa ba (3B) ya nuna cewa kasancewar ganima yana ƙara girman girman abin da ake nufi a kusurwa ≥ 30 °. A wannan yanayin, tasirin echo-acoustic na ganima a kan ganye yana da kyau a gani yayin da ake yin makircin TS ga ganima, watau. bambance-bambance a cikin TS tsakanin ganye da kuma ba tare da ganima ba (3С).
Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da cewa karuwa a cikin girman girman girman maƙasudi a kusurwa ≥ 30 ° ana lura da shi ne kawai a cikin yanayin ƙananan ƙananan; a ƙananan ƙananan babu wani ƙarin tasiri kwata-kwata.
Lissafin da ke sama ya ba da damar sanin ma'anar ma'anar kusurwoyin kai hari a cikin yanayin aiwatar da ka'idar tunani na madubi - 42 ° ... 78 °. A cikin wannan kewayon, an lura da irin wannan haɓakar girman maƙasudin sauti daga 6 zuwa 10 dB a mafi girma mitoci (> 87 kHz), wanda ya yi daidai da bayanan sauti na jemagu na M. microtis.
Wannan hanyar farauta (a wani kusurwa, don yin magana) yana ba da damar mafarauci da sauri ya ƙayyade kasancewar / rashin ganima akan ganye: rarrauna mai rauni da ƙarancin mitar - ganyen babu komai, mai ƙarfi da faɗaɗa faɗaɗa - akwai wani dadi magani a kan ganye.
Idan muka yi la'akari da ka'idar acoustic inuwa, to, kusurwar harin ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da 30. A wannan yanayin, bisa ga ƙididdiga, tsangwama tsakanin siginar echo na leaf da ganima shine matsakaicin, wanda ke haifar da raguwa a TS idan aka kwatanta. ga amsawar ganye ba tare da ganima ba, watau. wannan yana haifar da inuwar murya.
Mun gama lissafin, bari mu matsa zuwa abubuwan lura.
A lokacin lura, an yi amfani da kwari daban-daban daga abincin jemagu, wanda ke kan ganyen wucin gadi, a matsayin ganima. Amfani da kyamarori masu sauri guda biyu da makirufo na ultrasonic, an yi rikodin halayen jemagu lokacin da suke gabatowa ganima. Daga sakamakon rikodin, an sake gina hanyoyin jirgin sama 33 na jemagu suna zuwa da sauka akan ganima.
Jemage yana kai hari.
Hanyoyi na tashi sun dogara ne akan matsayin hancin jemagu yayin kowane firam yayin da suke isar da siginar su.
Kamar yadda aka zata, bincike ya nuna cewa jemagu sun tunkari ganima a wani kusurwa.
Hoto #4
Akan hoton 4A yana nuna taswirar XNUMXD na wuraren harin ganima. An kuma gano cewa rarraba kusurwoyin kai hari yana biye da maɗaukakin sautin murya don manyan mitoci (4B).
Duk batutuwa sun kai hari kan maƙasudin a kusurwoyi <30° kuma a fili sun guje wa ƙarin kwatance na gaba. Daga cikin dukkanin kusurwoyin harin da aka lura a lokacin gwaje-gwajen, 79,9% sun kasance a cikin mafi kyawun kewayon 42 ° ... 78 °. Don zama madaidaici, 44,5% na duk kusurwoyi sun kasance a cikin kewayon 60°...72°.
Harin ganima a kusurwa da spectrograms na siginar sauti da aka fitar.
Wani abin lura kuma shi ne yadda jemagu ba su taɓa kai hari a kan abin da suka gani ba daga sama, kamar yadda wasu masu bincike suka nuna.
Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da nuances na binciken, Ina ba da shawarar yin kallo и masa.
Epilogue
Amfani da ecolocation a matsayin babban, kuma wani lokacin kawai, kayan aikin farauta ya riga ya zama wani abu mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki. Koyaya, jemagu ba sa gushewa suna mamaki, suna nuna dabarun kai hari fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya. Nemo da kama abin da ba a ɓoye ba ba shi da wahala, amma ganowa da kama wani kwarin da ke ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa a cikin surutun bayan gida yana buƙatar wata hanya ta daban. A cikin jemagu, ana kiran wannan hanyar inuwa mai sauti da madubi. Ta hanyar kusantar ganye a wani kusurwa, nan take jemage yana tantance kasancewar ko rashin ganimar ganima. Idan kuma akwai, to abincin dare ya tabbata.
Wannan binciken, a cewar mawallafansa, na iya jagorantar al'ummar kimiyya zuwa sababbin binciken acoustics da kuma wurin amsawa, duka a gaba ɗaya da kuma tsakanin masarautar dabbobi. Ko ta yaya, koyan wani sabon abu game da duniyar da ke kewaye da ku da kuma halittun da ke cikinta bai taɓa zama mummunan abu ba.
Ranar juma'a:
Don tsira, wani lokacin bai isa ya zama babban mafarauci ba. Lokacin da akwai sanyi mai ban mamaki a ko'ina, kuma babu abinci kwata-kwata, abin da ya rage shi ne barci.
Kashi na 2.0:
Wasu suna amfani da gudu, wasu suna amfani da ƙarfi, wasu kuma kawai suna buƙatar yin shiru kamar inuwa.
Godiya da kallon, tsaya sha'awar kuma sami kyakkyawan karshen mako kowa! 🙂
Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu. Kuna son labaran mu? Kuna son ganin ƙarin abun ciki mai ban sha'awa? Goyon bayan mu ta hanyar ba da oda ko ba da shawara ga abokai, Rangwamen 30% ga masu amfani da Habr akan keɓaɓɓen analogue na sabar matakin shigarwa, wanda mu muka ƙirƙira muku: (akwai tare da RAID1 da RAID10, har zuwa 24 cores kuma har zuwa 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd sau 2 mai rahusa? Nan kawai a cikin Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - daga $99! Karanta game da
source: www.habr.com