Mafarkin kowane mutum shine ya kasance matashi muddin zai yiwu. Ba ma so mu tsufa kuma mu yi rashin lafiya, muna jin tsoron komai - ciwon daji, cutar Alzheimer, ciwon zuciya, bugun jini ... Lokaci ya yi da za a gano inda ciwon daji ya fito, ko akwai dangantaka tsakanin gazawar zuciya da Alzheimer's. cuta, rashin haihuwa da rashin ji. Me yasa kariyar antioxidant wasu lokuta ke yin cutarwa fiye da mai kyau? Kuma mafi mahimmanci: za mu iya rayuwa mai tsawo kuma ba tare da cuta ba, kuma idan haka ne, ta yaya?
Jikinmu ya ƙunshi ƙananan "tashoshin makamashi" da ake kira mitochondria. Su ne ke da alhakin lafiyarmu da jin daɗinmu. Lokacin da suke aiki da kyau, ba mu rasa kuzari. Kuma idan ya yi muni, muna fama da cututtuka. Dokta Lee Know ya bayyana wani sirri: cututtukan da kamar ba su da alaƙa a kallon farko: ciwon sukari, ciwon daji, schizophrenia, gajiya mai tsanani, cutar Parkinson da sauransu - suna da yanayi na kowa.
A yau mun san yadda ake inganta aikin mitochondria, wanda ke ba da jiki da kashi 90% na makamashi. Wannan littafi zai ba ku bayanai na zamani game da abinci mai gina jiki, salon rayuwa, abincin ketogenic, da kari wanda zai mayar da lafiya mitochondria, sabili da haka mu.
Bangaren. Mitochondrial ciwo
Ina jin kunyar yarda da wannan, amma ni mai kallon wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya "The Bachelor." Na ji daɗi sosai da kashi na uku na Season 17 (Janairu 2013), wanda Sin (Bachelor) da Ashley (Mai Ƙarfafawa) suka je saduwa da 'yan mata biyu da ke fama da cutar mitochondrial. Ga da yawa daga cikinku, idan kun kalli lamarin, wannan shine farkon gabatarwar ku game da ciwon mitochondrial (ciwon mitochondrial wani hadadden cututtukan da ke hade da lalacewa na mitochondria). Duk da haka, ana ƙara nazarin wannan rukuni na cututtuka yayin da gwajin kwayoyin halitta da fasahar jerin kwayoyin halitta suka zama mafi sauƙi, mai rahusa kuma mafi sauki.
Har zuwa farkon shekarun 80, lokacin da kwayar halittar mutum ta mitochondrial ta kasance gaba daya, rahotannin cututtukan mitochondrial sun kasance da wuya. Halin ya canza tare da ikon ƙaddamar da mtDNA na yawancin marasa lafiya. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar adadin marasa lafiya da aka ruwaito suna fama da cututtukan mitochondrial da aka gada. Adadin su ya ƙunshi kusan mutum ɗaya cikin mutane dubu biyar (ko ma biyu da rabi). Anan ba mu la'akari da mutane masu laushin cututtukan mitochondrial. Bugu da ƙari, jerin alamun cututtukan mitochondrial sun girma sosai, wanda ke nuna yanayin rikice-rikice na waɗannan cututtuka.
Cututtukan mitochondrial suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halitta da hotuna na asibiti, waɗanda ke wakiltar cakuɗen nau'ikan bincike da ke akwai. Hanyoyin gado a nan wani lokaci suna biyayya wani lokacin kuma ba sa bin dokokin Mendel. Mendel ya bayyana tsarin gadon halaye ta hanyar kwayoyin halittar DNA na al'ada. Yiwuwar bayyanar wata dabi’ar halitta ko cuta ta gado ana cikin sauki ta hanyar kididdigar kididdigar kididdigar sakamakon rarrabuwar ‘ya’ya zuwa dabi’u daban-daban ta hanyar gadon daya daga cikin kwafi biyu na kwayar halitta daya daga kowanne. iyaye (saboda haka, kowane zuriya yana karɓar kwafi biyu na kowace kwayar halitta). A lokuta da ciwon mitochondrial ke haifar da lahani a cikin kwayoyin halittar nukiliya, daidaitattun tsarin gado suna bin dokokin Mendelian. Duk da haka, akwai nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da damar mitochondria suyi aiki: DNA mitochondrial (wanda aka wuce ta hanyar layin mahaifiyar kawai) da DNA na nukiliya (wanda aka gada daga iyaye biyu). A sakamakon haka, tsarin gado ya bambanta daga mai sarrafa kansa zuwa mai sarrafa kansa, da kuma watsa kwayoyin halitta na uwaye.
Lamarin ya kara dagulewa ta yadda hadaddun cudanya ke faruwa tsakanin mtDNA da nDNA a cikin tantanin halitta. Sakamakon haka, maye gurbin mtDNA iri ɗaya na iya haifar da alamu daban-daban a cikin 'yan'uwan da ke zaune a iyali ɗaya (suna iya samun DNA na nukiliya daban-daban amma suna da mtDNA iri ɗaya), yayin da maye gurbi na iya haifar da alamomi iri ɗaya. Hatta tagwaye masu nau'in ganewar asali na iya samun bambance-bambancen hotuna na asibiti na cutar (takamaiman alamun bayyanar sun dogara da abin da kyallen takarda ke shafar tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta), yayin da mutanen da ke da maye gurbi zasu iya fama da irin wannan bayyanar cututtuka waɗanda ke layi tare da hoton cutar guda ɗaya.
Ko ta yaya, akwai babban adadin bambancin mtDNA a cikin kwan uwar, kuma wannan gaskiyar ta rushe duk wani hasashe game da sakamakon gadon gado. Halin wannan rukuni na cututtuka yana da rikicewa cewa saitin alamun da suka dace da waɗannan cututtuka na iya bambanta daga shekaru goma zuwa shekaru goma kuma sun bambanta ko da a tsakanin 'yan'uwa masu kama da mitochondrial DNA maye gurbi. Bugu da ƙari, wani lokacin ciwon mitochondrial na iya ɓacewa kawai, duk da cewa an gaji (ko ya kamata a yi). Amma irin waɗannan lokuta masu farin ciki ba su da yawa, kuma mafi yawan lokuta cututtukan mitochondrial suna ci gaba. A cikin tebur Tables 2.2 da 2.3 suna gabatar da cututtuka da alamun da ke hade da rashin aikin mitochondrial, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta a bayan wadannan cututtuka. A halin yanzu, kimiyya ta san fiye da nau'ikan maye gurbi na mitochondrial sama da 200. Bincike ya nuna cewa yawancin cututtuka masu lalacewa suna haifar da waɗannan nau'ikan maye gurbi (wanda ke nufin dole ne mu sake rarraba adadi mai yawa na cututtuka a matsayin cututtukan mitochondrial).
Kamar yadda muka sani, waɗannan maye gurbi na iya haifar da mitochondria ya daina samar da makamashi, wanda zai iya sa sel su rufe ko kuma su mutu. Duk sel (ban da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini) sun ƙunshi mitochondria, kuma, saboda haka, ciwo na mitochondrial yana shafar tsarin jiki daban-daban da mabanbanta (a lokaci ɗaya ko a jere).
Tebur 2.2. Alamu, alamu da cututtuka da ke haifar da rashin aikin mitochondrial
Table 2.3. Cututtukan da ke haifar da rashin aikin mitochondrial
Tabbas, wasu gabobin ko kyallen takarda suna buƙatar kuzari fiye da sauran. Lokacin da bukatun makamashi na wata gaɓa ta musamman ba za su iya cika cikakkiyar gamsuwa ba, alamun cututtukan mitochondrial sun fara bayyana. Da farko, suna shafar ayyukan kwakwalwa, tsarin juyayi, tsokoki, zuciya, kodan da tsarin endocrine, wato, dukkanin gabobin da ke buƙatar babban adadin kuzari don aiki na yau da kullum.
Cututtukan da aka samu ta hanyar rashin aikin mitochondrial
Yayin da fahimtarmu game da aikin mitochondrial da rashin aiki na girma, mun fara ƙirƙirar jerin jerin cututtuka masu yawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da rashin aikin mitochondrial da kuma bayyana hanyoyin da waɗannan cututtuka ke tasowa da haɓaka. Wasu bincike na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ciwon mitochondrial yana shafar kowane mutum 2500. Duk da haka, idan kun yi nazarin jerin da ke ƙasa a hankali, za ku yarda cewa tare da babban matakin yiwuwar, cututtukan mitochondrial (na haihuwa ko samu) ba da daɗewa ba za a rubuta su a cikin kowane ashirin da biyar ko ma kowane mazaunin goma na kasashen Yamma.
- Nau'in ciwon sukari na II
- Ciwon daji
- Cutar Alzheimer
- Cutar Parkinson
- Cutar cututtuka na Bipolar
- Schizophrenia
- Tsufa da raguwa
- Rashin damuwa
- steatohepatitis mara giya
- Kwayoyin cututtuka na zuciya
- Sarcopenia (asarar ƙwayar tsoka da ƙarfi)
- Rashin haƙuri
- Gajiya, ciki har da ciwo na gajiya mai tsanani, fibromyalgia da ciwo na myofascial
A matakin kwayoyin halitta, matakai masu rikitarwa suna da alaƙa da duk wannan. Ana iya tantance ƙarfin kuzarin wani mutum ta hanyar bincikar cututtukan da aka haifa na mitochondrial DNA. Amma wannan shine kawai wurin farawa. A tsawon lokaci, lahani na mtDNA da aka samu ya taru a cikin jiki, kuma bayan daya ko wata gabobin ya ketare wani kofa, ya fara aiki ko kuma ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da lalacewa (kowace gabobin yana da nasa kofa na haƙuri, wanda zamu yi magana game da shi dalla-dalla. ).
Wani mawuyacin hali shine kowane mitochondion yana dauke da kwafin mtDNA har guda goma, kuma kowane tantanin halitta, kowace nama, da kowace gabo yana da mitochondria da yawa. Hakan ya biyo bayan cewa akwai lahani marasa adadi a cikin kwafin mtDNA a jikin mu. Rashin aikin wata gaɓa ta musamman yana farawa ne lokacin da adadin mitochondria mara kyau da ke zaune a cikinta ya wuce ƙima. Wannan al'amari shi ake kira da threshold effect36. Kowace gabo da nama suna ƙarƙashin takamaiman maye gurbi kuma ana siffanta su da madaidaicin maye gurbinsa, buƙatun makamashi da juriya ga radicals kyauta. Haɗin waɗannan abubuwan yana ƙayyade menene ainihin yanayin tsarin rayuwa ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta zai kasance.
Idan kawai kashi 10 cikin 90 na mitochondria ba su da lahani, kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX na sauran na'urorin samar da makamashin salula na yau da kullun na iya rama rashin aikin "abokan aikinsu." Ko, alal misali, idan maye gurbi baya da tsanani amma yana shafar adadi mai yawa na mitochondria, tantanin halitta na iya aiki kullum.
Akwai kuma manufar rarrabuwa na mitochondria mai lahani: lokacin da tantanin halitta ya rabu, ana rarraba mitochondria ba da gangan tsakanin ƙwayoyin 'ya'ya biyu ba. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sel na iya karɓar duk mitochondria da aka canza, yayin da ɗayan zai iya samun duk cikakkun "tsaran wutar lantarki" (ba shakka, matsakaicin zaɓuɓɓukan sun fi dacewa). Kwayoyin da ke da mitochondria marasa aiki za su mutu ta hanyar apoptosis, yayin da ƙwayoyin lafiya za su ci gaba da yin aikinsu (bayani ɗaya na bacewar ciwon mitochondrial kwatsam da ba zato ba tsammani). Abubuwan da ke faruwa na bambance-bambance a cikin jerin DNA na mitochondria (ko plastids) a cikin kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya, sau da yawa har ma a cikin tantanin halitta ɗaya, lokacin da wasu mitochondria, alal misali, na iya ƙunsar wasu maye gurbi, yayin da wasu ba sa, ana kiransa heteroplasmy. Matsayin heteroplasmy ya bambanta ko da a tsakanin membobin iyali ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, matakin heteroplasmy na iya bambanta ko da a cikin kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya ya dogara da takamaiman gabobin jiki ko tantanin halitta, wanda ke haifar da nau'i mai yawa na bayyanar cututtuka da alamun cutar mitochondrial.
A cikin jikin amfrayo mai girma, yayin da sel suka rabu, mitochondria tare da maye gurbi suna cika gabobin jiki da kyallen takarda waɗanda suka bambanta da juna dangane da bukatun kuzarinsu. Kuma idan mutated mitochondria ya zauna a cikin sel a cikin adadi mai yawa, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama sifofi masu aiki (alal misali, kwakwalwa ko zuciya), to, ƙwayoyin da suka dace daga baya suna da matsaloli tare da ingancin rayuwa (idan yana iya yiwuwa kwata-kwata). A gefe guda, idan yawan mitochondria na dysfunctional ya taru da farko a cikin sel masu ƙarancin ƙarancin rayuwa (ka ce, a cikin ƙwayoyin fata waɗanda ke maye gurbin juna akai-akai), to mai ɗaukar irin wannan mitochondria bazai taɓa sani ba game da yanayin halittarsu ga ciwon mitochondrial. A cikin shirin The Bachelor da aka ambata a sama, daya daga cikin 'yan mata masu ciwon mitochondrial ya zama kamar al'ada, yayin da ɗayan ya sha wahala daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani.
Wasu maye gurbi na mitochondrial suna tasowa ba tare da bata lokaci ba tare da shekaru sakamakon samar da radicals masu kyauta yayin metabolism na al'ada. Abin da zai faru na gaba ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa. Misali, idan tantanin halitta da ke cike da mitochondria maras aiki ya rabu da sauri, kamar yadda sel mai tushe ke aiwatar da aikin farfadowar nama, to, masu samar da makamashi marasa lahani za su aiwatar da fadada su. Idan tantanin da aka raunana ya daina rarraba (bari mu ɗauka muna magana ne game da neuron), to, maye gurbin zai kasance a cikin wannan tantanin halitta kawai, wanda, duk da haka, ba ya ware yiwuwar samun nasarar maye gurbin bazuwar. Don haka, ƙayyadaddun tushen tushen ƙwayoyin cuta na mitochondrial ciwo ne ya bayyana gaskiyar cewa raguwar albarkatun halittu na jiki, wanda ke haifar da maye gurbin mitochondrial, yana bayyana kansa a cikin kewayon cututtuka da cututtuka daban-daban.
Dole ne kuma mu tuna cewa akwai kwayoyin halitta da yawa a waje da mtDNA waɗanda ke da alhakin aikin yau da kullun na mitochondria. Idan maye gurbin ya shafi kwayoyin halittar da ke sanya RNA, sakamakon yawanci yana da matukar tsanani. A cikin yanayin da yaro ya karɓi ma'anar rubutun mitochondrial da aka canza a cikin tunaninsa daga kowane iyaye (tuna cewa abubuwan rubutun sunadaran sunadaran da ke sarrafa tsarin hadawar mRNA akan matrix DNA ta hanyar ɗaure ga takamaiman sassan DNA), to duk mitochondria zai kasance. a fallasa zuwa pathogenic effects. jiki. Koyaya, idan maye gurbin ya shafi kawai takamaiman abubuwan rubutu waɗanda aka kunna kawai a cikin wasu gabobin ko kyallen takarda ko kuma a mayar da martani ga sakin wani takamaiman hormone, to, daidaitaccen tasirin cutar zai kasance na gida ne kawai.
Yawancin cututtukan mitochondrial da bayyanar su shine matsala mai tsanani ga likitoci (duka biyu na ka'idar da aiki), ciki har da rashin yiwuwar tsinkaya ci gaban ciwon mitochondrial. Akwai cututtukan mitochondrial da yawa wanda yana da wuya a saka sunayen su duka, kuma yawancinsu ba a gano su ba. Har ma da wasu sanannun cututtuka masu lalacewa (cututtuka na tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, ciwon daji, wasu nau'i na lalata, da dai sauransu) ana danganta su ta hanyar kimiyyar zamani ga rashin aiki na mitochondrial.
Yana da mahimmanci a gane cewa ko da yake babu magani ga cututtukan mitochondrial, yawancin mutanen da ke da waɗannan yanayi (musamman waɗanda ke da cututtuka masu laushi ko matsakaici) suna iya rayuwa mai tsawo kuma masu gamsarwa. Koyaya, don wannan muna buƙatar yin aiki cikin tsari, ta amfani da ilimin da ya bayyana a hannunmu.
Game da marubucin
Lee sani likita ne mai lasisi naturopathic daga Kanada, wanda ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa. Abokan aiki sun san shi a matsayin dan kasuwa mai hangen nesa, mai dabaru da likita. Lee ya rike mukamai a matsayin mai ba da shawara na likita, masanin kimiyya, kuma darektan bincike da ci gaba ga manyan kungiyoyi. Baya ga aikin kimiyya na kamfaninsa, shi ma mai ba da shawara ne a fannonin kayayyakin kiwon lafiya na halitta da abubuwan abinci, kuma yana hidima a hukumar ba da shawara ta edita na mujallar Alive, mujallar kiwon lafiya da aka fi karantawa a Kanada. Ya kira Babban Yankin Toronto gida, inda yake zaune tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansu biyu, kuma yana da sha'awar inganta lafiyar halitta da muhalli.
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source: www.habr.com