Bangaren labarinmu na baya a farkon shekarun 80s da 90s. A wannan lokacin, malamai sun ɗan kwantar da hankali ga kwamfutoci. An yi imanin cewa masu shirye-shirye ne kawai suke buƙatar su. Wannan ra'ayi ya kasance mafi yawa saboda gaskiyar cewa kwamfutoci na wancan lokacin ba su da isassun isassun damar yin amfani da su dangane da ƙwarewar mai amfani, kuma koyaushe malamai ba su da isassun ƙwarewa don daidaitawa da amfani da su a cikin tsarin ilimi.
Lokacin da yuwuwar kwamfyutocin ya bayyana sosai, kuma sun zama bayyananne, mafi dacewa kuma mafi kyau ga talakawa, yanayin ya fara canzawa, gami da fannin software na ilimi.
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"Iron" mai amfani
Wannan shine samfurin Apple na farko tare da bas na gefe SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface, pronounced "skazi"), godiya ga wanda za'a iya haɗa nau'ikan na'urori da yawa zuwa kwamfutar: daga rumbun kwamfyuta da faifai zuwa na'urar daukar hotan takardu da firinta. Ana iya ganin irin waɗannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a duk kwamfutocin Apple har zuwa iMac, wanda aka saki a 1998.
Tunanin fadada ƙwarewar mai amfani shine maɓalli ga Macintosh Plus. Sa'an nan kamfanin ya ba da rangwame ga cibiyoyin ilimi a kan samfurin musamman - Macintosh Plus Ed, da Steve Jobs sun ba da kayan aiki ga makarantu da jami'o'i, kuma a lokaci guda - fa'idodin haraji ga kamfanonin IT waɗanda ke yin irin waɗannan ayyukan.
Shekara guda bayan Macintosh Plus, Apple ya saki kwamfutarsa ta farko tare da nuni mai cikakken launi, Macintosh II. Injiniya Michael Dhuey da Brian Berkeley sun fara aiki akan wannan samfurin a asirce daga Ayyuka. Ya kasance gabaɗaya da Macintoshes masu launi, ba ya son rasa kyawun hoton monochrome. Sabili da haka, aikin ya sami cikakken goyon baya kawai tare da canji a cikin gudanarwar kamfanin kuma ya girgiza duk kasuwar PC.
Ya jawo hankalin ba kawai allon launi na 13-inch ba da tallafi ga launuka miliyan 16,7, har ma da tsarin gine-ginen sa na zamani, ingantaccen ƙirar SCSI da sabon bas ɗin NuBus, wanda ya ba da damar canza saitin kayan masarufi (a hanya, Steve ya kasance. a kan wannan batu kuma).
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Duk da farashin dala dubu da yawa, kwamfutoci sun zama kusa da masu amfani kowace shekara, aƙalla a matakin ayyuka da iyawa. Abin da ya rage a yi shi ne ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen da za su yi aiki a kan duk wannan kayan aiki mai ban sha'awa.
Malaman gaskiya
Sabbin kwamfutoci sun haifar da tattaunawa game da matsaloli a tsarin ilimi gaba daya. Wasu sun yi magana game da rashin yiwuwar isa ga kowane dalibi a cikin aji mai cunkoson jama'a. Wasu kuma sun ƙididdige tsawon lokacin da aka ɗauka don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje. Har ila yau wasu sun soki litattafan karatu da litattafai, wanda sabunta su ya yi tsada sosai kuma ya ɗauki shekaru.
A gefe guda, "malamin lantarki" zai iya aiki tare da dubban dalibai a lokaci guda, kuma kowannensu zai karbi 100% na hankalinsa. Za a iya samar da gwaje-gwaje ta atomatik, kuma ana iya sabunta shirin horon a taɓa maɓalli. Ba tare da ambaton gaskiyar cewa ta wannan hanyar ba za a iya gabatar da kayan ba tare da kimantawa na zahiri da ƙari ba, koyaushe a cikin tsari da ƙarar da ƙungiyar masana ta amince da su.
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A farkon 90s, an ba wa ɗaliban makaranta software software na sabon ƙarni - sun fara nazarin algebra tare da и (PAT), da physics - tare da . Wannan software ta ba da dama ba kawai don tantance ilimi ba, har ma da taimako wajen ƙware abubuwa daga cikin manhaja. Amma daidaita irin waɗannan samfuran zuwa tsarin ilimi bai kasance mai sauƙi ba - sabuwar software ta bambanta da shirye-shiryen da ta gabata kuma tana buƙatar hanyoyin koyarwa daban-daban - masu haɓaka suna son yaran makaranta kada su cusa kayan, amma su fahimce shi.
"Duk daliban makarantar sakandare suna amfani da ilimin lissafi a rayuwar yau da kullun, amma kaɗan ne ke danganta kwarewarsu da ilimin lissafi" makaranta," in ji masu kirkiro PAT. “A cikin azuzuwan mu [na zahiri], suna aiki akan ƙananan ayyuka, alal misali, kwatanta ƙimar girmar gandun daji a lokuta daban-daban. Wannan aikin yana tilasta musu yin tsinkaya bisa bayanan da ke akwai, yana koya musu yin nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin saiti, da bayyana duk abubuwan da suka faru a cikin harshen lissafi."
Masu haɓaka manhajojin sun yi ishara da shawarwarin Majalisar Malaman Lissafi ta Ƙasa, wadda a shekara ta 1989 ta ba da shawarar kada a azabtar da ɗaliban da ke da matsaloli na hasashe, amma don samar da hanyar da ta dace don nazarin wannan batu. Masana ilimin gargajiya sun soki irin waɗannan sabbin abubuwa, amma a cikin 1995 binciken kwatance ya tabbatar da ingancin haɗa ayyuka masu amfani - azuzuwan tare da sabbin software sun haɓaka aikin ɗalibai a gwajin ƙarshe da kashi 15%.
Amma babbar matsalar ba ta shafi abin da za a koyar ba, sai dai ta yaya masu shirye-shirye na farkon 90s suka iya kafa tattaunawa tsakanin malaman na’urorin lantarki da dalibansu?
Hirar mutane
Wannan ya yiwu ne lokacin da masana kimiyya suka wargaza injiniyoyin tattaunawar ɗan adam zuwa gears. A cikin ayyukansu, masu haɓakawa sun ambaci (Jim Minstrell), wanda ya kafa hanyar hanyar koyarwa, nasarori a fagen ilimin halin mutum da koyan ilimin halin dan Adam. Waɗannan binciken sun ba su damar ƙirƙira tsarin da, shekaru da yawa kafin wayowin komai da ruwan, zai iya tallafawa “tattaunawa”—ba da amsa a zaman wani ɓangare na tsarin koyo.
Ee, cikin Masanin ilimin lissafi AutoTutor ya ce yana iya "ba da amsa mai kyau, mara kyau da tsaka tsaki, tura ɗalibin zuwa cikakkiyar amsa, taimakawa tare da tunawa da kalmar da ta dace, ba da alamu da ƙari, gyara, amsa tambayoyi da taƙaita batun."
"AutoTutor yana ba da jerin tambayoyi waɗanda za a iya amsa su a cikin jimloli biyar zuwa bakwai," in ji waɗanda suka kirkiro ɗaya daga cikin tsarin koyar da ilimin lissafi. - Masu amfani sun fara amsa da kalma ɗaya ko jimla biyu. Shirin , daidaita bayanin matsalar. Sakamakon haka, akwai layin tattaunawa 50-200 a kowace tambaya. ”
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Masu haɓaka hanyoyin ilimi ba kawai samar musu da ilimin kayan makaranta ba - kamar malamai "na gaske", waɗannan tsarin suna wakiltar matakin ilimin ɗalibai. Sun "fahimta" lokacin da mai amfani ke tunani a cikin hanyar da ba daidai ba ko kuma ya kasance mataki ɗaya daga amsar daidai.
"Malamai sun san yadda za su zabi taki mai kyau ga masu sauraron su kuma su sami bayanin da ya dace idan sun ga cewa masu sauraro sun kai ga ƙarshe," Masu haɓaka DIAGNOSER. "Wannan ikon ne ya dogara da hanyar Minstrel (wa'azi na tushen fuska). Ana tsammanin cewa amsoshin ɗalibai sun dogara ne akan zurfin fahimtar su akan wani batu. Dole ne malami ya kawo madaidaicin ra'ayi ko ya kawar da kuskure ta hanyar jayayya ko nuna sabani."
Yawancin waɗannan shirye-shiryen (DIAGNOSER, Atlas, AutoTutor) har yanzu suna aiki, tun da suka wuce ƙarni da yawa na juyin halitta. Wasu kuma an sake haifuwa a ƙarƙashin sababbin sunaye - alal misali, daga PAT gaba ɗaya kayayyakin ilimi don matsakaita da manyan makarantu, kwalejoji da manyan cibiyoyin ilimi. Tambayar ta taso: me yasa waɗannan manyan mafita ba su maye gurbin malamai ba tukuna?
Babban dalilin shi ne, ba shakka, kuɗi da sarƙaƙƙiyar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci ta fuskar haɗa irin wannan software cikin tsarin ilimi (la'akari da yanayin rayuwar shirye-shiryen da kansu). Don haka, malamai da malamai na lantarki a yau sun kasance ƙari mai ban sha'awa wanda kowane makarantu da jami'o'i za su iya nunawa. A gefe guda, ci gaban ƙarshen 90s da farkon 2000s ba zai iya ɓacewa kawai ba. Tare da irin wannan tushe na fasaha da kuma tsammanin cewa Intanet ya buɗe, tsarin ilimi zai iya girma kawai.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, azuzuwan makaranta sun rasa bangonsu, kuma ƴan makaranta da ɗalibai (kusan) sun rabu da laccoci masu ban sha'awa. Za mu gaya muku yadda hakan ya faru a cikin sabon habratopic.
Muna da Habre:
source: www.habr.com